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Bows Used as Symbols of Military Victory in the Neo-Assyrian Period

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 56, 266 - 283, 02.09.2022

Öz

Bows have been used by humankind since prehistoric times. Initially used by hunters to meet their food needs, simple bows with a wooden body and a beam made of plant fiber or animal skin evolved over time into the indispensable deadly compound bow of the battlefields made with sinew, horn, and adhesive. However, since the bows were made of organic materials such as wood, leather, plant fiber, sinew, and horn, most of them decayed over time and were lost in nature. Thus, very few bows survived intact. Hence, visual works and cuneiform texts depicted on steles, obelisks, reliefs, seals, and door bands constitute our main source of information on bows.
Numerous archaeological and epigraphic materials on bows dated to the Neo-Assyrian Period (1000-612 BC) have been unearthed as a result of scientific studies. Studies on these materials give important information on the use of bows in many different areas such as hunting activities, battlefields, religious ceremonies, and curse texts but also show that they were used as a symbol of kings’ military victories.

Kaynakça

  • Akkermans, P. ve Schwartz, G. (2003). The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter-GathererstoEarly Urban Societies, (ca. 16,000-300 BC) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Albright, W. F. ve Mendenhall, G. E. (1942). The Creation of the Composite Bow in Canaanite Mythology. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 1(2):227-229 https://www.jstor.org/stable/542129?seq=3
  • Aruz, J. (2003). Art of the First Cities. New York: Yale UniversityPress.
  • Bahrani, Z. (2017). Mesopotamia Ancient Art and Architecture. Thames and Hudson Press.
  • Barnett, R. D. ve Falkner, M. (1962). The Sculptures of Aššur-naṣir-apli II (883-859 BC), Tiglath-Pileser III (745-727 BC), Esarhaddon (681-669 BC) from the Central and South-West palaces at Nimrud. London: Trustees of the British Museum. https://doi.org/10.2307/628512
  • Barnett, R. D.,Bleibtreu, E. veTurner, G. (1998). SculpturesfromtheSouthwestPalace of Sennacherib at Nineveh. London: British Museum.
  • Barnett, R. D., Curtis, J. E., Davies, L. G., Howard, M. M. ve Walker C. B. F. (2008).The Balawat Gates Of Ashurnasirpal II, British Museum Press, London
  • Breasted,J. H. (1924). Annalls of Sannecherip. Universty of ChiagoPress.
  • Burke, A. A. (2008). Walledup to Heaven: The Evolution of Middle Bronze Age Fortification Strategies In The Levant. Eisenbrauns:Winona Lake, Indiana
  • Collon, D. (1983). Hunting and Shooting. Anatolian Studies, 33:51-56.
  • Gabriel, A. R. (2007). Soldier’s Lives Throughy History: The Ancient World. London:Green Wood Press.
  • Gibson, J. L. C. (2004). Canaanite Mythsand Legends. New York: T &T Clark International.
  • Gonen, R.(1976). Weapond and Warfare in Ancient Times. Minnesota:Lerner Puplicationd Company.
  • Göksu, E. (2018). Okla Yükselen Millet: Türklerde Ok ve Okçuluk. İstanbul: Okçular Vakfı Yayınları
  • Grayson, A. K. (2002). Assyrian Rulers of The Early First Milennium BC I ( 1114-859 BC), (The Royal Inscription of Mesopotamia Assyrian Periods, Toronto:Universty Toronto Press.
  • Grayson, A. K. ve Novotny, J. (2014). The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib, King of Assyria (704-681) Part II, Eisenbrauns.
  • Guilaine, J. ve Zammit, J. (2005). The Origins of War: Violence in Prehistory. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 30(1): 101-104.
  • Hall, H. R. (1928). Babylonian and Assyrian Sculpture in The British Museum. Paris and Brussels G. Van Oest.
  • Hamblin, W. J. (2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
  • King, L. W. (1915). Bronze Reliefs from The Gates of Shalmaneser King Of Assyria B.C. 860-825. Oxfort Universty Press.
  • Köroğlu, K. (2008). Mezopotamyada Kralların Av Partileri, Av ve Avcılık Kitabı içinde, Edt. E. G. Naskalı- H. O.3(12), İstanbul: Altun Kitabevi.
  • Kuhrt, A. (2013). Eskiçağda Yakındoğu Yaklaşık M.Ö. 3000-330, II. Cilt. (Çev. Dilek Şendil), İstanbul:Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Layard, A. H. (1853a). The Monuments of Nineveh, From Drawings Made On The Spot (First Series). London.
  • Layard, A. H. (1853b). A Second Series of the Monuments of Ninevehincluding Bas-Reliefs from the Palace of Sennacheriband Bronzes from the Ruins of Nimroud. London.
  • Leichty, E. (2011). The Royal Inscriptions of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (680-669).Eisenbrouns. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781575066462
  • Livingstone, A. (1989). Court Poetryand Literary Miscellanea, (StateArchives of Assyria, III). Helsinki.
  • Moortgat, A. (1969). The Art of Ancient Mesopotamia: The Classical Art of the Near East. New York: Phaidon.
  • Novotny, J. ve Jeffers, J.(2018). The Royal Inscriptions of Ashurbanipal (668-631 BC), Aššur-etel-ilāni (630-627 BC) and Sîn-šarra-iškun (626-612 BC), Kings of Assyria, Part 1. Royal Inscriptions of th Neo-Assyrian Period, Vol. 5, Eisenbrauns:University Park.
  • Öz, E. (2016). Yazılı Kaynaklar ve Arkeolojik Buluntular Işığında Mezopotamya’nın Erken Dönemlerinden Yeni Asur Devri Sonuna Kadar Kralların Av Faaliyetleri. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 45:143-158
  • Parpola, S. ve Watanabe, K. (1988). State Archives of Assyria. Helsinki Press, State Archives Of Assyria, II Helsinki. Reade, J. E. (1980). The Rassam Obelisk. Iraq içinde 42(1):1-22 https://doi.org/10.2307/4200113
  • Russell, J. M. (1998). Program of The Palace of Assurnasirpal II At Nimrud: Issues in The Research And Presentation of Assyrian Art. American Journal of Archaeology, 102(4):655-715. https://doi.org/10.2307/506096
  • Russell, J. M. (1999). The Writingon The Wall: Studiesin The Architectural Context of Late Assyrian Palace Inscriptions. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns
  • Sevin, V. (2014). Assur Resim Sanatı. Ankara:Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Strommenger, E. (1964). The Art of Mesopotamia. London:Thamesand Hudson.
  • Wilkinson, R. H. (1991). The Representation of the Bow in the Art of Egyptandthe Ancient Near East. University of Arizona, 20:83-99.
  • Yadin, Y. (1963). The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands: In the Light of Archaeological Study. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Yücel, Ü. (1999). Türk Okçuluğu. Ankara: Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Başkanlığı Yayınları
  • Zutterman, C. (2003). The Bow in the Ancient Near East, A Re-Evaluation of Archery from the Late 2nd Millennium to the End of the Achaemenid Empire. Iranica Antiqua, XXXVIII:119-165.
Yıl 2022, Sayı: 56, 266 - 283, 02.09.2022

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Akkermans, P. ve Schwartz, G. (2003). The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter-GathererstoEarly Urban Societies, (ca. 16,000-300 BC) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Albright, W. F. ve Mendenhall, G. E. (1942). The Creation of the Composite Bow in Canaanite Mythology. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 1(2):227-229 https://www.jstor.org/stable/542129?seq=3
  • Aruz, J. (2003). Art of the First Cities. New York: Yale UniversityPress.
  • Bahrani, Z. (2017). Mesopotamia Ancient Art and Architecture. Thames and Hudson Press.
  • Barnett, R. D. ve Falkner, M. (1962). The Sculptures of Aššur-naṣir-apli II (883-859 BC), Tiglath-Pileser III (745-727 BC), Esarhaddon (681-669 BC) from the Central and South-West palaces at Nimrud. London: Trustees of the British Museum. https://doi.org/10.2307/628512
  • Barnett, R. D.,Bleibtreu, E. veTurner, G. (1998). SculpturesfromtheSouthwestPalace of Sennacherib at Nineveh. London: British Museum.
  • Barnett, R. D., Curtis, J. E., Davies, L. G., Howard, M. M. ve Walker C. B. F. (2008).The Balawat Gates Of Ashurnasirpal II, British Museum Press, London
  • Breasted,J. H. (1924). Annalls of Sannecherip. Universty of ChiagoPress.
  • Burke, A. A. (2008). Walledup to Heaven: The Evolution of Middle Bronze Age Fortification Strategies In The Levant. Eisenbrauns:Winona Lake, Indiana
  • Collon, D. (1983). Hunting and Shooting. Anatolian Studies, 33:51-56.
  • Gabriel, A. R. (2007). Soldier’s Lives Throughy History: The Ancient World. London:Green Wood Press.
  • Gibson, J. L. C. (2004). Canaanite Mythsand Legends. New York: T &T Clark International.
  • Gonen, R.(1976). Weapond and Warfare in Ancient Times. Minnesota:Lerner Puplicationd Company.
  • Göksu, E. (2018). Okla Yükselen Millet: Türklerde Ok ve Okçuluk. İstanbul: Okçular Vakfı Yayınları
  • Grayson, A. K. (2002). Assyrian Rulers of The Early First Milennium BC I ( 1114-859 BC), (The Royal Inscription of Mesopotamia Assyrian Periods, Toronto:Universty Toronto Press.
  • Grayson, A. K. ve Novotny, J. (2014). The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib, King of Assyria (704-681) Part II, Eisenbrauns.
  • Guilaine, J. ve Zammit, J. (2005). The Origins of War: Violence in Prehistory. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 30(1): 101-104.
  • Hall, H. R. (1928). Babylonian and Assyrian Sculpture in The British Museum. Paris and Brussels G. Van Oest.
  • Hamblin, W. J. (2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
  • King, L. W. (1915). Bronze Reliefs from The Gates of Shalmaneser King Of Assyria B.C. 860-825. Oxfort Universty Press.
  • Köroğlu, K. (2008). Mezopotamyada Kralların Av Partileri, Av ve Avcılık Kitabı içinde, Edt. E. G. Naskalı- H. O.3(12), İstanbul: Altun Kitabevi.
  • Kuhrt, A. (2013). Eskiçağda Yakındoğu Yaklaşık M.Ö. 3000-330, II. Cilt. (Çev. Dilek Şendil), İstanbul:Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Layard, A. H. (1853a). The Monuments of Nineveh, From Drawings Made On The Spot (First Series). London.
  • Layard, A. H. (1853b). A Second Series of the Monuments of Ninevehincluding Bas-Reliefs from the Palace of Sennacheriband Bronzes from the Ruins of Nimroud. London.
  • Leichty, E. (2011). The Royal Inscriptions of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (680-669).Eisenbrouns. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781575066462
  • Livingstone, A. (1989). Court Poetryand Literary Miscellanea, (StateArchives of Assyria, III). Helsinki.
  • Moortgat, A. (1969). The Art of Ancient Mesopotamia: The Classical Art of the Near East. New York: Phaidon.
  • Novotny, J. ve Jeffers, J.(2018). The Royal Inscriptions of Ashurbanipal (668-631 BC), Aššur-etel-ilāni (630-627 BC) and Sîn-šarra-iškun (626-612 BC), Kings of Assyria, Part 1. Royal Inscriptions of th Neo-Assyrian Period, Vol. 5, Eisenbrauns:University Park.
  • Öz, E. (2016). Yazılı Kaynaklar ve Arkeolojik Buluntular Işığında Mezopotamya’nın Erken Dönemlerinden Yeni Asur Devri Sonuna Kadar Kralların Av Faaliyetleri. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 45:143-158
  • Parpola, S. ve Watanabe, K. (1988). State Archives of Assyria. Helsinki Press, State Archives Of Assyria, II Helsinki. Reade, J. E. (1980). The Rassam Obelisk. Iraq içinde 42(1):1-22 https://doi.org/10.2307/4200113
  • Russell, J. M. (1998). Program of The Palace of Assurnasirpal II At Nimrud: Issues in The Research And Presentation of Assyrian Art. American Journal of Archaeology, 102(4):655-715. https://doi.org/10.2307/506096
  • Russell, J. M. (1999). The Writingon The Wall: Studiesin The Architectural Context of Late Assyrian Palace Inscriptions. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns
  • Sevin, V. (2014). Assur Resim Sanatı. Ankara:Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Strommenger, E. (1964). The Art of Mesopotamia. London:Thamesand Hudson.
  • Wilkinson, R. H. (1991). The Representation of the Bow in the Art of Egyptandthe Ancient Near East. University of Arizona, 20:83-99.
  • Yadin, Y. (1963). The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands: In the Light of Archaeological Study. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Yücel, Ü. (1999). Türk Okçuluğu. Ankara: Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Başkanlığı Yayınları
  • Zutterman, C. (2003). The Bow in the Ancient Near East, A Re-Evaluation of Archery from the Late 2nd Millennium to the End of the Achaemenid Empire. Iranica Antiqua, XXXVIII:119-165.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Abdulhamit Kavak 0000-0003-2096-2760

Yayımlanma Tarihi 2 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 56

Kaynak Göster

APA Kavak, A. (2022). Bows Used as Symbols of Military Victory in the Neo-Assyrian Period. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(56), 266-283.
AMA Kavak A. Bows Used as Symbols of Military Victory in the Neo-Assyrian Period. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. Eylül 2022;(56):266-283.
Chicago Kavak, Abdulhamit. “Bows Used As Symbols of Military Victory in the Neo-Assyrian Period”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sy. 56 (Eylül 2022): 266-83.
EndNote Kavak A (01 Eylül 2022) Bows Used as Symbols of Military Victory in the Neo-Assyrian Period. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 56 266–283.
IEEE A. Kavak, “Bows Used as Symbols of Military Victory in the Neo-Assyrian Period”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sy. 56, ss. 266–283, Eylül 2022.
ISNAD Kavak, Abdulhamit. “Bows Used As Symbols of Military Victory in the Neo-Assyrian Period”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 56 (Eylül 2022), 266-283.
JAMA Kavak A. Bows Used as Symbols of Military Victory in the Neo-Assyrian Period. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2022;:266–283.
MLA Kavak, Abdulhamit. “Bows Used As Symbols of Military Victory in the Neo-Assyrian Period”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sy. 56, 2022, ss. 266-83.
Vancouver Kavak A. Bows Used as Symbols of Military Victory in the Neo-Assyrian Period. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2022(56):266-83.

Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi