Bolu Baths of Orta and Mudurnu Yıldırım: an Evaluation of the Style of Architect Omer bin İbrahim
Öz
Bath houses of the social complexes built in Mudurnu and Bolu in the last quarter of the 14th century, during the princedom of Bayezid I, also known as Bayezid the Thunderbolt (1389-1403), are the only bath houses stating the name of their architects in the Principalities and Early Ottoman periods. In particular, Bath of Mudurnu Yıldırım has a special importance in that one of its inscriptions is a foundation certificate and in this respect it is the only example in Turkish bath architecture. The architectural features of these two buildings, known in the literature as Baths of Mudurnu Yıldırım and Bolu Orta, unique for their period, are the innovations in plan designs that have not been tried in Turkish bath architecture until that day, and the rich interior effect created with different covering and transition elements. For example, in the men’s section of these two baths, the corridors that provide the connection between the dressing room, warm room and hot room have the original designs applied for the first time in Turkish bath architecture. Another remarkable difference is that the “interspace”, one of the main spaces of Turkish baths from the Anatolian Seljuk period until the last quarter of the 14th century, was not included in the men’s section of both of these bath houses. However, with the disappearance of the interspace section, it is seen that a different solution has been developed to enable the controlled discharge of water vapor and hot air, which is one of the functions of this space. Steam chimneys, as an alternative to fulfill this function, are a new application that was tried for the first time in Mudurnu Yıldırım Hamam and then repeated in Bolu Orta Hamam. Likewise, the monumental doors with stalactite veils placed in front of the steam chimneys appear for the first time in the aforementioned baths. Another innovation we see in Mudurnu Yıldırım Hamam is that the entrance door to the men’s dressing room is shaped like a recessed arch and represents the first example in baths. Again, the lattice carved marble balustrade window in the men’s section of the Bolu Orta Hamam is a unique example of Turkish bath architecture, the counterpart of which is not encountered in any other bath. An extraordinary visual effect has been created in the interiors of the buildings, which are the subject of our study, with sliced or six and eight-sided domes, muqarnas and malakari decorations that fill the surface of the domes, vaults and transition systems. There is no application in which the interior effect is so high in any of the other baths built in the same period. Undoubtedly, all these features reveal the distinctive stylistic difference in the bath house designs of Architect Ömer bin İbrahim, who carried out the construction of both baths. Architect Ömer bin İbrahim was one of the important architects of the Early Ottoman period, who worked as a foreman in the construction of the Edirne Old Mosque, in addition to the Mudurnu Yıldırım Hamam and the Bolu Orta Hamam. The innovations he tried in the design of these two baths affected both the typology and interior decoration of Turkish baths, starting from the last quarter of the 14th century until the end of the 15th century. Today, there are publications that refer to the architectural features of both baths. However, the information in these publications contains only a limited review of the structures from a general perspective. However, the baths in question are examples that have been designed with many innovations that require careful attention and represent important changes that would shape the development of Turkish bath architecture in the 15th century. Likewise, Ömer bin İbrahim was a talented architect who undertook the construction of dynastic works during the Early Ottoman period. The features that carry those baths to a special position among their contemporaries have emerged with their architectural creativity and unique architectural style. In this study, it is aimed to examine the innovations in plan designs, to draw attention to the architectural style of Ömer bin İbrahim and to reveal his contributions to the Turkish bath house architecture, after introducing Mudurnu Yıldırım Hamam and Bolu Orta Hamam with their architectural features.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Bolu Orta Ve Mudurnu Yıldırım Hamamları; Mimar Ömer Bin İbrahim’in Üslubu Hakkında Bir Değerlendirme
Öz
Yıldırım lakabıyla tanınan I.Bayezid (1389-1403)’in şehzadeliği sırasında, 14. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde, Mudurnu ve Bolu’da yaptırdığı külliyelerin hamamları, Beylikler ve Erken Osmanlı dönemi içinde mimarının adını bildiren kitabelere sahip yegane hamamlardır. Literatürde, Mudurnu Yıldırım Hamamı ve Bolu Orta Hamam isimleriyle tanınan bu iki yapıyı dönemi için özgün kılan özellikleri ise o güne değin Türk hamam mimarisinde denenmemiş plan tasarımlarındaki yenilikler ile birbirinden farklı örtü ve geçiş ögeleriyle yaratılan zengin iç mekan etkisidir. Söz konusu hamamların mimarı, bu iki yapıdan başka, Edirne Eski Cami’nin inşasında da kalfa olarak görev yapmış Ömer bin İbrahim’dir. Mimarın bu iki hamamın tasarımında denediği yenilikler, 14. yüzyılın son çeyreğinden başlayarak 15. yüzyıl sonuna kadar hamamların hem tipolojisini hem iç mekan süslemesini etkilemiştir. Günümüzde, her iki hamamın mimari özelliklerine değinen yayınlar mevcuttur. Ancak, bu yayınlardaki bilgiler sadece yapıların genel perspektiften sınırlı bir incelemesini içermektedir. Oysa, söz konusu hamamlar, üzerinde özenle durulmasını gerektiren bir çok yenilikle tasarlanmış ve Türk hamam mimarisinin 15. yüzyıldaki gelişimine yön verecek önemli değişimleri temsil eden örneklerdir. Keza, Ömer bin İbrahim de Erken Osmanlı döneminde, hanedan eserlerinin inşasına imzasını atmış yetenekli bir mimardır. Söz konusu hamamları çağdaşları arasında özel konuma taşıyan özellikler, onun mimari yaratıcılığı ve kendine has mimari üslubu ile ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Mudurnu Yıldırım Hamamı ve Bolu Orta Hamam mimari özellikleriyle ele alınarak değerlendirilecek ve plan kurgusu, iç mekan düzeni, süsleme programı bağlamında karşılaşılan yenilikler/denemeler üzerinde durularak Mimar Ömer bin İbrahim’in mimari üslubu belirlenmeye çalışılacaktır. Ayrıca, Ömer bin İbrahim’in hamam mimarisinde farkını ortaya koyan bu yeni mimari yorumun sonraki hamamlar üzerindeki etkileri/katkıları konusunda görüşlerimiz paylaşılacaktır.
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