Wheat Responses to Abiotic Stresses and Microbiome Dynamics: A Review

Öz

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is renowned as one of the world's most crucial cereal crops. Throughout agricultural production, wheat faces multiple stressors, with numerous researchers investigating both these stress factors and the resultant response mechanisms. The main abiotic stress factors that wheat is exposed to include drought, salinity, and temperature. Drought stress negatively affects plant productivity by reducing photosynthetic capacity and increasing water loss. Salinity stress disrupts ion balance, limiting plant growth and nutrient uptake. Heat stress leads to yield loss through protein denaturation and a decline in photosynthetic activity. The responses of wheat to stress conditions are supported by various physiological and biochemical mechanisms. These include an increase in hormones such as abscisic acid (ABA), stomatal closure, and osmotic adjustment mechanisms. Additionally, microbiome dynamics are among the important factors supporting wheat against these stresses. Researchers have reported that rhizobacteria (PGPR) and mycorrhizal fungi enhance nutrient uptake, thereby improving stress tolerance. In this context, the response mechanisms of wheat to stress conditions and microbiome interactions have played a critical role in agricultural productivity. The use of microbial supplements in agricultural production is believed to have the potential to increase wheat productivity. In our study, the detailed mechanisms of these interactions have been presented and examined from a sustainable perspective.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Wheat
• microbiome
• stress

Buğdayın Abiyotik Streslere ve Mikrobiyom Dinamiklerine Yanıtları: Bir Derleme

Öz

Buğday (Triticum aestivum), küresel ölçekte gıda güvenliğinin sağlanmasında temel bir stratejik ürün konumundadır. Tarımsal üretim sürecinde, özellikle kuraklık, tuzluluk ve yüksek sıcaklık gibi abiyotik stres faktörleri bitkinin büyüme ve verim potansiyelini önemli ölçüde sınırlandırmaktadır. Kuraklık stresi, fotosentetik etkinliği azaltarak ve transpirasyon yoluyla su kaybını artırarak bitki verimliliğini düşürürken; tuzluluk stresi iyon homeostazını bozarak kök gelişimi ve besin alımını olumsuz etkiler. Yüksek sıcaklıklar ise protein denatürasyonu ve fotosentez kapasitesinde azalma gibi etkilerle önemli ölçüde ürün kaybına neden olur. Bu stres koşullarına karşı buğday, abiyotik stres toleransını artıran bir dizi fizyolojik ve biyokimyasal savunma mekanizmasını devreye alır. Abscisik asit (ABA) düzeyindeki artış, stomatal düzenleme ve osmotik ayarlama süreçleri bu adaptif tepkilerin başlıca bileşenlerini oluşturur. Bununla birlikte, bitki kök mikrobiyomu da stres toleransının güçlendirilmesinde tamamlayıcı bir rol üstlenmektedir. Bitki gelişimini destekleyen rizobakteriler (PGPR) ve arbusküler mikorizal mantarlar, su ve besin alımını iyileştirerek bitkinin stres koşullarına daha dayanıklı hale gelmesini sağlar. Mikrobiyal etkileşimlerin tarımsal üretim sistemlerine entegre edilmesi, hem kimyasal girdi bağımlılığının azaltılmasına hem de üretim istikrarının artırılmasına katkı sunabilecek önemli bir strateji olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu bağlamda, mikrobiyom temelli yaklaşımlar, buğday üretiminde stres toleransını güçlendiren sürdürülebilir uygulamalar için güçlü bir potansiyel taşımaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Buğday
• Mikrobiyom
• Stres

Kaynakça

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