Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Orta Çağ’da Triniteryenler ve Esir Kurtarma Faaliyetleri

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 64, 319 - 334, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.35237/suitder.1731460

Öz

Müslüman-Hristiyan çatışmasının yoğun olarak yaşandığı Akdeniz havzasında, özellikle Haçlı Seferleri, deniz savaşları ve sınır çatışmaları gibi süreçlerde çok sayıda Hristiyan, Müslümanlar tarafından esir alınmış, bu durum Batı Hristiyan dünyasında krize yol açmıştır. Esir alınan Hristiyanların İslam topraklarında din değiştirme ve kimlik kaybı yaşama ihtimali, Hristiyanlar tarafından tehdit olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bu makale, Müslümanların esir aldığı Hristiyanların kurtarılmasına yönelik faaliyetler yürüten Triniteryen Tarikatı’nın Orta Çağ faaliyetlerini incelemektedir. Triniteryenler, Selâhaddin Eyyûbî’nin Kudüs’ü fethinin sonrasında Papalık desteğiyle hızla kurumsallaşarak başta Fransa olmak üzere Avrupa genelinde örgütlenmitir. Tarikat, esirlerin fidyeyle kurtarılmasını hedefleyen faaliyetlerini, büyük ölçüde halktan ve soylulardan topladığı bağışlarla finanse etmiş; ekonomik kaynaklarını çeşitli bağış sistemleri ve vergi muafiyetleri yoluyla sürdürülebilir hâle getirmiştir. Triniteryenler, bu bağlamda yalnızca bir dini topluluk değil, aynı zamanda esaret krizine müdahale eden etkili bir diplomatik ve mali yapı işlevi görmüştür. Çalışma, Müslümanlar ile Hristiyanlar arasındaki çatışmaların merkezinde yer alan esaret olgusunun, Orta Çağ'da yalnızca bir savaş sonucu değil, aynı zamanda dinî inançlar, ekonomik çıkarlar ve siyasi stratejilerle iç içe geçmiş çok yönlü bir meseleye nasıl dönüştüğünü ortaya koymayı hedeflemektedir. Çalışmada, arşiv belgeleri, papalık fermanları, döneme ait kaynaklar ve araştırma eserleri kullanılarak kapsamlı bir analiz yapılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • I.Arşiv Kaynakları
  • A.M.G, Códice C-1, ff. 227r- 228r. Anónimo, Milagros de la Virgen de Guadalupe, Archivo del Monasterio de Santa María de Guadalupe, Códices C-1.
  • Arc. Vat. Reg. Vat. Vol. 4. F. 148r-v.
  • Arch. Mun de Narbona, HH 83.
  • Paris. Arch. Nat. J445, n. 10.
  • LAO, for. 3ff. 51v-52r.
  • II. Kaynak Eserler
  • Alarcón, M. & Linares, S. G. (Eds). (1940). Los documentos árabes diplomáticos del Archivo de la Corona de Aragón. E. Maestre.
  • Capmany,A. (Ed). (1786). Antiguos tratados de paces y alianzes entre algunos reyes de Aragón y diferentes principes infieles de Asia y Africa, desde el siglo xiii al xv. En La Imprenta Real.
  • Catalán, D. (Ed). (1977). Gran Crónica de Alfonso XI. Editorial Gredos.
  • Cordova, A. F. A. (Ed). (1719). Bullarium Equestris Ordinîs De Spatha. Ex Typographia Joannis de Ariztia
  • Deslandres, P. (Ed). (1903). L'ordre Des Trinitairespour Le Rachat Des Captifs (Tome II). Plon, Nourrit Et Gie Éditeurs.
  • Gaspard, D. (Ed). (1613). Histoire véritable de ce qui s'est passé en Turquie pour la délivrance des chrétiens captifs depuis l'année 1609. Par François du Carror.
  • Hageneder, O., Maleczek W. & Strnad A. (Eds). (1979). Die Register Innocenz III. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie Der Wissenschaften. Publikationen des Historischen Instituts beim Österreichischen Kulturforum
  • Joinville, J. (1880). Histoire de Saint Louis. Hachette.
  • Vega y Toraya, F. (1729). Crónica de la provincia de Castilla, León y Navarra del Orden de la Santísima Trinidad (Vol. III). Imprenta Real.
  • III. Araştırma Eserler
  • Alferez, C. & Antonio, J. (2008). Regla y Constituciones de los hermanos de la Orden de la Santísima Trinidad. Torrolodones.
  • Bolton, B. (2000). Perhaps you do not know? Innocent III’s approach to the release of captives’, La liberazione dei “captivi” tra Christianità e Islam. Oltre la crociata e il gihad: tolleranza e servizio umanitario. Atti del Congresso Interdisciplinare di Studi Storici (G. Cipollone, Ed). Collectanea Archivi Vaticani, 457–463.
  • Brodman, J. W. (1974). The Trinitarian and Mercedarian orders: A study of religious redemptionism in the thirteenth-century (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi), University of Virginia.
  • Brodman, J. W. (2001). Rhetoric of ransoming, tolerance and ıntolerance:social conflicts in the age of crusades. (M. Gervers & J. M. Powell, Eds). Syracuse Univercity Press, 41-52.
  • Brodman, J. W. (2011). Captives or prisoners: society and obligation in medieval Iberia. Anuario de historia de la Iglesia, 20, 201-219.
  • Castañer, E. L. C. (1976). Financiación mudéjar del sistema de la vigilancia costera en el reino de Granada (1492-1501). Historia, instituciones, documentos, 3, 399- 415.
  • Cipollone, G. (1999). Les Trinitaires: fondation du xıı siècle pour les captifs et pour les pauvres. Fondations et oeuvres charitables au moyen age (J. Dufour & H. Platelle, Eds). Ed. Du CTHS.
  • Cipollone, G. (2019). When a pope and a sultan spoke the same language of war. Mahjar.
  • Cipollone, G. (2024). Tertia pars: the economy of trinitarıan redeemers at the time of the crusades and jihad. An alternatıve to the papal economy of armaments, espacio, Tiempo Y Forma, 37, 441–452.
  • D’Errico, A. (2002). The Trinitarians: An overview of their eight hundred year service to god and humanity. Tip. Cardoni S.AS.
  • Dumesnil, A. (1852). Dictionnaire historique, géographique et biographique des croisades. J. P. Migne.
  • Fernández, L. S. (1954). Juan II y la frontera de Granada. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.
  • Friedman, Y. (2002). Encounter between enemies captivity and ransom in the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem. Brill.
  • Gürkan, E. S. (2016). His bailo’s kapudan: conversion, tangled loyalties and Hasan Veneziano between Istanbul and Venice (1588-1591). Osmanlı Araştırmaları, 48, 277-319.
  • Helmrath, J. (2015). The fourth Lateran council: its fundamentals, its procedure in comparative perspective. The fourth Lateran council: Institutional reform and spiritual renewal. Proceeding of the conference marking the eight hundredth anniversary of the council organized by the pontificio comitato di scienze storiche. 17–40.
  • Lea, H. C. (1896). A history of auricular confession and ındulgences in the Latin church (Vol. III). Lea Brothers & Co.
  • Mesnage, J. (1914). Le christianisme en Afrique: Eglise mozarabe, esclaves chrétiens. Adolphe Jourdan.
  • Moeller, C. H. (1913). The Catholic encyclopedia (Vol 15). The Encyclopedia Press.
  • Porres, B. (1997). Libertad a los cautivos: Redencious de cautivos, 1198-1785 (Vol. I). Secretariado Trinitario.
  • Pujana, J. (1993) . La orden de la santísima Trinidad. Secratariado Trinitario.
  • Rementeria, G. L. (1994). Fundador y redentor Juan de Mata, Secretariado Trinitaria. Secratariado Trinitario.
  • Rodriguez, J. (2007). Captives and their saviors in the medieval crown of Aragon. Cua Press.
  • Swanson, R. N. (2007). Indulgences in late medieval England: passports to paradise. Cambridge University Press.
  • Witko, A. (2004). Sobre la iconografía de Jesús Nazareno rescatado en los siglos XVII-XX. Folia Historica Cracovıensia, 10, 431-444.

The Trinitarians and the Redemption of Captives in the Middle Ages

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 64, 319 - 334, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.35237/suitder.1731460

Öz

In the Mediterranean basin, where Muslim-Christian conflict was particularly intense, especially during the Crusades, naval battles, and border skirmishes, a significant number of Christians were captured by Muslim forces. This widespread captivity gave rise to a crisis within Western Christendom. The possibility that these Christian captives might convert to Islam or experience a loss of religious and cultural identity was perceived by Latin Christians as a grave threat. This article examines the activities of the Trinitarian Order, which was established to secure the release of Christians taken captive by Muslims during the Middle Ages. Following the conquest of Jerusalem by Saladin, the Trinitarians quickly institutionalized with papal support and expanded their organization throughout Europe, particularly in France. The Order financed its ransom operations largely through donations collected from the laity and nobility and developed a sustainable economic base through various donation mechanisms and tax exemptions. In this context, the Trinitarians functioned not only as a religious community but also as an effective diplomatic and financial structure that intervened in the crisis of captivity. This study aims to demonstrate how the phenomenon of captivity, situated at the heart of Muslim-Christian conflict, evolved in the medieval period into a multifaceted issue intertwined with religious beliefs, economic interests, and political strategies, rather than being merely a byproduct of war. The analysis is based on archival documents, papal bulls, contemporary sources, and modern scholarly research.

Kaynakça

  • I.Arşiv Kaynakları
  • A.M.G, Códice C-1, ff. 227r- 228r. Anónimo, Milagros de la Virgen de Guadalupe, Archivo del Monasterio de Santa María de Guadalupe, Códices C-1.
  • Arc. Vat. Reg. Vat. Vol. 4. F. 148r-v.
  • Arch. Mun de Narbona, HH 83.
  • Paris. Arch. Nat. J445, n. 10.
  • LAO, for. 3ff. 51v-52r.
  • II. Kaynak Eserler
  • Alarcón, M. & Linares, S. G. (Eds). (1940). Los documentos árabes diplomáticos del Archivo de la Corona de Aragón. E. Maestre.
  • Capmany,A. (Ed). (1786). Antiguos tratados de paces y alianzes entre algunos reyes de Aragón y diferentes principes infieles de Asia y Africa, desde el siglo xiii al xv. En La Imprenta Real.
  • Catalán, D. (Ed). (1977). Gran Crónica de Alfonso XI. Editorial Gredos.
  • Cordova, A. F. A. (Ed). (1719). Bullarium Equestris Ordinîs De Spatha. Ex Typographia Joannis de Ariztia
  • Deslandres, P. (Ed). (1903). L'ordre Des Trinitairespour Le Rachat Des Captifs (Tome II). Plon, Nourrit Et Gie Éditeurs.
  • Gaspard, D. (Ed). (1613). Histoire véritable de ce qui s'est passé en Turquie pour la délivrance des chrétiens captifs depuis l'année 1609. Par François du Carror.
  • Hageneder, O., Maleczek W. & Strnad A. (Eds). (1979). Die Register Innocenz III. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie Der Wissenschaften. Publikationen des Historischen Instituts beim Österreichischen Kulturforum
  • Joinville, J. (1880). Histoire de Saint Louis. Hachette.
  • Vega y Toraya, F. (1729). Crónica de la provincia de Castilla, León y Navarra del Orden de la Santísima Trinidad (Vol. III). Imprenta Real.
  • III. Araştırma Eserler
  • Alferez, C. & Antonio, J. (2008). Regla y Constituciones de los hermanos de la Orden de la Santísima Trinidad. Torrolodones.
  • Bolton, B. (2000). Perhaps you do not know? Innocent III’s approach to the release of captives’, La liberazione dei “captivi” tra Christianità e Islam. Oltre la crociata e il gihad: tolleranza e servizio umanitario. Atti del Congresso Interdisciplinare di Studi Storici (G. Cipollone, Ed). Collectanea Archivi Vaticani, 457–463.
  • Brodman, J. W. (1974). The Trinitarian and Mercedarian orders: A study of religious redemptionism in the thirteenth-century (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi), University of Virginia.
  • Brodman, J. W. (2001). Rhetoric of ransoming, tolerance and ıntolerance:social conflicts in the age of crusades. (M. Gervers & J. M. Powell, Eds). Syracuse Univercity Press, 41-52.
  • Brodman, J. W. (2011). Captives or prisoners: society and obligation in medieval Iberia. Anuario de historia de la Iglesia, 20, 201-219.
  • Castañer, E. L. C. (1976). Financiación mudéjar del sistema de la vigilancia costera en el reino de Granada (1492-1501). Historia, instituciones, documentos, 3, 399- 415.
  • Cipollone, G. (1999). Les Trinitaires: fondation du xıı siècle pour les captifs et pour les pauvres. Fondations et oeuvres charitables au moyen age (J. Dufour & H. Platelle, Eds). Ed. Du CTHS.
  • Cipollone, G. (2019). When a pope and a sultan spoke the same language of war. Mahjar.
  • Cipollone, G. (2024). Tertia pars: the economy of trinitarıan redeemers at the time of the crusades and jihad. An alternatıve to the papal economy of armaments, espacio, Tiempo Y Forma, 37, 441–452.
  • D’Errico, A. (2002). The Trinitarians: An overview of their eight hundred year service to god and humanity. Tip. Cardoni S.AS.
  • Dumesnil, A. (1852). Dictionnaire historique, géographique et biographique des croisades. J. P. Migne.
  • Fernández, L. S. (1954). Juan II y la frontera de Granada. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.
  • Friedman, Y. (2002). Encounter between enemies captivity and ransom in the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem. Brill.
  • Gürkan, E. S. (2016). His bailo’s kapudan: conversion, tangled loyalties and Hasan Veneziano between Istanbul and Venice (1588-1591). Osmanlı Araştırmaları, 48, 277-319.
  • Helmrath, J. (2015). The fourth Lateran council: its fundamentals, its procedure in comparative perspective. The fourth Lateran council: Institutional reform and spiritual renewal. Proceeding of the conference marking the eight hundredth anniversary of the council organized by the pontificio comitato di scienze storiche. 17–40.
  • Lea, H. C. (1896). A history of auricular confession and ındulgences in the Latin church (Vol. III). Lea Brothers & Co.
  • Mesnage, J. (1914). Le christianisme en Afrique: Eglise mozarabe, esclaves chrétiens. Adolphe Jourdan.
  • Moeller, C. H. (1913). The Catholic encyclopedia (Vol 15). The Encyclopedia Press.
  • Porres, B. (1997). Libertad a los cautivos: Redencious de cautivos, 1198-1785 (Vol. I). Secretariado Trinitario.
  • Pujana, J. (1993) . La orden de la santísima Trinidad. Secratariado Trinitario.
  • Rementeria, G. L. (1994). Fundador y redentor Juan de Mata, Secretariado Trinitaria. Secratariado Trinitario.
  • Rodriguez, J. (2007). Captives and their saviors in the medieval crown of Aragon. Cua Press.
  • Swanson, R. N. (2007). Indulgences in late medieval England: passports to paradise. Cambridge University Press.
  • Witko, A. (2004). Sobre la iconografía de Jesús Nazareno rescatado en los siglos XVII-XX. Folia Historica Cracovıensia, 10, 431-444.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Tarihsel Çalışmalar (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Azer Gürcan 0000-0002-9249-0849

Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2025
Kabul Tarihi 9 Eylül 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 64

Kaynak Göster

APA Gürcan, A. (2025). Orta Çağ’da Triniteryenler ve Esir Kurtarma Faaliyetleri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi(64), 319-334. https://doi.org/10.35237/suitder.1731460