The Late Antique and Byzantine Road-Network In Western Anatolia: Some Additions To A Widely Ramified System [Batı Anadolu’da Geç Antik Çağ ve Bizans Dönemi Yol Ağı: Geniş Çapta Kollara Ayrılmış Yol Sistemine Bazı Eklemeler]

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 1, 83 - 95, 29.04.2018

Andreas Külzer

https://doi.org/10.29135/std.407630

Cited By: 2

Öz

Batı Anadolu’daki bağlantı yolları ve güzergâh ağı, esas olarak Roma Dönemi’nden kalmadır: Bunların takviyesi, MÖ 133-129 sürecinde Asya Eyaleti’nin kuruluşundan hemen sonra başlamıştır. Yol sistemi sonraki dönemlerde daha da genişlemiş ve Geç Antik Dönem’de en kapsamlı haline erişmiştir. Orta Çağ’da, siyasi durum, çok sayıda tehdit, hava koşulları ve iklim faktörlerine bağlı olarak, farklı farklı uzunluklardaki [güzergâhların] sadece bir kolları kullanılmaktaydı. Artık yol ağında bir genişleme söz konusu değildi; birçok bağlantı yolundan oluşan güzergâh genişliği önemli ölçüde daraldı. Batı Anadolu’da çeşitli konumlarda, Antik ya da Orta Çağ köprüleri, kilometre taşları ve muhtelif uzunluklarda özgün yol bölümleri bulmak mümkündür. Aslına bakılırsa, arkeolojik olarak belgelenmiş olan böylesi sabit noktalar arasındaki yol güzergâhlarının yeniden çizilmesi gerekmektedir. Çoğu yol ağı modeli, 2000 yılında Richard Talbert ve ekibi tarafından ortaya konulan Barrington Atlas’a atıfta bulunur ama ne yazık ki, bu sistem kısmen eksiktir. Bu nedenle, makalemiz bazı eklemeler sunma amacını taşımaktadır. Örneğin, günümüz Aşağıbey yöresindeki Perperēnē / Theodosiupolis ile Trarion arasına yerel bir yol; ve Yunt Dağı silsilesinden geçerek Poyracık yakınındaki Gambreion ile Beşiktepe yakınlarındaki Hermokapeleia şehirlerini birbirine bağlayan diğer bir yol eklenmelidir. Lycus Vadisi’nin doğusunda olduğu kadar, Kuzey Lidya bölgesinde de birçok Roma yolu vardı. Ayriyeten, yollar, yerel yerleşimleri Smyrna (İzmir) ve Ephesus (Selçuk) ardalanındaki yörelere bağladıkları Karaburun Yarımadası’nda da vardı.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bizans İmparatorluğu, Tarihî Coğrafya, Roma Yolları, Geç Antik Dönem, Batı Anadolu

The Late Antique and Byzantine Road-Network In Western Anatolia: Some Additions To A Widely Ramified System

Öz

The network of communication roads and routes in Western Anatolia dates essentially from the Roman period: its strengthening started immediately after the founding of the province Asia in 133 / 129 BCE. In later generations, the system expanded, and in late antiquity, it reached its greatest extent. Then, in the middle ages, only single sections of varying lengths were in use, due to political conditions, numerous threats, weathering and climatic influences. There was no further expansion of the road system anymore; the width of many communication routes shrank considerably. At various locations in Western Asia Minor, one can find ancient or medieval bridges, milestones and original road sections of various length. Indeed, between these archaeologically documented fixed-points the course of the roads needs to be re-constructed. Most road models refer to the Barrington Atlas, offered by Richard Talbert and his team in the year 2000. Unfortunately, this system is partly incomplete. Therefore, the aim of our article is to present some additions. For example, one has to add a local road between Perperēnē / Theodosiupolis and Trarion in the area of modern Aşağıbey; another one led through the mountain range of Yunt dağı and connected the cities of Gambreion near Poyracık and Hermokapeleia / Beşiktepe. Several Roman roads existed in Northern Lydia as well as east of the Lycus valley. Furthermore, they existed on Karaburun Yarımadası, where they connected the local settlements with the regions in the hinterland of Smyrna / İzmir and Ephesus / Selçuk.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Byzantine Empire, Historical geography, Late Antiquity, Roman roads, Western Anatolia

Kaynakça

• Ahrweiler, H. (1965), ‘L’histoire et la géographie de la région de Smyrne entre les deux occupations turques (1081–1317)’, Travaux et Mémoires, 1, 1–204.
• Belke, K. (1998), ‘Von der Pflasterstraße zum Maultierpfad? Zum kleinasiatischen Wegenetz in mittelbyzantinischer Zeit’, in: St. Lampakēs (ed.), Η Βυζαντινή Μικρά Ασία (6ος – 12ος αι.), Athens, 267–284.
• Belke, K. (2010), ‘Justinians Brücke über den Sangarios’, in: S. Doğan, M. Kardiroğlu (eds.), Bizans ve Çevre Kültürler: Prof. Dr. S. Yıldız Ötüken’e Armağan, İstanbul, 89–99.
• Belke, K., Mersich, N. (1990), Phrygien und Pisidien, Tabula Imperii Byzantini, 7, Vienna.
• Bellavia, G. (2006), ‘Predicting communication routes’, in: J. F. Haldon (ed.), General Issues in the Study of Medieval Logistics: Sources, Problems and Methodologies. History of Warfare, 36, Leiden – Boston, 185–198.
• Breier, M. (2013), ‘Getting Around in the Past: Historical Road Modelling’, in: K. Kriz, W. Cartwright, M. Kinsberger (eds.), Understanding Different Geographies: Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography, Berlin – Heidelberg, 215–226.
• Daim, F. and Ladstätter, S. (2011), Bizans Döneminde Ephesos, İstanbul.
• Darrouzès, J. (1981), Notitiae episcopatuum Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae, Géographie ecclésiastique de l’empire byzantine, 1, Paris.
• Debord, P. and Varinlioğlu, E. (2010), Cities de Carie: Harpasa, Bargasa, Orthosia dans l’antiquite, Rennes.
• Foss, C. (1976), Byzantine and Turkish Sardis, Cambridge, Mass., London.
• Foss, C. (1987), ‘Sites and Strongholds of Northern Lydia’, Anatolian Studies, 37, 81–101.
• Foss, C. (2002), ‘Pilgrimage in Medieval Asia Minor’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 56, 129–151.
• French, D. H. (1980), ‘The Roman Road-system of Asia Minor’, ANRW, II 7.2, 698–729.
• French, D. H. (2012), Roman Roads and Milestones of Asia Minor: Vol. 3 Milestones. Fasc. 3.1: Republican, British Institute at Ankara: Electronic Monograph, 1.
• French, D. H. (2014), Roman Roads and Milestones of Asia Minor: Vol. 3 Milestones. Fasc. 3.5: Asia, British Institute at Ankara: Electronic Monograph, 5.
• Gaffney, V. and H. (2010), ‘Modelling Routes and Communications’, in: E. Kislinger, J. Koder, A. Külzer (eds.), Handelsgüter und Verkehrswege: Aspekte der Warenversorgung im östlichen Mittelmeerraum (4. bis 15. Jahrhundert), Vienna, 79–91.
• Hellenkemper, H., Hild, F. (2004), Lykien und Pamphylien, Tabula Imperii Byzantini, 8, Vienna.
• Hermann, P. (1981), Tituli Lydiae linguis Graeca et Latina conscripti. Regio septentrionalis ad orientem vergens, TAM V/1, Vienna.
• Hermann, P. (1989), Tituli Lydiae linguis Graeca et Latina conscripti. Regio septentrionalis ad occidentem vergens, TAM V/2, Vienna.
• Hild, F. (2014), Meilensteine, Straßen und das Verkehrsnetz der Provinz Karia, Vienna. Imperatoris Antonini Augusti Itineraria provinciarum et maritimum, ed. O. Cuntz, Leipzig, 1929.
• Keil, J. (1910) ‘Forschungen in der Erythraia I’, Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes, 13, Beiblatt, 5–74.
• Keil, J. (1912) Josef Keil, ‘Forschungen in der Erythraia II’, Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes, 15 Beiblatt, 49–76
• Koder, J. (1986), ‘The Urban Character of the Early Byzantine Empire: Some Reflections on a Settlement Geographical Approach to the Topic’, in: The 17th International Byzantine Congress: Major Papers, New Rochelle, N.Y., 155–187.
• Koder, J. (2012), ‘Regional Networks in Asia Minor during the Middle Byzantine Period, Seventh–Eleventh Centuries. An Approach’, in: C. Morrisson (ed.), Trade and Markets in Byzantium, Dumbarton Oaks Byzantine symposia et colloquia, Washington, D. C., 147–175.
• Külzer, A. (2008), Ostthrakien (Eurōpē), Tabula Imperii Byzantini, 12, Vienna.
• Külzer, A. (2016a), ‘Byzantine Lydia: Some Remarks on Communication Routes and Settlement Places’, in: P. Magdalino, N. Necipoğlu (eds.), Trade in Byzantium: Papers from the Third International Sevgi Gönül Byzantine Studies Symposium, İstanbul, 279–295.
• Külzer, A. (2016b), ‘Von Assos nach Pergamon und Ephesos. Betrachtungen zu den Straßen Westkleinasiens in römischer und byzantinischer Zeit’, Asia Minor Studien, 78, 185–203.
• Külzer, A., (2016c), ‘Jenseits von Ephesos: Hafenanlagen an der kleinasiatischen Westküste in Spätantike und byzantinischer Zeit’, in: M. Seifert, L. Ziemer (eds.), Gateways. North Meets East 3: Aktuelle Forschungen zu antiken Häfen. Aachen, 49–73.
• Külzer, A. (2017), Streifzüge durch das Tal des Kaӱstrios (Küçük Menderes): Historisch-geographische Impressionen aus Westanatolien, in: A. Külzer and M. Popović (eds.), Space, Landscapes and Settlements in Byzantium: Studies in Historical Geography of the Eastern Mediterranean, Studies in Historical Geography and Cultural Heritage, 1. Novi Sad – Vienna, 195–213, 475–478.
• Külzer, A. (2018a), ‘Roads and Routes in Western Phrygia in Late Antiquity’, in: T. Kaçar, C. Şimşek (eds.), Geç Antik Çağ’da Lykos Vadisi ve Çevresi / The Lykos Valley and Neighbourhood in Late Antiquity, İstanbul, 55–64.
• Külzer, A. (2018b), ‘Dornröschen erwacht… Neue Forschungen auf der Halbinsel Erythraia (Çeşme Yarımadası) im westlichen Kleinasien’, in: J. Drauschke, E. Kislinger, K. Kühtreiber, Th. Kühtreiber, G. Scharrer-Liška, T. Vida (eds.), Lebenswelten zwischen Archäologie und Geschichte. Festschrift für Falko Daim zu seinem 65. Geburtstag, II, Mainz, 741–748.
• Laut, J. P. (1992), Asia Minor in the 17th Century according to Evliya Çelebi (Western Part), TAVO B IX 6, Wiesbaden.
• Luther, U. M. (1989), Historical Route Network of Anatolia (Istanbul – Izmir – Konya) 1550’s to 1850’s: A Methodological Study, Ankara.
• Magie, D. (1950), Roman Rule in Asia Minor, Princeton, N.J.
• Meriç, R. (2009), Das Hinterland von Ephesos. Archäologisch-topographische Forschungen im Kaystros-Tal. Vienna.
• Miller, K. (1916), Itineraria Romana: Römische Reisewege an der Hand der Tabula Peutingeriana dargestellt, Stuttgart.
• Mitchell, St. (1993), Anatolia. Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor: I ‘The Celts and the Impact of Roman Rule’; II ‘The Rise of the Church’, Oxford.
• Petzl, G. (2007), Tituli Lydiae linguis Graeca et Latina conscripti: Philadelpheia et Ager Philadelphenus, TAM V/3, Vienna.
• Ramsay, W. (1890), The Historical Geography of Asia Minor, Royal Geographical Society, Supplementary Papers, 4, London.
• Schuchhardt, C. (1912), ‘Historische Topographie der Landschaft’, in: A. Conze, Altertümer von Pergamon, I/1 Stadt und Landschaft, Berlin, 61–143.
• Selsvold, I. (2012), in cooperation with L. Solli, C. C. Wenn, ‘Surveys and Saints – Hierapolis 2011’, Nicolay, 177, 13–22.
• Şimşek, C. (2013), Laodikeia (Laodicea ad Lycum), İstanbul.
• Steskal, M. (2014), ‘Ephesos and its Harbors: A City in Search of its Place’, Byzas, 19, 325–338.
• Strabōn, Geographika, Antik Anadolu Coğrafyası, çev. A. Pekman, İstanbul, 2000.
• Stock, F. (2013), in collaboration with A. Pint, B. Horejs, S. Ladstätter, H. Brückner, ‘In search of the harbours: New evidence of Late Roman and Byzantine harbours of Ephesus’, Quaternary International, 312, 57–69;
• Talbert, R. J. A. (2000), Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, edited in collaboration with R. S. Bagnall, J. McK. Camp II e. a. Atlas, Map-by-map-directory, I–II, Princeton, N.J. – Oxford.
• Thonemann, P. (2011), The Maeander Valley: A Historical Geography From Antiquity to Byzantium, Cambridge.
• Weber, E. (1976), Tabula Peutingeriana: Codex Vindobonensis 324. Vollständige Faksimile-Ausgabe im Originalformat. Kommentar, Graz.