Öz
Plazmatron elektrik gücünü ısıl güce çevirerek yüksek sıcaklıkta plazma akışı üretmektedir. Yüksek sıcaklıktaki ve hızdaki plazma akışı kömür, biyokütle ve her türlü atığın yakılması ve gazlaştırılması, hava araçlarının atmosfere yeniden giriş koşullarının simüle edilmesi, ısı koruma malzemeleri üretimi, plazma metalurjisi ve bilimsel araştırmalar gibi pek çok yüksek sıcaklık teknolojisinde kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada kullanılan atmosferik basınç ve yüksek sıcaklıkta plazma akışı üreten yüksek güçlü bir plazmatronun ana elemanları elektrotlar, karışma odası, manyetik bobinler, konfuzor kanalları ve bir nozuldur. Çalışma gazı olarak kullanılan hava üç fazlı alternatif akım (AC) tarafından beslenen sistem içerisinde ısıtılmakta ve yüksek sıcaklıkta plazma akışı oluşturmaktadır. Yukarıda belirtilen alanlarda plazmanın etkin olarak kullanılabilmesi için plazmanın sıcaklık başta olmak üzere özelliklerinin iyi bilinmesi gerekmektedir. Optik emisyon spektrometre plazmanın parçacık kompozisyonu, yoğunluk ve sıcaklık gibi özelliklerini plazmaya müdahale etmeden belirlemek için geniş sıcaklık ve basınç aralığında kullanılabilen temel bir araçtır. Optik emisyon spektrometre ile plazma akışından gelen ışık alınarak, dijital ortama dalga boyu - ışık şiddeti grafiği olarak aktarılmakta ve grafik analiz edilerek elektron sıcaklığı, elektron yoğunluğu gibi plazma parametrelerine ulaşılabilmektedir. Bu yöntemle plazmaya müdahale edilmediği için plazma bozulmadan ölçüm yapılabilmektedir. Optik emisyon spektrometre ile sıcaklık ölçümlerinde farklı özelliklere sahip plazmalar için farklı metotlar geliştirilmiştir. Atmosferik ısıl plazmalarda yüksek basınçla birlikte artan çarpışmalardan dolayı elektronlar sıcaklıklarını diğer ağır parçacıklara aktararak elektron sıcaklığı gaz sıcaklığına yaklaşmakta ve bu tür plazmalarda genellikle lokal termodinamik denge şartları geçerli olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada optik emisyon spektrometreyle lokal termodinamik denge modeli kullanılarak yüksek güçlü bir plazmatron plazma akışı elektron sıcaklığı 11984 K olarak bulunmuştur. Literatürdeki benzer çalışmalarla karşılaştırıldığında sıcaklık seviyelerinin beklenen seviyelerde olduğu görülmüştür
Anahtar Kelimeler
Plazmatron AC yüksek güç kömür biyokütle atık yakma ve gazlaştırma plazma akışı optik emisyon spektrometre
Kaynakça
- A. Blais, B. Jodoin, J-L. Dorler, M. Gindrat, and C. Hollenstein, Inclusion of Aerodynamic Non Equilibrium Effects in Supersonic Plasma Jet Enthalpy Probe Measurements, September 2005.
- A. Kolpaková, P. Kudrna, ve M. Tichý Charles, “Study of Plasma System by OES (Optical Emission Spectroscopy)” University Prague, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Prague, Czech Republic, (2011): 180.
- Akihiro Kono, Negative ions in processing plasmas and their effect on the plasma structure, Center for Cooperative Research in Advanced Science and Technology, Nagoya University, Chikusa- ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, (2002).
- Andreas Schutze, James Y. Jeong, Steven E. Babayan, Jaeyoung Park, Gary S. Selwyn, ve Robert F. Hicks. “The Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Jet: A Review and Comparison to Other Plasma Sources”(1998):1-3.
- B. Bottin, 0. Chazot, M. Carbonaro, V. Van Der Haegen, S. Paris, The VKI Plasmatron Characteristics and Performance, The von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics 72 Chaussee de Waterloo B- 1640 Rhode-Saint- Genese Belgium, (1999).
- C O Laux, T G Spence, C H Kruger ve R N Zare, “Optical diagnostics of atmospheric pressure air plasmas”(2003):125.
- C. Seidel, H. Kopf, B. Gotsmann, T. Vieth, H. Fuchs, and K. Reihs, “A plasma treated and Al metallised spectroscopy and SFM study,” Applied Surface Science, p. 19–33, 1999. a XPS, mass
- Claire Tendero, Christelle Tixier, Pascal Tristant, Jean Atmospheric pressure plasmas: A review, France, November 2005. Philippe Leprince,
- D. M. Devia, L. V. Rodriguez-Restrepo and E. Restrepo-Parra, Methods Employed in Optical Emission Spectroscopy Analysis: A Review, (2015). Paul M. Bellan, Fundamentals of Plasma September,2004. California,
- Francis F. Chen, Introduction to Plasma Physics and Volume:1 Plasma Physics, 1983. Second Edition,
- Francis F. Chen, Langmuir Probe Diagnostics, Electrical Engineering Department University of California, Los Angeles Mini-Course on Plasma Diagnostics, IEEE-ICOPS meeting, Jeju, Korea, June 5, 2003
- Fre´de´ric Fabry, Christophe Rehmet, Vandad Rohani, Laurent Fulcheri, Waste Gasification by Thermal Plasma: A Review, 2013.
- Gerard Degrez, David Vanden Abeele, Paolo Barbante, and Benoit Bottin, Numerical Simulation of Inductively Coupled Plasma Flows and Hypersonıc (Re-)entry Flows, September 2000.
- M. A. Gorokhovski, Z. Jankoski, F. C. Lockwood, E. I. Karpenko, V. E. Messerle and A. B. Ustimenko, Enhancement of Pulverized Coal Combustion by Plasma Technology, 2007.
- M.F. Zhukov ve I.M Zasypkin, “Thermal Plasma Torches, Design Characteristics, Applications.” (2007): v-viii.
- Michel Moisan, Jacques Pelletier, Physics of Collisional Plasmas: Introduction to High- Frequency Discharges, 2012.
- NIST, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2017.https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic- spectra- January
- P.J. Wang, C.C. Tzeng, ve Y. Liu, “Thermal TemperatureMeasurements of Plasma Torch by Alexandrite Effect Spectropyrometer”(2010):1- 7. doi:10.1155/2010/656421.
- Prabir Basu, Biomass Gasification and Pyrolysis Practical Design and Theory, 2010.
- S.X. Zhi, Y. Ping, Z.H. Ming, ve W. Jie, “Transition probabilities for NII 2p4f–2p3d and 2s2p23d–2s2p23p obtained by a semiclassical Method”, no:10, (2007): 2934-2936.
- U Fantz, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association Boltzmannstr, 2, D- 85748 Garching, Germany, “Basics of plasma spectroscopy”(2006):137-138, doi:10.1088/0963-0252/15/4/S01.
- Y. S. Svirchuk ve A. N. Golikov, “Three-Phase Zvezda-Type Plasmatrons” (2016):1-3.
Öz
The plasmatron produces a high temperature plasma flow by converting electric power to thermal power. High temperature and high velocity plasma flow is used in many high temperature technologies such as combustion and gasification of coal, biomass and all kinds of waste, simulating the re-entry conditions of air vehicles into the atmosphere, production of heat protection materials, plasma metallurgy and scientific research. In this study, the main elements of the high-power plasmatron which produces atmospheric pressure high temperature plasma flow are electrodes, a mixing chamber, magnetic bobbins, constrictor channels, and a nozzle. Air used as the working gas is heated in the facility which is powered from three-phase alternating current (AC) and forms the high temperature plasma flow. To use the plasma effectively in the fields mentioned above, it is necessary to know the properties of the plasma mainly in temperature. Optical emission spectrometry is a fundamental tool that can be used to determine the specifications of plasma such as particle compositions, density and temperature at wide temperature and pressure ranges without interfering the plasma. With the optical emission spectrometry, the light coming from the plasma flow is taken and transferred to digital media as wavelength versus intensity graph and analyzing the graph, plasma parameters such as electron temperature, electron density can be reached. Because optical emission spectroscopy method does not interfere the plasma, measurements can be made without disrupting the plasma. Different methods have been developed for different plasma types to measure temperature with using optical emission spectrometry. In atmospheric thermal plasmas, due to increased collisions with high pressure, electrons transfer their temperatures to other heavy particles, the electron temperature approaches gas temperature, and local thermodynamic equilibrium conditions are generally valid in such plasmas. In this work, using local thermodynamic equilibrium model with optical emission spectrometry, electron temperature of plasma flow in high power plasmatron is obtained as 11984 K. Compared with similar studies in the literature, it is seen that the temperature levels are at the expected levels
Anahtar Kelimeler
Plasmatron AC high power coal biomass waste combustion and gasification plasma flow optical emission spectrometry
Kaynakça
- A. Blais, B. Jodoin, J-L. Dorler, M. Gindrat, and C. Hollenstein, Inclusion of Aerodynamic Non Equilibrium Effects in Supersonic Plasma Jet Enthalpy Probe Measurements, September 2005.
- A. Kolpaková, P. Kudrna, ve M. Tichý Charles, “Study of Plasma System by OES (Optical Emission Spectroscopy)” University Prague, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Prague, Czech Republic, (2011): 180.
- Akihiro Kono, Negative ions in processing plasmas and their effect on the plasma structure, Center for Cooperative Research in Advanced Science and Technology, Nagoya University, Chikusa- ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, (2002).
- Andreas Schutze, James Y. Jeong, Steven E. Babayan, Jaeyoung Park, Gary S. Selwyn, ve Robert F. Hicks. “The Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Jet: A Review and Comparison to Other Plasma Sources”(1998):1-3.
- B. Bottin, 0. Chazot, M. Carbonaro, V. Van Der Haegen, S. Paris, The VKI Plasmatron Characteristics and Performance, The von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics 72 Chaussee de Waterloo B- 1640 Rhode-Saint- Genese Belgium, (1999).
- C O Laux, T G Spence, C H Kruger ve R N Zare, “Optical diagnostics of atmospheric pressure air plasmas”(2003):125.
- C. Seidel, H. Kopf, B. Gotsmann, T. Vieth, H. Fuchs, and K. Reihs, “A plasma treated and Al metallised spectroscopy and SFM study,” Applied Surface Science, p. 19–33, 1999. a XPS, mass
- Claire Tendero, Christelle Tixier, Pascal Tristant, Jean Atmospheric pressure plasmas: A review, France, November 2005. Philippe Leprince,
- D. M. Devia, L. V. Rodriguez-Restrepo and E. Restrepo-Parra, Methods Employed in Optical Emission Spectroscopy Analysis: A Review, (2015). Paul M. Bellan, Fundamentals of Plasma September,2004. California,
- Francis F. Chen, Introduction to Plasma Physics and Volume:1 Plasma Physics, 1983. Second Edition,
- Francis F. Chen, Langmuir Probe Diagnostics, Electrical Engineering Department University of California, Los Angeles Mini-Course on Plasma Diagnostics, IEEE-ICOPS meeting, Jeju, Korea, June 5, 2003
- Fre´de´ric Fabry, Christophe Rehmet, Vandad Rohani, Laurent Fulcheri, Waste Gasification by Thermal Plasma: A Review, 2013.
- Gerard Degrez, David Vanden Abeele, Paolo Barbante, and Benoit Bottin, Numerical Simulation of Inductively Coupled Plasma Flows and Hypersonıc (Re-)entry Flows, September 2000.
- M. A. Gorokhovski, Z. Jankoski, F. C. Lockwood, E. I. Karpenko, V. E. Messerle and A. B. Ustimenko, Enhancement of Pulverized Coal Combustion by Plasma Technology, 2007.
- M.F. Zhukov ve I.M Zasypkin, “Thermal Plasma Torches, Design Characteristics, Applications.” (2007): v-viii.
- Michel Moisan, Jacques Pelletier, Physics of Collisional Plasmas: Introduction to High- Frequency Discharges, 2012.
- NIST, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2017.https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic- spectra- January
- P.J. Wang, C.C. Tzeng, ve Y. Liu, “Thermal TemperatureMeasurements of Plasma Torch by Alexandrite Effect Spectropyrometer”(2010):1- 7. doi:10.1155/2010/656421.
- Prabir Basu, Biomass Gasification and Pyrolysis Practical Design and Theory, 2010.
- S.X. Zhi, Y. Ping, Z.H. Ming, ve W. Jie, “Transition probabilities for NII 2p4f–2p3d and 2s2p23d–2s2p23p obtained by a semiclassical Method”, no:10, (2007): 2934-2936.
- U Fantz, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association Boltzmannstr, 2, D- 85748 Garching, Germany, “Basics of plasma spectroscopy”(2006):137-138, doi:10.1088/0963-0252/15/4/S01.
- Y. S. Svirchuk ve A. N. Golikov, “Three-Phase Zvezda-Type Plasmatrons” (2016):1-3.
Ayrıntılar
| Diğer ID | JA39DS76HP |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Mart 2017 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2017 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1 |