THE USE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN OUTDOOR RECREATION ACTIVITIES

Öz

Interest and participation in outdoor recreation activities are increasing day by day. One of the important reasons for this increase is the developments in the area of technology. Technological developments in outdoor activities have positively affected both activity preferences and frequency of participation. The effects of digital technologies on human life are not limited to daily life.In outdoor activities, today many digital technologies are used in devices (smartphones, smart watches and wristbands, gopro cameras, drones, GPS devices, portable computers, digital compasses, etc.) are frequently used by the participants. Activity participants can use these digital technology devices for in line with different purposes such as location information, routing, screening and archiving. In this context, it can be said that digital technologies are frequently used by the participants in outdoor recreation activities. In this research, it is aimed to give information about the types of digital technology used in outdoor recreation activities and to contribute to both present participants and individuals who plan to encourage participation in outdoor activities. Keywords: outdoor recreation, activity, digital technology

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Outdoor recreation
• activity
• digital technology

AÇIK ALAN REKREASYON AKTİVİTELERİNDE DİJİTAL TEKNOLOJİLERİN KULLANIMI

Öz

Açık alan rekreasyon aktivitelerine ilgi ve katılım her geçen gün artmaktadır. Bu artışın önemli nedenlerinden biride teknoloji alanında gerçekleşen gelişmelerdir. Açık alan aktivitelerinde yaşanılan teknolojik gelişmeler hem aktivite tercihleri hem de katılım sıklığı açısından olumlu yönde etkilenmiştir. Dijital teknolojilerin insan hayatına olan etkileri sadece günlük hayatla sınırlı kalmamıştır. Açık alan aktivitelerinde de günümüzde birçok dijital teknolojinin kullanıldığı cihaz (akıllı telefon, akıllı saat ve bileklik, aksiyon kamerası, dron, GPS cihazı, taşınabilir bilgisayar, dijital pusula vd.) katılımcılar tarafından sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Aktivite katılımcıları bu dijital teknolojiye ait bu cihazlar sayesinde konum bilgisi, rota tespiti, görüntüleme ve arşivleme gibi faklı amaçlar doğrultusunda kullanabilmektedir. Bu kapsamda açık alan rekreasyon aktivitelerinde dijital teknolojilerin katılımcılar tarafından sıklıkla kullanıldığı söylenebilir. Bu araştırmada, açık alan rekreasyon aktivitelerinde kullanılan dijital teknoloji türlerine ait bilgiler verilerek hem mevcut katılımcılar hem de açık alan aktivitelerine katılım sağlamayı planlayan bireyler için katkı sağlaması amaçlanıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Açık alan rekreasyonu, aktivite, dijital teknoloji

Anahtar Kelimeler

• açık alan rekreasyonu
• aktivite
• dijital teknoloji

Kaynakça

1. Ardina, E. N., Jayati, A. E., Sipan, M., Pramuyanti, R. K., & Muliandhi, P. (2022). Tracking device for the mountaineers using GPS. In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Communication, Networks and Satellite (COMNETSAT), pp. 328-332. DOI: 10.1109/COMNETSAT56033.2022.9994399
2. Arts, K., Van der Wal, R., & Adams, W. M. (2015). Digital technology and the conservation of nature. Ambio, 44(4), 661-673. DOI 10.1007/s13280-015-0705-1
3. Bhattacharya, S., & Lane, N.D. (2016). From smart to deep: Robust activity recognition on smartwatches using deep learning. In 2016 IEEE International conference on pervasive computing and communication workshops (PerCom Workshops) (pp. 1-6). IEEE. DOI: 10.1109/PERCOMW.2016.7457169
4. Bielański, M., Taczanowska, K., Muhar, A., Adamski, P., González, L.M., & Witkowski, Z. (2018). Application of GPS tracking for monitoring spatially unconstrained outdoor recreational activities in protected areas–A case study of ski touring in the Tatra National Park, Poland. Applied Geography, 96, 51-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.05.008
5. Bieber, G., Kirste, T., & Urban, B. (2012). Ambient interaction by smart watches. In Proceedings of The 5th International Conference on Pervasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments (pp. 1-6). https://doi.org/10.1145/2413097.2413147
6. Blackwell, J. L. (2015). Influences of hand-held information and communication technology on risk behavior and the experience of wilderness visitors. Master’s thesis, Humboldt State University. Humboldt Digital Scholar. http://hdl.handle.net/10211.3/142887
7. Bolliger, D. U., & Shepherd, C. E. (2018). Instructor and adult learner perceptions of the use of Internet‐enabled devices in residential outdoor education programs. British Journal of Educational Technology, 49(1), 78-87. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12524
8. Bolliger, D. U., McCoy, D., Kilty, T., & Shepherd, C. E. (2021). Smartphone use in outdoor education: A question of activity progression and place. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 21(1), 53-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2020.1730204

9. Cauchard, J. R., Jane, L. E., Zhai, K. Y., & Landay, J. A. (2015). Drone & me: An exploration into natural human-drone interaction. In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, Osaka, Japan (pp. 361-365). https://doi.org/10.1145/2750858.2805823
10. Evenson, K. R., Wen, F., Hillier, A. M. Y., & Cohen, D.A. (2013). Assessing the contribution of parks to physical activity using GPS and accelerometry. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 45(10), 1981. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318293330e
11. Ewert, A., & Shultis, J. (1999), Technology and backcountry recreation: Boon to recreation or bust for management?. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 70(8), 23-28, DOI: 10.1080/07303084.1999.10605701
12. Furchgott, R. (2014). Action cameras, for when a smartphone won’t be able to keep up. New York Times.
13. Go Outdoor (2023). The go outdoors guide to personal computers/cycling computers. https://www.gooutdoors.co.uk/expert-advice/cycle-computers 22.07.2023
14. Guthrie, S. P., Bryan, J. C., & Jerome, G. (2012). History of Outdoor Recreation in the United States: An Outdoor Program Administrator’s Perspective. Geoff Harrison ve Mat Erpelding (Ed.), Outdoor Program Administration: Principles and Practices içinde (s. 15-30) Champaign: Human Kinetics.
15. Haleem, A., Javaid, M., Qadri, M. A., & Suman, R. (2022). Understanding the role of digital technologies in education: A review. Sustainable Operations and Computers, 3, 275-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susoc.2022.05.004
16. Hills, D., & Thomas, G. (2020). Digital technology and outdoor experiential learning, Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 20(2), 155-169. DOI: 10.1080/14729679.2019.1604244
17. Hougham, R. J., Nutter, M., & Graham, C. (2018). Bridging natural and digital domains: Attitudes, confidence, and interest in using technology to learn outdoors. Journal of Experiential Education, 41(2), 154-169. https://doi.org/10.1177/10538259177512
18. Huddart, D., & Stott, T. (2019). Outdoor recreation environmental impacts and management. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
19. Innocenti, P., Hyatt, E., & Harvey, M. (2022). Hiker on trail: Information practices in the wild. A mixed methods approach to investigate real-time mobile technology use by long-distance backpackers. Library & Information Science Research, 44(4), 101200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2022.101200
20. Jones, M. D., Anderson, Z., Häkkilä, J., Cheverst, K., & Daiber, F. (2018). HCI outdoors: Understanding human-computer interaction in outdoor recreation. In Extended Abstracts of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1-8). https://doi.org/10.1145/3170427.3170624
21. Kraalingen, I., Hills, D., Reed, J., Beames, S., & Munge, B. (2022). Digital technology and networked spaces in outdoor education: reflections upon presenting at an international webinar, Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, DOI: 10.1080/14729679.2022.2127112
22. Lang, M. A., & Angelini, S. (2009). Th e Future of Dive Computers. Lang, M.A., Brubakk, A.O. (Ed.), The Future of Diving: 100 Years of Haldane and Beyond içinde, (pp. 91-100.) Washington: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press.
23. Langer, S., Dietz, D., & Butz, A. (2021). Towards risk ındication in mountain biking using smart wearables. In Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1-7). doi:10.1145/3411763.3451746
24. Larsson, P. (2003). Global positioning system and sport-specific testing. Sports Medicine, 33, 1093-1101.
25. Lepp, A., Rose, J., Amerson, K., & Dustin, D. (2023). Thru-hikers’ smartphone use on the Pacific Crest Trail. Annals of Leisure Research, 26(2), 300-315. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2021.1993286
26. Loynes, C. (2018). Outdoor technologies: Ancient and modern. 17th EOE Conference The Mediation of Experiences by Technology in The Outdoors, 19th- 23rd September, CŠOD Bohinj, Slovenia, pp. 8-13.
27. Lutze, R., & Waldhör, K. (2017). Personal health assistance for elderly people via smartwatch based motion analysis. In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI) (pp. 124-133). IEEE. DOI: 10.1109/ICHI.2017.79
28. Maddison, R., & Ni Mhurchu, C. (2009). Global positioning system: A new opportunity in physical activity measurement. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 6(1), 1-8.
29. Manning, R. E., & Anderson, L. E. (2012). Managing outdoor recreation: Case studies in the national parks. Cambridge: CABI Press.
30. Martin, S. (2017). Real and potential influences of information technology on outdoor recreation and wilderness experiences and management. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 35(1). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 331047458
31. Michelman, P. (2018). Tales from the digital frontier. Paul Michelman, (Ed.), The Digital Future of Management içinde, London: MIT Sloan Management Review.
32. Nagle, D. S., & Vidon, E. S. (2021). Purchasing protection: outdoor companies and the authentication of technology use in nature-based tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(8), 1253-1269. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1828432
33. Ortiz, M. J., & Moya, J. A. (2015). The action cam phenomenon: A new trend in audiovisual production. Communication & Society, 28(3), 51-64. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.28.35952
34. Özer, U. (2023a). Uluslararası spor organizasyonlarında dijital teknolojinin kullanımı ve etkileri. Meral Kula (Ed.), Sporda inovasyon ve yeni nesil teknolojiler içinde (s. 81-102.) İstanbul: Efe Akademi Yayınları.
35. Özer, U. (2023b). Dijital teknoloji terminolojisi: sporda inovasyon ve yeni teknolojilere ilişkin kavramlar. Meral Kula (Ed.), Sporda inovasyon ve yeni nesil teknolojiler içinde (s. 7-27.) İstanbul: Efe Akademi Yayınları.
36. Park, K., & Ewing, R. (2017). The usability of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for measuring park-based physical activity. Landscape and Urban Planning, 167, 157-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.06.010
37. Perry, E. E., Xiao, X., Iretskaia, T. A., Li, P., Manning, R. E., Valliere, W. A., & Reigner, N. P. (2022). A review of digitalization and sustainability in parks and recreation indicators and thresholds research. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 39, 100550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2022.100550
38. Peters, B. (2016). Digital. Benjamin Peters (Ed.), Dijital Keywords: A Vacubulary of Information Society & Culture, (Vol. 9) Oxford: Princeton Universtiy Press.
39. Pfleging, B., Schmidt, A., & Michahelles, F. (2013). Ubiquitous connectivity in the mountains: Enhancing the ski experience. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 12(2), 5-9. DOI: 10.1109/MPRV.2013.38
40. Premioinc, (2021). Weather resistant computers for outdoor use. https://premioinc.com/blogs/ blog/weather-resistant-computer-for-outdoor-pc-applications 24.07.2023
41. Rabbi, M., Ali, S., Choudhury, T., & Berke, E. (2011). Passive and in-situ assessment of mental and physical well-being using mobile sensors. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (pp. 385-394). doi:10.1145/2030112.2030164
42. Rogers, A. G., & Leung, Y. F. (2021). “More helpful than hurtful”? ınformation, technology, and uncertainty in outdoor recreation. Leisure Sciences, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2020.1871132
43. Seeley, I. H. (1973). Outdoor Recreation and The Urban Environment. Palgrave Macmillan. (eBook). DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-01815-4
44. Sheffield, J. I. (2016). ORN research seminar, digital data and outdoor recreation: Research, tools and applications. https://www.outdoorrecreation.org.uk/events/orn-research-seminar-digital-data-and-outdoor-recreation-research-tools-and-applications/ 16.06.2023
45. Shultis, J. (2001). Consuming nature: The uneasy relationship between technology, outdoor recreation and protected areas. In The George Wright Forum, 18(1), 56-66 https://www.jstor.org/stable/43598907
46. Stranavska. S., & Görner, K. (2017). Outdoor activities and their impact on the lifestyle of adolescents. Journal of Outdoor Activities, 11(1), 7-13.
47. Taczanowska, K., González, L. M., Garcia-Massó, X., Muhar, A., Brandenburg, C., & Toca-Herrera, J. L. (2014). Evaluating the structure and use of hiking trails in recreational areas using a mixed GPS tracking and graph theory approach. Applied Geography, 55, 184-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.09.011
48. Teisl M. F., & O’Brien, K. (2003). Who cares and who acts? Outdoor recreationists exhibit different levels of environmental concern and behavior. Environment and Behavior, 35(4), 506-522.
49. Tham, A. (2020). Negotiating leisure etiquette in the context of drones. Leisure/Loisir, 44(1), 105-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2020.1745674
50. Thomsen, J. M., Fowler, J., & Lang, T. (2021). A Proposed research agenda on professional and recreational drone use in national forests and national parks. Journal of Park & Recreation Administration, 39(2), 119-128. https://doi.org/10.18666/JPRA-2020-10509
51. Winter, P.L., Selin, S., Cerveny, L., & Bricker, K. (2021). Outdoor recreation, nature-based tourism, and sustainability. Sustainability, 12(1), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010081
52. Walmsley, J., & Crowe, L. (2016). What makes a good smartphone app for outdoor recreation. Outdoor Recreation Network Journal, 27. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/22151/
53. Vannini, P., & Stewart, L. M. (2017). The GoPro gaze. Cultural Geographies, 24(1), 149-155. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474474016647369
54. Valenzuela, F. (2020). Technology and outdoor recreation in the dawning of the age of constant and ınstant digital connectivity. Steven Selin (Ed.), Igniting research for outdoor recreation: Linking science, policy, and action (Vol. 7, pp. 101-113.) https://www.fs.usda.gov/pnw/pubs/ pnw_gtr987.pdf
55. Vergouw, B., Nagel, H., Bondt, G., & Custers, B. (2016). Drone technology: Types, payloads, applications, frequency spectrum issues and future developments. Bart Custers (Ed.), In The Future of Drone Use: Opportunities and Threats from Ethical and Legal Perspectives, (pp. 21-45).
56. Zhu, Z., Song, H., & Kim, S. W. (2015). A field study on basic usage patterns of traditional watch and smart phone for designing smart watch. In Design, User Experience, and Usability: Users and Interactions: 4th International Conference, DUXU 2015, Held as Part of HCI International 2015, Los Angeles, CA, USA, August 2-7, 2015, Proceedings, Part II 4 (pp. 597-608). Springer International Publishing.