CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS FROM A WOMEN’S HEALTH PERSPECTIVE

Öz

Climate change, driven by human activities causing global warming, is a significant public health issue that exacerbates social and environmental inequalities worldwide. Climate-related changes such as extreme weather events, disasters, droughts, air pollution, and vector-borne diseases pose serious direct and indirect threats to health. Among the most vulnerable groups affected by these impacts are women, pregnant individuals, and children. Especially in developing countries, limitations in access to fertility, sexual, and reproductive health services further amplify the effects of climate change on women's health. Healthcare professionals, including nurses specializing in women's health and diseases, play a crucial role in mitigating the adverse effects of climate change on women's health. Empowering women against environmental stressors, increasing their adaptive capacity to climate change, and developing health policies that emphasize environmental justice form the foundation of this process. Policies developed in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals — including Gender Equality (Goal 5), Good Health and Well-being (Goal 3), and Climate Action (Goal 13) — have the potential to offer holistic and sustainable solutions for women's health. This review aims to evaluate the impacts of climate change on women's health based on current literature, discuss how these effects relate to sustainable development goals, and offer recommendations for policy and practice-level interventions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Climate action
• Climate change
• Nursing
• Sustainable development goals
• Women’s health

KADIN SAĞLIĞI PERSPEKTİFİNDEN İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ VE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA HEDEFLERİ

Öz

İnsan faaliyetlerinin neden olduğu küresel ısınma kaynaklı iklim değişikliği, toplumsal ve çevresel eşitsizlikleri derinleştiren önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunu olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Aşırı hava olayları, doğal afetler, kuraklık, hava kirliliği ve vektör kaynaklı hastalıklar gibi iklim değişikliğine bağlı gelişmeler, sağlığı doğrudan ve dolaylı yollarla tehdit eden ciddi riskler oluşturmaktadır. Bu etkilerden en çok etkilenen gruplar arasında kadınlar, gebeler ve çocuklar yer almaktadır. Özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerde doğurganlık, cinsel sağlık ve üreme sağlığı hizmetlerine erişimde yaşanan sınırlılıklar, iklim değişikliğinin kadın sağlığı üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini daha da artırmaktadır. Kadın sağlığı ve hastalıkları alanında uzmanlaşmış hemşireler de dâhil olmak üzere sağlık profesyonelleri, iklim değişikliğinin kadın sağlığı üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerinin azaltılmasında kritik bir rol üstlenmektedir. Kadınların çevresel stres etkenlerine karşı güçlendirilmesi, iklim değişikliğine uyum kapasitelerinin artırılması ve çevresel adaleti önceleyen sağlık politikalarının geliştirilmesi bu sürecin temel yapı taşlarını oluşturmaktadır. Birleşmiş Milletler Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları doğrultusunda geliştirilecek politikalar — Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği (Hedef 5), Sağlık ve Kaliteli Yaşam (Hedef 3) ve İklim Eylemi (Hedef 13) — kadın sağlığına yönelik bütüncül ve sürdürülebilir çözümler sunma potansiyeline sahiptir. Bu derleme çalışması, iklim değişikliğinin kadın sağlığı üzerindeki etkilerini güncel literatür doğrultusunda değerlendirmeyi, bu etkilerin sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefleriyle ilişkisini tartışmayı ve politika ile uygulama düzeyinde müdahale önerileri sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hemşirelik
• İklim değişikliği
• İklim eylemi
• Kadın sağlığı
• Sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefleri

Kaynakça

1. Alahmad, B., Khraishah, H., Althalji, K., Borchert, W., Al-Mulla, F., & Koutrakis, P. (2023). Connections Between Air Pollution, Climate Change, and Cardiovascular Health. The Canadian journal of cardiology, 39(9), 1182–1190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2023.03.025
2. Alliance of Nurses for Healthy Environments (ANHE). (2019). Climate change. Retrieved from: https://envirn.org/climate-change/
3. Aguilera, J., Konvinse, K., Lee, A., Maecker, H., Prunicki, M., Mahalingaiah, S., Sampath, V., Utz, P. J., Yang, E., & Nadeau, K. C. (2023). Air pollution and pregnancy. Seminars in perinatology, 47(8), 151838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semperi.2023.151838
4. Ağıralan, E., & Sadioğlu, U. (2021). İklim değişikliği farkındalığı ve toplum bilinci: İstanbul örneği. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(2), 627-654. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.959287
5. American Nurses Association (ANA). (2007). ANA’s principles of environmental health for nursing practice with implementation strategies. Retrieved from: https://www.nursingworld.org/globalassets/docs/ana/ethics/principles-of-environmental-health-online_final.pdf
6. Angelini K. (2017). Climate Change, Health, and the Role of Nurses. Nursing for women's health, 21(2), 79–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nwh.2017.02.003
7. Bachmann, G., & Phillips, N. (2021). Being hot: Climate versus climacteric. Case Reports in Women’s Health, 32, e00343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crwh.2021.e00343
8. Bambra, C. (2022). Pandemic inequalities: Emerging infectious diseases and health equity. International Journal for Equity in Health, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-022-01685-8

9. Bai, W., Li, Y., Niu, Y., Ding, Y., Yu, X., Zhu, B., ... Sun, Z. (2020). Association between ambient air pollution and pregnancy complications: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Environmental Research, 185, 109471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109471
10. Bastain, T. M., Chavez, T., Habre, R., Hernandez-Castro, I., Grubbs, B., Toledo-Corral, C. M., Farzan, S. F., Lurvey, N., Lerner, D., Eckel, S. P., Lurmann, F., Lagomasino, I., & Breton, C. (2021). Prenatal ambient air pollution and maternal depression at 12 months postpartum in the MADRES pregnancy cohort. Environmental health: a global access science source, 20(1), 121. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00807-x
11. Bongaerts, E., Lecante, L. L., Bové, H., Roeffaers, M. B. J., Ameloot, M., Fowler, P. A., & Nawrot, T. S. (2022). Maternal exposure to ambient black carbon particles and their presence in maternal and fetal circulation and organs: an analysis of two independent population-based observational studies. The Lancet. Planetary health, 6(10), e804–e811. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00200-5
12. Brasil, P., Pereira, J. P., Jr., Moreira, M. E., Ribeiro Nogueira, R. M., Damasceno, L., Wakimoto, M., ... Nielsen-Saines, K. (2016). Zika virus infection in pregnant women in Rio de Janeiro. The New England Journal of Medicine, 375(24), 2321–2334. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1602412
13. Camey, I. C., Sabater, L., Owren, C., Emmett-Boyer, A., & Wen, J. (2020). Gender-based violence and environment linkages: The violence of inequality. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Retrieved from: https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2020-002-En.pdf
14. Campion, N., Thiel, C. L., DeBlois, J., Woods, N. C., Landis, A. E., & Bilec, M. M. (2012). Life cycle assessment perspectives on delivering an infant in the US. The Science of the total environment, 425, 191–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.006
15. Canadian Nurses Association. (CNA). (2008). The role of nurses in addressing climate change. Retrieved from: http://cnaaiic.ca//media/cna/page-content/pdf-en/climate_change_2008_e.pdf
16. Cao, L., Wang, L., Wu, L., Wang, T., Cui, X., Yu, L., Diao, R., & Mao, H. (2021). Particulate matter and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Public health, 200, 22–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2021.08.013
17. Carré, J., Gatimel, N., Moreau, J., Parinaud, J., & Léandri, R. (2017). Does air pollution play a role in infertility?: a systematic review. Environmental health: a global access science source, 16(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-017-0291-8
18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2021). Congenital Chagas Disease. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/chagas/hcp/considerations/index.html
19. Cianconi, P., Betrò, S., & Janiri, L. (2020). The Impact of Climate Change on Mental Health: A Systematic Descriptive Review. Frontiers in psychiatry, 11, 74. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00074
20. Cocchi, E., Bellisario, V., Cresi, F., Plazzotta, C., Cassardo, C., Siniscalco, C., Peruzzi, L., & Bono, R. (2023). Air Pollution and Aeroallergens as Possible Triggers in Preterm Birth Delivery. International journal of environmental research and public health, 20(2), 1610. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021610
21. Conforti, A., Mascia, M., Cioffi, G., De Angelis, C., Coppola, G., De Rosa, P., ... De Placido, G. (2018). Air pollution and female fertility: A systematic review of literature. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 16(1), 117. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-018-0433-z
22. Conry, J., & Robson, S. (2023). Climate change and women's health: Turning leadership into action. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics, 160(2), 400–404. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.14543
23. Coura J. R. (2015). The main sceneries of Chagas disease transmission. The vectors, blood and oral transmissions--a comprehensive review. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 110(3), 277–282. https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-0276140362
24. Cucinella, L., Tiranini, L., & Nappi, R. E. (2023). Impact of climate and environmental change on the menopause. Maturitas, 178, 107825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2023.107825
25. Desai, M., ter Kuile, F. O., Nosten, F., McGready, R., Asamoa, K., Brabin, B., & Newman, R. D. (2007). Epidemiology and burden of malaria in pregnancy. The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 7(2), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70021-X
26. Duffy P. E. (2007). Plasmodium in the placenta: parasites, parity, protection, prevention and possibly preeclampsia. Parasitology, 134(Pt 13), 1877–1881. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182007000170
27. Duus, E., & Montag, D. (2022). Protecting women’s health in a changing climate: The role of community-based adaptation. Journal of Climate Change and Health, 6, 100-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joclim.2022.100120
28. Eum, K. D., Weisskopf, M. G., Nie, L. H., Hu, H., & Korrick, S. A. (2014). Cumulative lead exposure and age at menopause in the Nurses' Health Study cohort. Environmental health perspectives, 122(3), 229–234. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1206399
29. Fan, W., & Zlatnik, M. G. (2023). Climate change and pregnancy: Risks, mitigation, adaptation, and resilience. Obstetrics & Gynecology Survey, 78(4), 223-236. https://doi.org/10.1097/OGX.0000000000001116
30. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2021). The impact of disasters and crises on agriculture and food security: 2021. Retrieved from: https://www.fao.org/publications/fao-flagship-publications/the-impact-of-disasters-on-agriculture-and-food-security/en
31. Garza, M., Feria Arroyo, T. P., Casillas, E. A., Sanchez-Cordero, V., Rivaldi, C. L., & Sarkar, S. (2014). Projected future distributions of vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi in North America under climate change scenarios. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 8(5), e2818. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002818 G askins, A. J., Hart, J. E., Mínguez-Alarcón, L., Chavarro, J. E., Laden, F., Coull, B. A., ... Hauser, R. (2018). Residential proximity to major roadways and traffic in relation to outcomes of in vitro fertilization. Environment International, 115, 239–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.029
32. Giudice, L. C., Llamas Clark, E. F., DeNicola, N., Pandipati, S., Zlatnik, M. G., Decena, D. C. D., ... FIGO Committee on Climate Change and Toxic Environmental Exposures. (2021). Climate change, women's health, and the role of obstetricians and gynecologists in leadership. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 155(3), 345–356. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13958
33. Girardi, G., & Bremer, A. A. (2022). Effects of Climate and Environmental Changes on Women's Reproductive Health. Journal of women's health, 31(6), 755–757. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2021.0631
34. Ha, S., Hu, H., Roussos-Ross, D., Haidong, K., Roth, J., & Xu, X. (2014). The effects of air pollution on adverse birth outcomes. Environmental research, 134, 198–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.08.002
35. Hansen, A. B., Ravnskjær, L., Loft, S., Andersen, K. K., Bräuner, E. V., Baastrup, R., ... Andersen, Z. J. (2016). Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter and incidence of diabetes in the Danish Nurse Cohort. Environment International, 91, 243–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.02.036
36. Harlow, S. D., Elliott, M. R., Bondarenko, I., Thurston, R. C., & Jackson, E. A. (2020). Monthly variation of hot flashes, night sweats, and trouble sleeping: effect of season and proximity to the final menstrual period (FMP) in the SWAN Menstrual Calendar substudy. Menopause (New York, N.Y.), 27(1), 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000001420
37. He, S., Kosatsky, T., Smargiassi, A., Bilodeau-Bertrand, M., & Auger, N. (2018). Heat and pregnancy-related emergencies: Risk of placental abruption during hot weather. Environment international, 111, 295–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.11.004
38. Health Care Without Harm. Health Care’s Climate Footprint. (2019). Retrieved from: https://global.noharm.org/sites/default/files/documentsfiles/5961/HealthCaresClimateFootprint_092319.pdf
39. Hiatt, R. A., & Beyeler, N. (2020). Cancer and climate change. The Lancet. Oncology, 21(11), e519–e527. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30448-4
40. Hiatt, R. A., & Beyeler, N. (2023). Women's cancers and climate change. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics, 160(2), 374–377. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.14407
41. Hiatt, R. A., & Brody, J. G. (2018). Environmental Determinants of Breast Cancer. Annual review of public health, 39, 113–133. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-014101
42. Hu, Z., & Li, T. (2019). Too hot to handle: The effects of high temperatures during pregnancy on adult welfare outcomes. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 94, 236–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2019.01.006
43. Hunter, M. S., Gupta, P., Chedraui, P., Blümel, J. E., Tserotas, K., Aguirre, W., Palacios, S., & Sturdee, D. W. (2013). The International Menopause Study of Climate, Altitude, Temperature (IMS-CAT) and vasomotor symptoms. Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society, 16(1), 8–16. https://doi.org/10.3109/13697137.2012.699563
44. International Council of Nurses. (ICN). (2018). Nurses, climate change and health. Retrieved from: https://www.icn.ch/sites/default/files/inline-files/ICN%20PS%20Nurses%252c%20climate%20change%20and%20health%20FINAL%20.pdf
45. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2012). Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation (Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, p. 582). Retrieved from: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/managing-the-risks-of-extreme-events-and-disasters-to-advance-climate-change-adaptation/
46. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2022). Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from: https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf
47. Kamal, A.-H. N., Umama, U., Roman, S., & Khan, M. M. (2018). Impact of flood on women’s sexual and reproductive health: An empirical evidence from northern Bangladesh. Global Journal of Medical Research, 18(5), 2249-4618.
48. Kang J. X. (2011). The omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in chronic diseases: animal models and molecular aspects. World review of nutrition and dietetics, 102, 22–29. https://doi.org/10.1159/000327787
49. Landrigan, P. J., Fuller, R., Acosta, N. J. R., Adeyi, O., Arnold, R., Basu, N. N., ... Zhong, M. (2018). The Lancet Commission on pollution and health. The Lancet, 391(10119), 462–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32345-0
50. Lee, J., & Park, T. (2019). Impacts of the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) on infant mortality: a quasi-experimental study in the USA, 2003-2014. BMJ open, 9(4), e024735. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024735
51. Lenzen, M., Malik, A., Li, M., et al. (2020). The environmental footprint of health care: A global assessment. Lancet Planetary Health, 4, e271-e279. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30121-2
52. Li, C., Yang, M., Zhu, Z., Sun, S., Zhang, Q., Cao, J., & Ding, R. (2020). Maternal exposure to air pollution and the risk of low birth weight: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. Environmental research, 190, 109970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109970
53. Lin, S., Lin, Z., Ou, Y., Soim, A., Shrestha, S., Lu, Y., ... Browne, M. (2018). Maternal ambient heat exposure during early pregnancy in summer and spring and congenital heart defects: A large US population-based, case-control study. Environment International, 118, 211–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.043
54. Lindsay, S., Ansell, J., Selman, C., Cox, V., Hamilton, K., & Walraven, G. (2000). Effect of pregnancy on exposure to malaria mosquitoes. Lancet (London, England), 355(9219), 1972. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02334-5
55. Livingston, E. G., Duggal, R., & Dotters-Katz, S. (2021). Screening for Chagas Disease during Pregnancy in the United States-A Literature Review. Tropical medicine and infectious disease, 6(4), 202. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6040202
56. Machado, C. R., Machado, E. S., Rohloff, R. D., et al. (2013). Is pregnancy associated with severe dengue? A review of data from the Rio de Janeiro surveillance information system. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 7(5), e2217. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002217
57. MacVicar, S., Berrang-Ford, L., Harper, S., Steele, V., Lwasa, S., Bambaiha, D. N., ... Ross, N. (2017). How seasonality and weather affect perinatal health: Comparing the experiences of indigenous and non-indigenous mothers in Kanungu District, Uganda. Social Science & Medicine, 187, 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.06.021
58. Marí-Dell'Olmo, M., Tobías, A., Gómez-Gutiérrez, A., et al. (2019). Social inequalities in the association between temperature and mortality in a South European context. International Journal of Public Health, 64(1), 27-37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-018-1094-6
59. Messenger, L. A., & Bern, C. (2018). Congenital Chagas disease: Current diagnostics, limitations and future perspectives. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 31(5), 415. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000478
60. Mlakar, J., Korva, M., Tul, N., et al. (2016). Zika virus associated with microcephaly. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(10), 951-958. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1600651
61. Mo, S., Wang, Y., Peng, M., Wang, Q., Zheng, H., Zhan, Y., ... Zhang, Y. (2023). Sex disparity in cognitive aging related to later-life exposure to ambient air pollution. Science of the Total Environment, 886, 163980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163980
62. Nappi, R. E., Martini, E., Cucinella, L., et al. (2019). Addressing vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA)/genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) for healthy aging in women. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 10, 561. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00561
63. Niedzwiecki, M. M., Rosa, M. J., Solano-González, M., Kloog, I., Just, A. C., Martínez-Medina, S., Schnaas, L., Tamayo-Ortiz, M., Wright, R. O., Téllez-Rojo, M. M., & Wright, R. J. (2020). Particulate air pollution exposure during pregnancy and postpartum depression symptoms in women in Mexico City. Environment international, 134, 105325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105325
64. Sharma, L., & Shukla, G. (2017). Placental Malaria: A New Insight into the Pathophysiology. Frontiers in medicine, 4, 117. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2017.00117
65. Smith, J. N., van Daalen, K. R., & Venkatraman, R. (2020). Climate change and its potential impact on menopausal hot flashes: a commentary. Menopause (New York, N.Y.), 27(7), 816–817. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000001521
66. Paixao, E. S., Teixeira, M. G., Costa, M. da C. N., & Rodrigues, L. C. (2016). Dengue during pregnancy and adverse fetal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 16(7), 857–865. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00088-8
67. Pereira, P. C., & Navarro, E. C. (2013). Challenges and perspectives of Chagas disease: a review. The journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases, 19(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/1678-9199-19-34
68. Pouliot, S. H., Xiong, X., Harville, E., et al. (2010). Maternal dengue and pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review. Obstetrics & Gynecology Survey, 65(2), 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1097/OGX.0b013e3181cb8fbc
69. Pourhoseini, S. A., Akbary, A., Mahmoudi, H., Akbari, M., & Heydari, S. T. (2024). Association between prenatal period exposure to ambient air pollutants and development of postpartum depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of environmental health research, 34(1), 455–465. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2022.2153808
70. Prada, D., Crandall, C. J., Kupsco, A., Kioumourtzoglou, M. A., Stewart, J. D., Liao, D., ... Baccarelli, A. A. (2023). Air pollution and decreased bone mineral density among Women's Health Initiative participants. EClinicalMedicine, 57, 101864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101864
71. Roth, N. M., Reynolds, M. R., Lewis, E. L., et al. (2022). Zika-associated birth defects reported in pregnancies with laboratory evidence of confirmed or possible Zika virus infection: U.S. Zika pregnancy and infant registry, December 1, 2015–March 31, 2018. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 71(3), 73–79. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7103a1
72. Ryan, S. J., Carlson, C. J., Mordecai, E. A., & Johnson, L. R. (2019). Global expansion and redistribution of Aedes-borne virus transmission risk with climate change. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 13(3), e0007213. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007213
73. Salvi S. (2007). Health effects of ambient air pollution in children. Paediatric respiratory reviews, 8(4), 275–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2007.08.008
74. Sbiroli, E., Geynisman-Tan, J., Sood, N., Maines, B. A., Junn, J. H.-J., & Sorensen, C. (2022). Climate change and women's health in the United States: Impacts and opportunities. The Journal of Climate Change and Health, 8, 100169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joclim.2022.100169
75. Scafetta, N. (2023). Impacts and risks of “realistic” global warming projections for the 21st-century. Geoscience Frontiers, 15(2), 101774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2023.101774 Sillmann J, Hawkins E & Forster P et al. Intergovernmental Program for Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report. August 2021. Retrieved from: https://www.ipcc.ch/assessment -report/ar6/
76. Shi, Y., Tang, L., Bai, X., et al. (2022). Heat stress altered the vaginal microbiome and metabolome in rabbits. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 813622. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.813622
77. Smith, J. N., van Daalen, K. R., & Venkatraman, R. (2020). Climate change and its potential impact on menopausal hot flashes: A commentary. Menopause, 27(7), 816-817. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000001521
78. State of Global Air. (2020). Impacts on newborns: Air pollution’s youngest victims. Retrieved from: https://www.stateofglobalair.org/health/newborns
79. Trachsel, D., Erb, T. O., Hammer, J., & von Ungern-Sternberg, B. S. (2022). Developmental respiratory physiology. Paediatric Anaesthesia, 32, 108–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/pan.14362
80. Triebner, K., Markevych, I., Hustad, S., Benediktsdóttir, B., Forsberg, B., Franklin, K. A., ... Dadvand, P. (2019). Residential surrounding greenspace and age at menopause: A 20-year European study (ECRHS). Environment International, 132, 105088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105088
81. UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR). (2019). The human costs of disasters: An overview of the last 20 years 2000-2019. Retrieved from: https://www.undrr.org/publication/human-cost-disasters-overview-last-20-years-2000 2019#:~:text=In%20the%20period%202000%20to,trillion%20in%20global%20economic%20losses.
82. United Nations (UN). (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Retrieved from: https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda
83. United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women. (2019). Turning promises into action: Gender equality in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from:https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2019/03/gender-equality-in-the-2030-agenda-for-sustainable-development-2019
84. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (1992). United Nations framework convention. Retrieved from: https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf
85. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2018). Retrieved from: https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf
86. Uwak, I., Olson, N., Fuentes, A., Moriarty, M., Pulczinski, J., Lam, J., ... Johnson, N. M. (2021). Application of the Navigation Guide systematic review methodology to evaluate prenatal exposure to particulate matter air pollution and infant birth weight. Environment International, 148, 106378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106378
87. Vabre, P., Gatimel, N., Moreau, J., Gayrard, V., Picard-Hagen, N., Parinaud, J., & Leandri, R. D. (2017). Environmental pollutants, a possible etiology for premature ovarian insufficiency: A narrative review of animal and human data. Environmental Health, 16(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-017-0242-4
88. Van Zutphen, A. R., Lin, S., Fletcher, B. A., & Hwang, S. A. (2012). A population-based case-control study of extreme summer temperature and birth defects. Environmental health perspectives, 120(10), 1443–1449. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104671
89. Vizcaíno, M. A., González-Comadran, M., & Jacquemin, B. (2016). Outdoor air pollution and human infertility: a systematic review. Fertility and sterility, 106(4), 897–904.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.07.1110
90. Wang, L., Shi, T., & Chen, H. (2023). Air pollution and infant mortality: Evidence from China. Economics and Human Biology, 49, 101229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2023.101229
91. Watts, N., Amann, M., Arnell, N., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Belesova, K., Boykoff, M., ... Montgomery, H. (2019). The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: Ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. The Lancet, 394(10211), 1836–1878. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6
92. World Health Organization. (WHO). (2014). Gender, climate change and health. Retrieved from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/144781/9789241508186_eng.pdf
93. World Health Organization. (WHO). (2019). Ten threats to global health in 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019
94. World Health Organization. (WHO). (2021). Gender and health. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/gender
95. Xiao, J., Huang, M., Zhang, W., Rosenblum, A., Ma, W., Meng, X., & Lin, S. (2019). The immediate and lasting impact of Hurricane Sandy on pregnancy complications in eight affected counties of New York State. The Science of the total environment, 678, 755–760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.436