Pomegranate as a Functional Food

Abstract

Abstract: Pomegranate, Punica granatum L., a member of the Punicacae family, is an edible fruit known to be used for medicinal purposes from ancient times to the present day, just like many other plants. The roots, flowers, fruit, bark, aril (seed), and other parts of the pomegranate are actively used in the health sector. The aim of this current study is to evaluate the health effects of pomegranate, which can be consumed as a functional food from past to present, under different subtitles. Pomegranate and its by-products are used in many areas such as anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-neurodegenerative, anti-atherosclerotic, wound healing, and the interest in the medical use of pomegranate is increasing day by day. The phenolic substances such as flavonoids, polyphenols, ellagitannins (gallic acid, ellagic acid, punicalin, punicalagin, luteolin, quercetin, kaempferol, glycoside, pedunculagin) give this functionality to the pomegranate fruit. Thanks to these substances, pomegranate has effects such as reducing blood glucose levels, increasing apoptosis in cancer cells, reducing the levels of some blood fats such as LDL and total cholesterol and waist circumference, reducing neuroinflammation, and increasing the antioxidant effect by reducing oxidative stress. It is still controversial whether the active substances in pomegranate cause drug interactions. It should be known that pomegranate and its derivatives may interact with drugs that inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), antihypertensives, carbamazepine, CYP 2D6 substrates, warfarin, rosuvastatin, and tolbutamide, and care should be taken. Some bioactive substances, especially punicalagin and punicalin, found in different parts of the pomegranate, are the main factors that make the pomegranate so unique. Owing to the functions these substances bring to the fruit, pomegranate plays an active role in the protection and maintenance of health. It is recommended to include pomegranate in the daily diet.

Keywords

• nutrition
• functional food
• pomegranate
• health

FONKSİYONEL BİR BESİN OLARAK NAR

Öz

Öz: Punicacae ailesinin bir üyesi olan nar, Punica granatum L., tıpkı pek çok diğer bitki gibi antik çağdan günümüze kadar ulaşan, tıbbi amaçlı olarak kullanıldığı bilinen, yenilebilir bir meyvedir. Narın kökleri, çiçeği, meyvesi, kabuğu, aril (çekirdek) ve diğer kısımları sağlık sektöründe aktif olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu güncel çalışmanın amacı geçmişten günümüze fonksiyonel besin olarak tüketilebilen narın sağlığa olan etkilerinin farklı alt başlıklarda değerlendirilmesidir. Nar ve yan ürünleri anti-bakteriyel, anti-oksidan, anti-kanser, anti-obezite, anti-nörodejeneratif, anti-aterosklerotik, yara iyileşmesi gibi pek çok alanda kullanılmakta ve her geçen gün narın tıbbi kullanımına olan ilgi artmaktadır. Nar meyvesine bu fonksiyonelliği veren içindeki flavonoidler, polifenoller, ellajitaninler (gallik asit, ellajik asit, punikalin, punikalagin, luteolin, kuersetin, kamferol, glikosid, pedunkulagin) gibi fenolik maddelerdir. Bu maddeler sayesinde nar, kan glikoz düzeyini azaltma, kanser hücrelerinde apoptozisi arttırma, LDL ve total kolesterol gibi bazı kan yağları düzeylerini ve bel çevresini azaltma, nöroinflamasyonu azaltma ve oksidatif stresi azaltarak antioksidan etkiyi arttırma gibi etkilere sahiptir. Narda bulunan aktif maddelerin ilaç etkileşimlerine neden olup olmadığı halen tartışmalıdır. Nar ve türevlerinin özellikle anjiyotensin dönüştürücü enzimi (ACE) inhibe eden ilaçlar, antihipertansifler, karbamazepin, CYP 2D6 substratları, varfarin, rosuvastatin ve tolbutamit ile etkileşime girebileceği bilinmeli ve dikkatli olunmalıdır. Narın farklı kısımlarının içinde bulunan punikalagin ve punikalin başta olmak üzere bazı biyoaktif maddeler narın bu denli eşsiz olmasını sağlayan temel faktörlerdir. Bu maddelerin meyveye kazandırdığı fonksiyonlar sayesinde nar, sağlığın korunması ve sürdürülmesinde etkin rol oynamaktadır. Günlük beslenme örüntüsünde nara yer verilmesi önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• beslenme
• fonksiyonel besin
• nar
• sağlık

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