Women Artists in Byzantium

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 1, 111 - 138, 17.08.2016

Dilek Maktal Canko

https://doi.org/10.29135/std.274291

Cited By: 1

Öz

A
large portion of the Byzantine artists' names have not survived, because of the
small number of extant works and anonymity manners preventing the signature
works. However, when the recognition of the work male artists' produce is even
very difficult, some of the women artists have been able to achieve today with
the works.

Despite all the
restrictions of Byzantine patriarchal ideology, Byzantine women artists who
produced the textile, copy books, literature, theatre, music and painting,
revolted against the Byzantine ideology by producing works. Despite the low
number of women artists, effective life stories are evidence determination and
power of Byzantine women.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Artists in Byzantium, women artists, Thedora Raoulaina, Anna Komnena, Kassia

Bizans'ta Kadın Sanatçılar

Öz

Bizans
sanatından günümüze ulaşan eser sayısının azlığı, sanatçıların
eserlerinin altına imzalarını atmalarını engelleyen anonim faaliyet inanışı;
Bizanslı sanatçı isimlerinin büyük bir kısmının günümüze ulaşmasını neredeyse
imkansız hale getirmiştir. Bununla birlikte; erkek sanatçıların bile eserleri
ile anılmalarının çok zor olduğu bir toplumda, bazı kadın sanatçılar eserleri
ile birlikte günümüze ulaşmayı başarmışlardır.

Tekstil, kitap kopyalama, edebiyat, gösteri
sanatları, müzik ve resim sanatı gibi sanat dallarında ürün
veren Bizanslı kadın sanatçılar, tüm kısıtlamalara rağmen eserlerini üreterek,
kadınları evlerine hapseden ataerkil Bizans ideolojisine başkaldırmışlardır.
Sayılarının az olmasına karşılık etkili hayat hikâyeleri Bizanslı kadınların
azmini ve gücünü kanıtlar niteliktedir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bizanslı sanatçılar, kadın sanatçılar, Thedora Raoulaina, Anna Komnena, Kassia

Kaynakça

• And 1962, Metin And, Bizans Tiyatrosu, Forum Yayınları, 1962, Ankara.
• Brand 1993, Charles M. Brand, "Some Byzantine Women of Thebes-and Elsewhere", TO EΛΛHNIKON Studies in Honor of Speros Vryonis Volume 1 Hellenic Antiquity and Byzantium, ed: J. Langdon, S.W.Reinert, J.S.Allen, C.P.Ioannides, 23-43. New York: 1993., s: 59-68.
• Brashier 2012, Rachel Nicole Brashier, “Voice of Women in Byzantine Music Within the Greek Orthodox Churches in America”, B.M., Eastern Illinois Universitesi, master tezi, 2012, Erişim tarihi: 14.12.2015: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses
• Buckler 1929, Georgina Bucler, Anna Comnena A Study, Oxford Univercity Press, London, 1929.
• Carr 1976, Annemarie Weyl Carr, “Women As Artists in the Middle Ages”, The Feminist Art Journal 5/1, 1976, 1-9, not: 26.
• Carr 1985, Annemarie Weyl Carr, "Women and Monasticism in Byzantium: Introduction from an Art Historian", Byzantinische Forschungen 9, 1985, 1–15.
• Carr 1997, Annemarie Weyl Carr "Women as Artists in the Middle Ages, or The Dark is Light Enough," Dictionary of Women Artists 1, ed: Delia Gaze, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, London, 1997, 15-21.
• Connor 2011, Carolyn Connor, Bizans'ın Kadınları, 2011, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Cormack 1997, Robin Cormack, Byzantine Art, Oxford History of Art Series, Oxford Univercity Press, 2000.
• Cutler ve Kazhdan 1991, Anthony Cutler ve Alexander Kazhdan, “Lazaros”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 2, Ed: Alexander P. Kazhdan, Alice-Mary Talbot, Anthony Cutler, Timothy E. Gregory, Nancy Patterson Ševčenko, Oxford Univercity Press, 1991, New York, 1197-1198.
• Cutler 1991, Anthony Cutler, “Pantoleon”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 3, Ed: Alexander P. Kazhdan, Alice-Mary Talbot, Anthony Cutler, Timothy E. Gregory, Nancy Patterson Ševčenko, Oxford Univercity Press, 1991, New York, 1576.
• Cutler 1991, Anthony Cutler, “Artists”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 1, Ed: Alexander P. Kazhdan, Alice-Mary Talbot, Anthony Cutler, Timothy E. Gregory, Nancy Patterson Ševčenko, Oxford Univercity Press, 1991, New York, 196-201.
• Çağlan 2011, Suat Başar Çağlan, “Aleksiad Üzerinden Bizans Edebiyatında Düzyazı”, Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, İzmir, 2011.
• Dyck 1986, Andrew Dyck, “On Cassia, Κύριε ἡ Ἐν Πολλαῖς.”, Byzantion 46, 1986, 63-76.
• Geanakoplos 1959, Deno John Geanakoplos, Emperor Michael Palaeologos and the West 1258-1282, Harvard Univercity Press, Cambridge Massachusetts, 1959.
• Gregory 2008, Timothy Gregory, Bizans Tarihi, Çev: Esra Ermert, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2008.
• Gouma-Peterson 2000, Thalia Gouma-Peterson, “Preface”, Anna Komnena and Her Times, Ed: Thalia Gouma-Peterson, 2000, New York, ix-xi.
• Howard-Johnston 1996, James Howard-Johnston, “Anna Komnena and the Alexiad”, Alexios I. Komnenos, Ed. Margaret Mullet ve Dion Smythe, Belfast Byzantine Texts and Translations, 1996, 260-301.
• Hill 2003, Barbara Hill, Bizans İmparatorluk Kadınları, İktidar, Himaye ve İdeoloji, Çev: Elif Tökteke Tut, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 2003.
• Hill 2006, Barbara Hill, “Anna Komnena”, Women and Gender in Medieval Europe An Encyclopedia, Ed: Margaret Schaus, 2006, USA.
• James 1997, Liz James, “Introduction: women's Studies, Gender Studies, Byzantine Studies”, Women, Men and Eunuchs Gender in Byzantium, ed: Liz James, 1997, xi-xxiv.
• James 2008, Liz James, “The Role of Women”, The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies, Oxford University Press, 2008, 643-651.
• Jordon 2000, Robert Jordon, “Kecharitomene: Typikon of Empress Irene Doukaina Komnene for the Convent of the Mother of God Kecharitomene in Constantinople”, Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents: A Complete Translation of the Surviving Founders Typika and Testaments, Ed. John Thomas, Angela Constantinides Hero ve Giles Constable, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2000, Washington, USA., 649-724.
• Kazhdan 1991, Alexander Kazhdan, “Kassia” The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 2, Ed: Alexander P. Kazhdan, Alice-Mary Talbot, Anthony Cutler, Timothy E. Gregory, Nancy Patterson Ševčenko, Oxford Univercity Press, 1991, New York, 1109-1110.
• Komnena 1996, Anna Komnena, Aleksiad, Çev: Bilge Umar, İnkılap Yayınevi, 1996, İstanbul.
• Kotzabassi 2011, Sofia Kotzabassi, “Scholarly friendship in the thirteenth century: Patriarch Gregorios II Kyprios and Theodora Raoulaina”, Parekbolai 1, 2011, 115-170, http://ejournals.lib.auth.gr/parekbolai
• Laiou 1981, Angeliki E. Laiou, "The Role of Women in Byzantine Society" Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik 31/1., 1981, 233–60.
• Laiou 2000, Angeliki Laiou, “Introduction: Why Anna Komnena?”, Anna Komnena and Her Times, Ed: Thalia Gouma-Peterson, 2000, New York, 1-14.
• Lawler 2004, Jennifer Lawler, Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire, London, 2004.
• Ljubarskij 2000, Jakov Ljubarskij, “Why Is the Alexiad a Masterpiece of Byzantine Literature?”, Anna Komnena and Her Times, Ed: Thalia Gouma-Peterson, 2000, New York, 169-186.
• Macrides 2000, Ruth Macrides, “The Pen and The Sword: Who Wrote the Alexiad?”, Anna Komnena and Her Times, Ed: Thalia Gouma-Peterson, 2000, New York, 63-82.
• Mavroudi 2012, Maria Mavroudi, “Learned Women of Byzantium and Surviving Record”, Byzantine Religiou Culture, Ed: Denis Sullivan, Elizabeth Fisher, Stratis Papaioannou, Buston 2012, 53-84.
• Nicol 1968, Donald M. Nicol, The Byzantine Family of Kantakouzenos 1100-1460 A Genealogical and Prosopographical Study, Dumbarton Oaks, 1968.
• Nicol 2001, Donald M. Nicol, Bizans'ın Soylu Kadınları On Portre 1250-1500, Tarh Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 2001, Ankara.
• Ostrogorsky 1986, Georg Ostrogorsky, Bizans Devleri Tarihi, Çev: Fikret Işıltan, Tük Tarih Kurumu Yayını, 1986, Ankara.
• Panagopoulos 2015, Spyros Panagopoulos, “Kassia: A Female Hymnographer of 9th century Byzantium and her hymnographic Poem on the Vesper of Holy Tuesday”, De Medio Aevo 7, 2015/1, 115-128.
• Prokopius 2001, Prokopius, Bizans'ın Gizli Tarihi, Çeviren: Orhan Duru, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2001.
• Rice 2002, Tamara Talbot Rise, Bizans'ta Günlük Yaşam, Çeviren: Bilgi Altınok, Özne Yayınları, 2002, İstanbul.
• Ševčenko 1962, Ihor Ševčenko, “The Illuminators of the Menologium of Basil II”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 16, 1962, 243 -276.
• Silvas 2006, Anna M. Silvas, “Kassia the Nun c. 810- c. 865: an Appreciation”, Byzantine Women Varieties of Experience AD 800-1200, Ed. Lynda Garland, London, 2006, 17-39.
• Simić 2011, Kosta Simić, “Kassia’s Hymnography in the Light of Patristic Sources and Earlier Hymnographical Works”, Recueil des Travaux de l’Institut d’etudes Byzantines (Zbornik Radova Vizantoloskog Instituta) 48, 2011, 7-37.
• Talbot 1991, Alice Mary Talbot, “Raoulaina, Theodora”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 3, Ed: Alexander P. Kazhdan, Alice-Mary Talbot, Anthony Cutler, Timothy E. Gregory, Nancy Patterson Ševčenko, Oxford Univercity Press, 1991, New York, 1772.
• Talbot 1997, Alice-Mary Talbot, "Women", içinde Ed: G. Cavallo, The Byzantines, University of Chicago Press, 1997, 117–143.
• Talbot 2001, Alice Mary Talbot, “Bluestocking Nuns: Intellectual Life in the Convents of Late Byzantium”, Women and Religious Life in Bzantium, 2001, 604-618.
• Tillyard 1914, H, J, W. Tillyard, “A Musical Study of the Hyms of Cassia”, Byzantinische Zeitschrift 20, 1914, 420-485.
• Topping 1980, E.Catafygiotu Topping, “Thekla the Nun: In Praise of Woman”, Greek Orthodoks Theological Review 25, 1980, 353-370.
• Topping 1981, E.Catafygiotu Topping, “Kassiane the Nun and the Sinful Woman”, Greek Orthodoks Theological review 26: 1981, 201-209.The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 3, Ed: Alexander P. Kazhdan, Alice-Mary Talbot, Anthony Cutler, Timothy E. Gregory, Nancy Patterson Ševčenko, Oxford Univercity Press, 1991, New York.
• Touliatos 1984, Diane Touliatos, "Women Composers of Medieval Byzantine Chant," College Music Society Symposium 24, 1984, 62-80.
• Touliatos 1993, Diane Touliatos, “The Traditional Role of Greek Women in Music from Antiquity to the End of the Byzantine Empire”, Rediscovering the Muses: Women's Musical Traditions, ed: Kimberly Marshall, Northeastern University Press, Boston, 1993, 111-23.
• Touliatos-Miles 1998, Diane Touliatos-Miles, “Bizans'ta Kadın Besteciler”, Sanat Dünyamız 69-70 Bizans Özel Sayısı, 1998, 143-148.
• Vassilaki 2008, Maria Vassilaki, “Icons”, The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies, ed: Elizabeth Jeffreys, John Haldon, Robin Cormack, Oxford Unvercity Press, 2008, New York, 758-769.
• Wellesz 1961, Egon Wellesz, A History of Byzantine Music and Hymnography, Oxford Univercity Press, Great Britain, 1961.
• Wilkinson 1999, John Wilkinson, Egeria's Travels, Aris&Phillips-Warminster, 1999, İngiltere.