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DENİZ GÜVENLİĞİNDE MİNİLATERAL İŞBİRLİĞİ ARAYIŞLARI

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 3, 71 - 85

Öz

21. yüzyılın gittikçe karmaşıklaşan meydan okumaları karşısında devletler farklı çözüm yolları aramakta, işbirliği mekanizmalarını çeşitlendirmektedirler. Çok taraflı, geniş üyeli uluslararası örgütler özellikle de 20. Yüzyılın öne çıkan temel çözüm yıllarından birini teşkil etmekteyse de 21. Yüzyılın dünya siyasetinde sınırlı sayıda devletin yer aldığı minilateral işbirliklerinin popüler bir seçenek haline geldiği görülmektedir. Farklı özelliklerdeki devletlerin kendilerini doğrudan ilgilendiren sorunlar karşısında ortak çıkarları kapsamında bir araya gelmesiyle oluşan minilateral işbirlikleri deniz güvenliğinden teknoloji konularına uzanan farklı alanlarda faaliyet göstermektedir. Büyük güçlerin sistemsel rekabet kapsamında araçsal bir çerçevede yaklaştıkları minilateral işbirliklerinde başı çekme konusunda hevesli oldukları görülmektedir. Özellikle de Asya-Pasifik bölgesinde minilateral işbirlikleri çerçevesinde gerçekleştirilen faaliyetlerin kapsamı, deniz güvenliğinde oynadığı rol ve sistemsel güç mücadelesindeki yeri dikkat çekicidir. Zira Çin'in bölgede artan eylemleri ve baskın politikaları karşısında ABD'nin minilateral işbirlikleri üzerinden nüfuzunu koruma ve derinleştirme çabası içerisinde olduğu gözlenmektedir. Bu çalışmada minilateral işbirliklerinin oluşumunda etkili olan dinamikler ile bu işbirliklerini cazip kılan unsurlar irdelenerek deniz güvenliğinde minilateral işbirliklerinin artan etkinlikleri analiz edilmektedir. Küresel güvenlik çevresinin bir yandan yeni fırsatlar sunduğu bir yandansa yeni meydan okumaları çok daha çetrefilli bir hala dönüştürdüğü mevcut durum karşısında minilateral gruplaşmaların deniz güvenliğini ne derece olumlu etkileyeceği tartışılmalıdır. Zira bu gruplaşmalar kendi içlerinde güvenlik üretirken, grup dışı kalan devletler açısından bir güvensizlik kaynağı olarak düşünülebilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • AL MAYEDEEN (2024). "NATO, EU Lack Unity, Red Sea Coalition is Proof: Ex-Italian Navy Chief", https://english.almayadeen.net/news/politics/nato--eu-lack-unity--red-sea-coalition-is-proof--ex-italian, (5.06.2024).
  • ALHASAN, H ve SOLANKI, V. (2022). "The I2U2 Minilateral Group", https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2022/11/the-minilateral-i2u2-group/, (1.06.2024).
  • ARIDEMİR, H. (2023). "Üç Deniz Girişimi: Orta ve Doğu Avrupa'da Yükselen İşbirliği ve Jeopolitik Rekabet", https://www.denizbulten.com/uc-deniz-girisimi-orta-ve-dogu-avrupada-yukselen-isbirligi-ve-jeopolitik-rekabet-436yy.htm, (26.05.2024).
  • AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND TRADE (2023). "The Quad", https://www.dfat.gov.au/international-relations/regional-architecture/quad, (7.6.2024).
  • AYDIN, N. (2021). "Yeni Dörtlü olarak Görülen Hindistan, İsrail, ABD ve BAE'den Uluslararası Forum Kurma Kararı", https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/yeni-dortlu-olarak-gorulen-hindistan-israil-abd-ve-baeden-uluslararasi-forum-kurma-karari/2397162, (1.06.2024).
  • BALTIC SECURITY FOUNDATION (2020). "Three Seas Inıtiative", https://balticsecurity.eu/three_seas_initiative/ (15.05.2024).
  • BECK, R. (2024). "The Visegrad Four: Disunity in Central Europe", https://www.fpri.org/article/2024/02/the-visegrad-four-disunity-in-central-europe/, (29.05.2024).
  • CAIYU, L. ve JUECHENG, Z. (2024). "Trilateral Cooperation Between China, Japan, and South Korea Needs to be Facilitated: TCS Secretary General", https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202403/1309682.shtml, (22.07.2024).
  • DAL, E.P. ve DIPAMA S. (2022). "Rising Powers Quest for Increased Legitimacy through IOs in an Era of Loose Multilateralism", Contemporary Politics, 28 (5): 558-586.
  • DEE, M. (2024). "Minilateralism and Effective Multilateralism in the Global Nuclear Order", Contemporary Security Policy, 45 (3): 494-524.
  • HAASS, R. (2010). "The Case for Messy Multilateralism", https://www.ft.com/content/18d8f8b6-fa2f-11de-beed-00144feab49a (10.05.2024).
  • HATAMAYA, K ve WILKINS, T. (2024). "The QUAD's Growing Focus on Maritime Security", https://eastasiaforum.org/2024/02/28/the-quads-growing-focus-on-maritime-security/ (9.6.2024).
  • HEIDUK, F. ve WIRTH, C. (2023). "The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue between Australia, India, Japan,and the US", https://www.swp-berlin.org/10.18449/2023C31/, (10.06.2024).
  • HEKİMLER, O. (2021). "Üç Denizler İnisiyatifi: Avrupa Bütünleşmesinde Minilateral bir İşbirliği Modeli mi Yoksa Polonya'nın Denge Arayışı mı?", Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21 (3): 725-746.
  • HIGH-LEVEL ADVISORY BOARD ON EFFECTIVE MULTILATERALISM, (2023). "A breakthrough for people and planet: Effective and inclusive global governance for today and the future", https://highleveladvisoryboard.org/breakthrough/pdf/highleveladvisoryboard_breakthrough_fullreport.pdf. (25.05.2024)
  • KARATABANOĞLU, S. (2021). "AUKUS Paktı Fransa'nın Hint-Pasifik'te Planlarını Suya Düşürdü", EURO Politika Dergisi, 11: 22-27.
  • KIZILYAZI, B. (2024). "Lancang-Mekong İşbirliği'nin Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmadaki Rolü", https://www.ankasam.org/anka-analizler/lancang-mekong-isbirliginin-surdurulebilir-kalkinmadaki-rolu/, (21.06.2024).
  • MERMER, C.T. (2022). "Beş Göz: Anglosakson Dünyanın İstihbarat İşbirliği Mekanizması" https://tasam.org/tr-TR/Icerik/70102/bes_goz_anglosakson_dunyanin_istihbarat_is_birligi_mekanizmasi (15.05.2024).
  • MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA (2024). "Nordic Baltic Cooperation", https://www.urm.lt/en/lithuania-in-the-region-and-the-world/regional-cooperation/nordic-baltic-cooperation-nb8/1004, (1.06.2024).
  • MLADENOV, N. (2023). "Minilateralism: a Concept that is Changing the World Order", https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/minilateralism-concept-changing-world-order, (5.06.2024).
  • NAIM, M. (2009). "Minilateralism ", https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/06/21/minilateralism/, (10.05.2024).
  • PANDALAI, S. (2024). "The QUAD is Quietly Adapting Methods of Security Cooperation", https://thediplomat.com/2024/10/the-quad-is-quietly-adapting-methods-of-security-cooperation/, (9.6.2024).
  • PEJSOVA, E. (2018). "The Indo-Pacific: a Passage to Europe?", https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/Brief%203%20The%20Indo-Pacific_0.pdf, (9.6.2024).
  • ROSSI, E. (2024). "The Case for an IndoMed Quad: India, Italy, UAE and US Cooperation", https://www.eurasiareview.com/05122024-the-case-for-an-indomed-quad-india-italy-uae-and-us-cooperation-analysis/, (6.6.2024).
  • SANDLER, T. (2004). Global Collective Action, Cambridge University Press.
  • THE HINDU (2024). "China Accuses Quad of Conflicts" https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/china-accuses-quad-of-stirring-up-conflicts-inciting-confrontation/article68460110.ece, (11.07.2024).
  • THE WHITE HOUSE (2017). The National Security Strategy of the USA, https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf, (25.07.2024).
  • THREE SEAS SUMMIT AND BUSINESS FORUM, (2024). https://3seas.eu/, (26.05.2024).
  • TRILATERAL COOPERATION SECRETARIAT (2024)."Joint Declaration of the Ninth ROK, Japan, China Trilateral Summit", https://www.tcs-asia.org/en/data/documents.php, (22.06.2024).
  • UNITED ARAB EMIRATES MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS (2023). "UAE, France, India Establish Trilateral Cooperation Initiative, Adopt Implementation Roadmap", https://www.mofa.gov.ae/en/mediahub/news/2023/2/5/05-02-2023-uae-cooperation, (1.06.2024).
  • US DEPARMENT OF STATE (2024). "AUKUS: The Trilateral Security Partnership Between te US, Australia and the UK", https://www.defense.gov/Spotlights/AUKUS/, (12.07.2024).
  • VAJIRAO INSTITUTE (2024). "What is Quad and What is Objectives and Challenges", https://www.vajiraoinstitute.com/upsc-ias-current-affairs/what-is-quad-and-what-is-objectives-and-challenges.aspx, (7.6.2024).
  • WILKINS, T.S. ve HIRONO, M. (2024). "Indo-Pacific Minilateralism and Strategic Competition (I): Australia/Japan and Chinese Approach Compared", https://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/indo-pacific -minilateralism-and-strategic-competition-i-australiajapan-and-chinese, (20.07.2024).
  • WU, X. ve KIM, D. (2024). "China's Perception of Minilateralism and Chinese-Style Multilateralism", Australian Journal of International Affairs, 78 (6): 869-888.
  • YEŞİLTAŞ, S. ve ERDEM, T. (2021). "Vişegrad Grubu Üzerine Bir Analiz: Oluşumu, İşleyişi, Etkileri ve Sorunlar", OPUS: Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 18 (40): 2961-2998.
  • YIĞIN, A.A. (2023). "Çin'in 2030'a Kadar 21 Adet Nükleer Denizaltı İnşa Etmesi Bekleniyor", https://www.defenceturk.net/cinin-2030a-kadar-21-adet-nukleer-denizalti-insa-etmesi-bekleniyor, (13.07.2024).
  • ZHOU, L. (2018). "Five Things to Know About the Lancang-Mekong Cooperation Summit", https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2127387/five-things-know-about-lancang-mekong-cooperation, (21.07.2024).

THE SEARCH FOR MINILATERAL COOPERATION IN THE MARITIME SECURITY

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 3, 71 - 85

Öz

In the face of the increasingly complex challenges of the 21st century, states are looking for different solutions and diversifying their cooperation mechanisms. Although multilateral, large-member international organizations constituted one of the prominent solution for the challenges of the 20th century, minilateral collaborations involving a limited number of states have become a popular option in the world politics of the 21st century. Minilateral collaborations, which are formed by limited number of states with different characteristics within the scope of their common interests, operate in different areas ranging from maritime security to technology issues. It seems that the great powers are eager to take the lead in minilateral cooperation, which they approach in an instrumental framework within the scope of the systemic competition. The scope of activities carried out within the framework of minilateral cooperation, especially in the Asia-Pacific region, the role it plays in maritime security and its place in the systemic power struggle are remarkable. In the face of China's increasing actions and dominant policies in the region, it is observed that the USA is trying to maintain and deepen its influence through bilateral cooperations. In this study, the increasing effectiveness of minilateral collaborations in maritime security is analyzed by examining the dynamics that are effective in the formation of minilateral collaborations and the factors that make these collaborations attractive. It should be discussed to what extent minilateral groupings will positively affect maritime security in the face of the current situation, where the global security environment offers new opportunities on the one hand, and transforms new challenges into a much more complicated situation on the other. While these groupings produce security within themselves, they can be considered as a source of insecurity for states outside the group.

Kaynakça

  • AL MAYEDEEN (2024). "NATO, EU Lack Unity, Red Sea Coalition is Proof: Ex-Italian Navy Chief", https://english.almayadeen.net/news/politics/nato--eu-lack-unity--red-sea-coalition-is-proof--ex-italian, (5.06.2024).
  • ALHASAN, H ve SOLANKI, V. (2022). "The I2U2 Minilateral Group", https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2022/11/the-minilateral-i2u2-group/, (1.06.2024).
  • ARIDEMİR, H. (2023). "Üç Deniz Girişimi: Orta ve Doğu Avrupa'da Yükselen İşbirliği ve Jeopolitik Rekabet", https://www.denizbulten.com/uc-deniz-girisimi-orta-ve-dogu-avrupada-yukselen-isbirligi-ve-jeopolitik-rekabet-436yy.htm, (26.05.2024).
  • AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND TRADE (2023). "The Quad", https://www.dfat.gov.au/international-relations/regional-architecture/quad, (7.6.2024).
  • AYDIN, N. (2021). "Yeni Dörtlü olarak Görülen Hindistan, İsrail, ABD ve BAE'den Uluslararası Forum Kurma Kararı", https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/yeni-dortlu-olarak-gorulen-hindistan-israil-abd-ve-baeden-uluslararasi-forum-kurma-karari/2397162, (1.06.2024).
  • BALTIC SECURITY FOUNDATION (2020). "Three Seas Inıtiative", https://balticsecurity.eu/three_seas_initiative/ (15.05.2024).
  • BECK, R. (2024). "The Visegrad Four: Disunity in Central Europe", https://www.fpri.org/article/2024/02/the-visegrad-four-disunity-in-central-europe/, (29.05.2024).
  • CAIYU, L. ve JUECHENG, Z. (2024). "Trilateral Cooperation Between China, Japan, and South Korea Needs to be Facilitated: TCS Secretary General", https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202403/1309682.shtml, (22.07.2024).
  • DAL, E.P. ve DIPAMA S. (2022). "Rising Powers Quest for Increased Legitimacy through IOs in an Era of Loose Multilateralism", Contemporary Politics, 28 (5): 558-586.
  • DEE, M. (2024). "Minilateralism and Effective Multilateralism in the Global Nuclear Order", Contemporary Security Policy, 45 (3): 494-524.
  • HAASS, R. (2010). "The Case for Messy Multilateralism", https://www.ft.com/content/18d8f8b6-fa2f-11de-beed-00144feab49a (10.05.2024).
  • HATAMAYA, K ve WILKINS, T. (2024). "The QUAD's Growing Focus on Maritime Security", https://eastasiaforum.org/2024/02/28/the-quads-growing-focus-on-maritime-security/ (9.6.2024).
  • HEIDUK, F. ve WIRTH, C. (2023). "The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue between Australia, India, Japan,and the US", https://www.swp-berlin.org/10.18449/2023C31/, (10.06.2024).
  • HEKİMLER, O. (2021). "Üç Denizler İnisiyatifi: Avrupa Bütünleşmesinde Minilateral bir İşbirliği Modeli mi Yoksa Polonya'nın Denge Arayışı mı?", Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21 (3): 725-746.
  • HIGH-LEVEL ADVISORY BOARD ON EFFECTIVE MULTILATERALISM, (2023). "A breakthrough for people and planet: Effective and inclusive global governance for today and the future", https://highleveladvisoryboard.org/breakthrough/pdf/highleveladvisoryboard_breakthrough_fullreport.pdf. (25.05.2024)
  • KARATABANOĞLU, S. (2021). "AUKUS Paktı Fransa'nın Hint-Pasifik'te Planlarını Suya Düşürdü", EURO Politika Dergisi, 11: 22-27.
  • KIZILYAZI, B. (2024). "Lancang-Mekong İşbirliği'nin Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmadaki Rolü", https://www.ankasam.org/anka-analizler/lancang-mekong-isbirliginin-surdurulebilir-kalkinmadaki-rolu/, (21.06.2024).
  • MERMER, C.T. (2022). "Beş Göz: Anglosakson Dünyanın İstihbarat İşbirliği Mekanizması" https://tasam.org/tr-TR/Icerik/70102/bes_goz_anglosakson_dunyanin_istihbarat_is_birligi_mekanizmasi (15.05.2024).
  • MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA (2024). "Nordic Baltic Cooperation", https://www.urm.lt/en/lithuania-in-the-region-and-the-world/regional-cooperation/nordic-baltic-cooperation-nb8/1004, (1.06.2024).
  • MLADENOV, N. (2023). "Minilateralism: a Concept that is Changing the World Order", https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/minilateralism-concept-changing-world-order, (5.06.2024).
  • NAIM, M. (2009). "Minilateralism ", https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/06/21/minilateralism/, (10.05.2024).
  • PANDALAI, S. (2024). "The QUAD is Quietly Adapting Methods of Security Cooperation", https://thediplomat.com/2024/10/the-quad-is-quietly-adapting-methods-of-security-cooperation/, (9.6.2024).
  • PEJSOVA, E. (2018). "The Indo-Pacific: a Passage to Europe?", https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/Brief%203%20The%20Indo-Pacific_0.pdf, (9.6.2024).
  • ROSSI, E. (2024). "The Case for an IndoMed Quad: India, Italy, UAE and US Cooperation", https://www.eurasiareview.com/05122024-the-case-for-an-indomed-quad-india-italy-uae-and-us-cooperation-analysis/, (6.6.2024).
  • SANDLER, T. (2004). Global Collective Action, Cambridge University Press.
  • THE HINDU (2024). "China Accuses Quad of Conflicts" https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/china-accuses-quad-of-stirring-up-conflicts-inciting-confrontation/article68460110.ece, (11.07.2024).
  • THE WHITE HOUSE (2017). The National Security Strategy of the USA, https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf, (25.07.2024).
  • THREE SEAS SUMMIT AND BUSINESS FORUM, (2024). https://3seas.eu/, (26.05.2024).
  • TRILATERAL COOPERATION SECRETARIAT (2024)."Joint Declaration of the Ninth ROK, Japan, China Trilateral Summit", https://www.tcs-asia.org/en/data/documents.php, (22.06.2024).
  • UNITED ARAB EMIRATES MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS (2023). "UAE, France, India Establish Trilateral Cooperation Initiative, Adopt Implementation Roadmap", https://www.mofa.gov.ae/en/mediahub/news/2023/2/5/05-02-2023-uae-cooperation, (1.06.2024).
  • US DEPARMENT OF STATE (2024). "AUKUS: The Trilateral Security Partnership Between te US, Australia and the UK", https://www.defense.gov/Spotlights/AUKUS/, (12.07.2024).
  • VAJIRAO INSTITUTE (2024). "What is Quad and What is Objectives and Challenges", https://www.vajiraoinstitute.com/upsc-ias-current-affairs/what-is-quad-and-what-is-objectives-and-challenges.aspx, (7.6.2024).
  • WILKINS, T.S. ve HIRONO, M. (2024). "Indo-Pacific Minilateralism and Strategic Competition (I): Australia/Japan and Chinese Approach Compared", https://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/indo-pacific -minilateralism-and-strategic-competition-i-australiajapan-and-chinese, (20.07.2024).
  • WU, X. ve KIM, D. (2024). "China's Perception of Minilateralism and Chinese-Style Multilateralism", Australian Journal of International Affairs, 78 (6): 869-888.
  • YEŞİLTAŞ, S. ve ERDEM, T. (2021). "Vişegrad Grubu Üzerine Bir Analiz: Oluşumu, İşleyişi, Etkileri ve Sorunlar", OPUS: Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 18 (40): 2961-2998.
  • YIĞIN, A.A. (2023). "Çin'in 2030'a Kadar 21 Adet Nükleer Denizaltı İnşa Etmesi Bekleniyor", https://www.defenceturk.net/cinin-2030a-kadar-21-adet-nukleer-denizalti-insa-etmesi-bekleniyor, (13.07.2024).
  • ZHOU, L. (2018). "Five Things to Know About the Lancang-Mekong Cooperation Summit", https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2127387/five-things-know-about-lancang-mekong-cooperation, (21.07.2024).
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası Güvenlik
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Övgü Kalkan Küçüksolak 0000-0002-3052-9728

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 21 Aralık 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Aralık 2024
Kabul Tarihi 19 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Kalkan Küçüksolak, Ö. (2024). DENİZ GÜVENLİĞİNDE MİNİLATERAL İŞBİRLİĞİ ARAYIŞLARI. Deniz Araştırmaları Ve Mavi Strateji Dergisi(3), 71-85.