Does Marital Status Affect Violence Against Women? A Perusal on Turkey

Öz

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the marital status of women and violence against women in the family. This relationship is assessed using the data from Survey of Domestic Violence against Women in Turkey carried out by Turkish Statistical Institute in 2014. The survey employed a multistage sampling frame to obtain a national probability sample of women between the ages of 15 and 59-years-old. Women from 15072 households were interviewed with a standardized questionnaire. Among the findings of this study, the most remarkable one is that the relationship between marital status and violence in Turkey varies by the type of violence. Married women are more likely to be exposed to physical violence than single women. The rate of emotional violence committed against women by their family members were higher among divorced women compared to married women. Additionally, divorced or separated women are exposed to economic violence given that their access to economic resources were either limited or prevented by their husbands. When all types of violence were taken into account, it is observed that divorced or separated women have the highest representation among women who are exposed to violence.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Violence
• Marital Status
• Women
• Turkey
• Logistic Regression

Kaynakça

1. Altınay, A. G., & Arat, Y. (2008). Türkiye’de Kadına Yönelik Şiddet. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
2. Birleşmiş Milletler, (1993). Kadına Yönelik Şiddetin Ortadan Kaldırılması Bildirgesi, 1993.
3. Brownridge, D. A., Hiebert-Murphy, D., Ristock, J., Chan, K. L., Tiwari, A., Tyler, K. A., & Santos, S. C. (2008). Violence against separated, divorced, and married women in Canada, 2004. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 49(3-4), 308-329.
4. Bumpass, L.; Sweet, J.; Cherlin, A. (1991). “The role of cohabitation in declining rates of marriage”, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53: 913–927.
5. Cardinali, P., Migliorini, L., Giribone, F., Bizzi, F., & Cavanna, D. (2018). Domestic Violence in Separated Couples in Italian Context: Communalities and Singularities of Women and Men Experiences. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 1602.
6. Dobash, R. E., & Dobash, R. (1979). Violence against wives: A case against the patriarchy. New York: Free Press.
7. Dawson, M., & Gartner, R. (1998). Differences in the characteristics of intimate femicides:The role of relationship state and relationship status. Homicide Studies, 2, 378-399.
8. DeKeseredy, W. S., & Rennison, C. M. (2013). Comparing female victims of separation/divorce assault across geographical regions. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 2(1), 65-81. https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v2i1.91.

9. Ekert-Jaffe, O.; Solaz, A. (2001) “Unemployment, marriage, and cohabitation in France”, Journal of Socio-Economics 30: 75–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-5357(01)00088-9.
10. Eng, S., Li, Y., Mulsow, M., & Fischer, J. (2010). Domestic violence against women in Cambodia: Husband’s control, frequency of spousal discussion, and domestic violence reported by Cambodian women. Journal of Family Violence, 25(3), 237-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-009-9287-7.
11. Erkan, R., & Bozgöz, F. (2004). “Kadına Yönelik Şiddetin Sosyo-ekonomik, Dinsel ve Kültürel Boyutları: Diyarbakır Örneği”. EKEV Akademi Dergisi, 18, 219-42.
12. Ertürk, Y. (2015). Sınır Tanımayan Şiddet: Paradigma, Politika ve Pratikteki Yönleriyle Kadına Şiddet Olgusu. Metis Yayınları, İstanbul.
13. García-Moreno, C., Jansen, H. A., Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., & Watts, C. (2005). WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence against women. World Health Organization.
14. Gelles, R. (1985), “Family Violence”, Annual Review Sociology, 11: 347-367.
15. Goode, W. J. (1971). Force and violence in the family. Journal of Marriage and the Family:33, 624-636.
16. Gravningen, K., Mitchell, K. R., Wellings, K., Johnson, A. M., Geary, R., Jones, K. G. & Field, N. (2017). Reported reasons for breakdown of marriage and cohabitation in Britain: Findings from the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3). PloS one, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174129.
17. Hotton, T. (2001). Spousal violence after marital separation. Juristat, 21(7), 1–19.
18. İçli, T. G. (1994). “Aile İçi Şiddet: Ankara-İstanbul-İzmir Örneği”. Hacettepe Üniv. Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 11 (1-2), 7-20.
19. Johnson, M. P. (1995). Patriarchal terrorism and common couple violence: Two forms of violence against women. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 283-294.
20. Johnson, M. P., & Ferraro, K. L. (2000). “Research on domestic violence in the 1990s: Making distinctions”. Journal of Marriage & the Family, 62 (4), 948-63.
21. Kalokhe, A., del Rio, C., Dunkle, K., Stephenson, R., Metheny, N., Paranjape, A., & Sahay, S. (2017). Domestic violence against women in India: A systematic review of a decade of quantitative studies. Global public health, 12(4), 498-513. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2015.1119293.
22. Kocacık, F. (2004). Aile İçi İlişkilerde Kadına Yönelik Şiddet. Sivas: Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Yayınları no:93.
23. Kury, H., Obergfell-Fuchs, J., & Woessner, G. (2004). The extent of family violence in Europe: A comparison of national surveys. Violence Against Women, 10(7), 749-769. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801204265550.
24. Lewinson, D. (1990). Violence in cross-cultural perspective. NewBury Pakk: Sage Publications.
25. Logan, T. K., & Walker, R. (2004). Separation as a risk factor for victims of intimate partner violence: Beyond lethality and injury: A response to Campbell. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19(12), 1478-1486. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260504269699.
26. Nazio, Tiziana, (2008) Cohabition, Family and Society, Routledge
27. Parker, R.; Vassallo, S., (2009) “Young Adults' Attitudes towards Marriage”, Family Relationships Quarterly Newsletter, Australian Institute of Family Studies, 12:. 18–21.
28. Sanz-Barbero, B., Corradi, C., Otero-García, L., Ayala, A., & Vives-Cases, C. (2018). The effect of macrosocial policies on violence against women: a multilevel study in 28 European countries. International journal of public health, 63(8), 901-911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-018-1143-1.
29. Smith, S. G., Zhang, X., Basile, K. C., Merrick, M. T., Wang, J., Kresnow, M., Chen, J. (2018). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/2015data-brief508.pdf.
30. Simmons J, Dodd T Ed. (2003). Crime in England and Wales 2002/2003. Home Office Statistical Bulletin.1 January 2008 http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs2/ hosb703.pdf.
31. Star, B. (1980), “Patterns in Family Violence”, Social Casework, 61(6): 339-346
32. Stets, J. E., & Straus, M. A. (1989). The marriage license as a hitting license: A comparison of assaults in dating, cohabiting, and married couples. Journal of Family Violence,4(2), 161-180.
33. Sutton, D., & Dawson, M. (2018). Differentiating characteristics of intimate partner violence: do relationship status, state, and duration matter?. Journal of interpersonal violence, https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518795501.
34. T.C. Başbakanlık Aile Araştırma Kurumu (1998). Aile İçinde ve Toplumsal Alanda Şiddet (AİTAŞ), Ankara.
35. TC Başbakanlık Aile Araştırma Kurumu (1995). Aile içi şiddetin sebep ve sonuçları. 1. baskı, Ankara, Zet Nielson Şirketi, Bizim Büro Basımevi, 205.
36. Türkiye’de Kadına Yönelik Aile İçi Şiddet Araştırması” (2015) Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü, T.C. Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı, Ankara.
37. Williamson, G. M., & Silverman, J. G. (2001). Violence against female partners: Direct and interactive effects of family history, communal orientation, and peer-related variables. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 18(4), 535-549. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407501184006.