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Turning the Screws on a Life: A Literary Experiment with Fitzgerald, Wilson, and James

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 64, 47 - 60, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.35237/suitder.1731827

Öz

French philosopher Gilles Deleuze often expresses his belief in the power of experimentation in writing and praises Anglo-American literature for its venture into experimenting with lives. According to him, reading a long list of Anglo-American writers, including Henry James and F. Scott Fitzgerald, shows us that the sense of a life cannot be grasped, as it is full of unknown materials and their obscure, immaterial effects. Deleuze argues that healthy writers, having faced the impossibility of encompassing the entirety of a life, create lines of flight, move along with them, and discover worlds that enable themselves to transform. Then writing, as a process of becoming, turns out to be impersonal, while cracks and ruptures, often considered failures in life, appear as opportunities for literary creativity. This article will first explain why Deleuze views Fitzgerald’s The Crack-Up as a literary experiment with a life by focusing on his views on the impersonality of writing. Then drawing attention to Fitzgerald’s reference to American critic Edmund Wilson as his intellectual conscience, the article will attempt a speculative experiment with Wilson’s comments on James’s “The Turn of the Screw.” It will argue that Wilson’s sense of the text’s ambiguity, which is discussed by Shoshana Felman in depth, might have evolved critical interpretation into experimentation in a Deleuzian manner. Thus, the main protagonist of James’s novella, i.e., the governess, might have been considered as experimenting with a life as Fitzgerald does in The Crack-Up.

Kaynakça

  • Beidler, P. G. (1995a). A critical history of The Turn of the Screw. In P. G. Beidler (Ed.), The Turn of the Screw (pp. 127-51). Macmillan Education.
  • Beidler, P. G. (1995b). Introduction: Biographical and historical contexts. In P. G. Beidler (Ed.), The Turn of the Screw (pp. 3-19). Macmillan Education.
  • Borges, J. L. (1971). Autobiographical essay. In N. T. di Giovanni (Ed.), The Aleph and the other stories, 1933-1969 (N. T. di Giovanni, Trans.) (pp. 237-75). E.P. Dutton.
  • Borges, J. L. (1972). Spinoza. In N. T. di Giovanni (Ed.), Selected poems 1923-1967 (R. Howard and C. Rennert, Trans.) (p. 213). Allen Lane The Penguin Press.
  • Bruccoli, M. J. (2007). Foreword. In M. J. Tate (Ed.), Critical companion to F. Scott Fitzgerald: A literary reference to his life and work (pp. ix-xi). Facts on File.
  • Deleuze, G. (1990). The logic of sense (M. Lester and C. Stivale, Trans.). Columbia University Press. (Original work published 1969).
  • Deleuze, G. (1997). Essays critical and clinical (Daniel W. Smith and Michael A. Greco, Trans.). University of Minnesota Press. (Original work published 1993).
  • Deleuze, G. (2007). Immanence: a life. In D. Lapoujade (Ed.), Two Regimes of Madness: Texts and Interviews 1975-1995 (Ames Hodges and Mike Taormina, Trans.). (p. 384-388). The MIT Press. (Original work published 2003).
  • Deleuze, G. and Parnet, C. (2002). On the superiority of Anglo-American literature. In Dialogues II (H. Tomlinson and B. Habberjam, Trans.) (pp. 36-76). Columbia University Press. (Original work published 1977).
  • Deleuze, G. and Guattari, F. (2003). A thousand plateaus: Capitalism and schizophrenia (B. Massumi, Trans.). University of Minnesota Press. (Original work published 1980).
  • Donaldson, S. (2006). The crisis of Fitzgerald’s Crack-Up. In H. Bloom (Ed.), F. Scott Fitzgerald (pp. 81-98). Chelsea House Publishers.
  • Felman, S. (1982). Turning the screw of interpretation. In S. Felman (Ed.), Literature and psychoanalysis: The question of reading: otherwise (pp. 94-207). The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Fitzgerald, F. S. (1956). The Crack-Up (E. Wilson, Ed.). New Directions Books. (Original work published 1936).
  • Haines, D. (2015). From Deleuze and Guattari’s words to a Deleuzian theory of reading. Deleuze Studies, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 529-57.
  • Hook, A. (2002). F. Scott Fitzgerald: A literary life. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • James, H. (1999). The turn of the screw. In J. Bayley (Ed.), Collected stories (Vol. 2) (pp. 341-449). Alfred A. Knopf. (Original work published 1898).
  • Murfin, Ross C. (1995). Deconstruction and The Turn of the Screw. In P. G. Beidler (Ed.), The Turn of the Screw (pp. 179-89). Macmillan Education.
  • Wilson, E (1952). The ambiguity of Henry James. In The triple thinkers: Twelve essays on literary subjects (pp. 89-128). John Lehmann.

Vidaları Bir Hayat Üzerinde Çevirmek: Fitzgerald, Wilson ve James’le Edebî Bir Deney

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 64, 47 - 60, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.35237/suitder.1731827

Öz

Fransız filozof Gilles Deleuze yazıda deney yapmanın gücüne duyduğu inancı sıklıkla dile getirir ve bu deneyi hayatlarla yapmaya cesaret ettiği için Anglo-Amerikan edebiyatından övgüyle söz eder. Ona göre aralarında Henry James ve F. Scott Fitzgerald’ın da olduğu çok sayıda İngiliz ve Amerikalı yazarı okumak, bilinmez bir malzemeyle ve bu malzemenin karmaşık etkileriyle dolu bir hayatın bütünüyle kavranamayacağını gösterir. Sağlıklı yazarlar bu imkânsızlıkla yüzleşmişlerdir; bu nedenle kaçış çizgileri yaratıp bu çizgiler boyunca hareket ederler ve benliklerinin dönüşmesine olanak tanıyan dünyalar keşfederler. Bu durumda bir oluş süreci olarak yazı gayrişahsi bir şeye dönüşürken çoğunlukla yaşamdaki başarısızlıklar olarak düşünülen çatlaklar ve kopmalar edebî yaratıcılığın olanakları hâline gelirler. Bu makale, yazının gayrişahsiliği üzerine Deleuze’ün söylediklerine odaklanarak Fitzgerald’ın Çatlak adlı metninin filozof için neden bir hayatla girişilen edebî bir deney olduğunu açıklayacak. Ardından, Fitzgerald’ın Amerikalı eleştirmen Edmund Wilson’dan entelektüel vicdanı olarak söz etmesine dikkat çekerek James’in “Yürek Burgusu” adlı uzun öyküsü üzerine Wilson’ın yaptığı yorumlarla spekülatif bir deneye kalkışacak. Buna göre, Shoshana Felman’ın da ayrıntılı şekilde tartıştığı üzere “Yürek Burgusu”ndaki muğlaklıkların farkında olan Wilson’ın yorumlamayı bırakıp Deleuzecü bir deney yapmaya evrilmesi pekâlâ mümkündü. Wilson’ın bu dönüşümü yaşaması durumunda James’in novellasının temel karakteri olan mürebbiyenin de muhtemelen Çatlak’taki Fitzgerald’a benzer şekilde bir hayatla deney yaptığını düşünmek mümkün olacaktı.

Kaynakça

  • Beidler, P. G. (1995a). A critical history of The Turn of the Screw. In P. G. Beidler (Ed.), The Turn of the Screw (pp. 127-51). Macmillan Education.
  • Beidler, P. G. (1995b). Introduction: Biographical and historical contexts. In P. G. Beidler (Ed.), The Turn of the Screw (pp. 3-19). Macmillan Education.
  • Borges, J. L. (1971). Autobiographical essay. In N. T. di Giovanni (Ed.), The Aleph and the other stories, 1933-1969 (N. T. di Giovanni, Trans.) (pp. 237-75). E.P. Dutton.
  • Borges, J. L. (1972). Spinoza. In N. T. di Giovanni (Ed.), Selected poems 1923-1967 (R. Howard and C. Rennert, Trans.) (p. 213). Allen Lane The Penguin Press.
  • Bruccoli, M. J. (2007). Foreword. In M. J. Tate (Ed.), Critical companion to F. Scott Fitzgerald: A literary reference to his life and work (pp. ix-xi). Facts on File.
  • Deleuze, G. (1990). The logic of sense (M. Lester and C. Stivale, Trans.). Columbia University Press. (Original work published 1969).
  • Deleuze, G. (1997). Essays critical and clinical (Daniel W. Smith and Michael A. Greco, Trans.). University of Minnesota Press. (Original work published 1993).
  • Deleuze, G. (2007). Immanence: a life. In D. Lapoujade (Ed.), Two Regimes of Madness: Texts and Interviews 1975-1995 (Ames Hodges and Mike Taormina, Trans.). (p. 384-388). The MIT Press. (Original work published 2003).
  • Deleuze, G. and Parnet, C. (2002). On the superiority of Anglo-American literature. In Dialogues II (H. Tomlinson and B. Habberjam, Trans.) (pp. 36-76). Columbia University Press. (Original work published 1977).
  • Deleuze, G. and Guattari, F. (2003). A thousand plateaus: Capitalism and schizophrenia (B. Massumi, Trans.). University of Minnesota Press. (Original work published 1980).
  • Donaldson, S. (2006). The crisis of Fitzgerald’s Crack-Up. In H. Bloom (Ed.), F. Scott Fitzgerald (pp. 81-98). Chelsea House Publishers.
  • Felman, S. (1982). Turning the screw of interpretation. In S. Felman (Ed.), Literature and psychoanalysis: The question of reading: otherwise (pp. 94-207). The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Fitzgerald, F. S. (1956). The Crack-Up (E. Wilson, Ed.). New Directions Books. (Original work published 1936).
  • Haines, D. (2015). From Deleuze and Guattari’s words to a Deleuzian theory of reading. Deleuze Studies, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 529-57.
  • Hook, A. (2002). F. Scott Fitzgerald: A literary life. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • James, H. (1999). The turn of the screw. In J. Bayley (Ed.), Collected stories (Vol. 2) (pp. 341-449). Alfred A. Knopf. (Original work published 1898).
  • Murfin, Ross C. (1995). Deconstruction and The Turn of the Screw. In P. G. Beidler (Ed.), The Turn of the Screw (pp. 179-89). Macmillan Education.
  • Wilson, E (1952). The ambiguity of Henry James. In The triple thinkers: Twelve essays on literary subjects (pp. 89-128). John Lehmann.
Toplam 18 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Dünya Dilleri, Edebiyatı ve Kültürü (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Hivren Demir Atay 0000-0001-8249-2181

Hakan Atay 0000-0002-0829-4619

Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2025
Kabul Tarihi 18 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 64

Kaynak Göster

APA Demir Atay, H., & Atay, H. (2025). Turning the Screws on a Life: A Literary Experiment with Fitzgerald, Wilson, and James. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi(64), 47-60. https://doi.org/10.35237/suitder.1731827