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A Mysterious Beginning, A Divine Trace: Interpreting the Form and Symbolism of the Egg in Byzantine Iconography in Light of Mythological Stories and Representations Reflected in Byzantine Depicting Art

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 62, 265 - 300, 30.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.35237/suitder.1527826

Öz

FHumankind has been trying to solve the mystery of the “truth of existence” since the first moment of his existence in the universe. First of all, he questioned what the reason for his creation is, what his existence means for the universe in which he lives, and what his duties and responsibilities are. The humankind, which accelerates his evolutionary development and cultural progress with an internal search and the answers he finds, draws a limit to his existence and the power he has, began to discuss the question of who or what was the main force that enabled creation in the next stage. The most remarkable response encountered in the definition of the metaphor of the creator and the created was the explanation of the creative force in relation to the egg. Here, the egg is defined as a truth that is the origin of everything, and it is emphasized that it is used as an important symbol pointing to the main force that created this origin. This form of the egg and the symbolic meaning attributed to its form is most commonly encountered in cosmogonic myths belonging to different cultures and civilizations. The egg and its symbolic meaning are not only included in the content of these stories, in which the essence of creation is described. As a matter of fact, it has been observed that eggs play important roles in the development of rituals and traditions in different cultures. The egg, which is seen as a symbol of “creation” and considered “holy” and used in similar forms and meanings by different cultures regardless of time and geography, was also used with similar meanings in the Byzantine Empire, which was a loyal partisan of Christianity. In Byzantium, the form of the egg in the context of Easter in the Orthodox Christian tradition and the form of the egg with similar meanings and functions in the depiction art of the period is one of the most prominent and most important proofs of this fact. It was observed that the egg, which was specifically defined with the terms “resurrection” and “life” in Byzantium in relation to Easter, was also integrated with many positive terms such as renewal, birth, fertility, fertility, immortality, cleanliness, purity, perfection, and its shape integrated with these positive terms was included in the depiction art of the period. It could be observed that the artists used the egg as an important symbol to express these meanings in their works in the compositions in which stories based on different themes and heroes were the subject of the compositions. In this study, the egg, which is used as a symbol in the context of the creation of the universe or life, and in the interpretation of the issue of creation as a representation of "beginning" and "first trace," will be briefly examined in terms of how it is used in myths from different periods. The study will also explain how these uses have been reflected in the field of art. Later, the meaning attributed to the egg in Byzantine iconography will be tried to be explained by analyzing the stories in which some semantic theories related to the egg can be detected in the art of depiction.

Kaynakça

  • Alban, G. M. E. (2003). Melusine the Serpent Goddess in A. S. Byatt's Possession and in Mythology. Lexington Books.
  • Alford, A. F. (2004). The Midnight Sun: The Death and Rebirth of God in Ancient Egypt. Eridu Books.
  • Apostolos-Cappadona, D. (2023). Mary Magdalene: A Visual History. Britain.
  • Atwell, J. E. (2000). An Egyptian Source For Genesis. The Journal of Theological Studies, 51(2), 441–477.
  • Atwood, R. (1993). Mary Magdalene in the New Testament Gospels and Early Tradition. Lang.
  • Aydın, M. (2007). İsa-Mesih’in Ölümden Dirilmesi Hakikat Mi Mitoloji Mi? İsa’nın Ölümden Dirilişi ve Taraftarlarına Görülmesiyle İlgili Rivayetlerinin Tarihsel Açıdan Değerlendirilmesi. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(24-25), 89-118.
  • Barnett, J. H. (1949). The Easter Festival-A Study in Cultural Change. American Sociological Review, 14(1), 62–70.
  • Berg, S. (2023). Chinese Mythology Mythical Creatures and Folklore Legends from Ancient China. Creek Ridge Publishing.
  • Billson, C. J. (1892). The Easter Hare. Folklore, 3(4), 441–466.
  • Blackman, M., & Kvaska, C. (2011). Nutrition Psychology: Improving Dietary Adherence. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
  • Blavatsky, H. P. (2010). The Secret Doctrine: Cosmogenesis (Vol. I). Theosophical University Press.
  • Bowker, J. (1997). The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford University Press.
  • Brereton, J. P. (1999). Edifying Puzzlement: Rgveda 10: 129 and the Uses of Enigma. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 119(2), 248-260.
  • Brewer, E. C. (2001). Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Wordsworth Editions Ltd.
  • Bromiley, G. W. (1998). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Q-Z. William B. Eerdmans Publishing.
  • Casanowicz, I. M. (1929). Collections of Objects of Religious Ceremonial in the United States National Museum. U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • Charlton, S. (2023). Egyptian Mythology: A Journey to Discover the Secrets of Ancient Egypt that Have Marked 4000 Years of Human History. Legendary Stories and Tales of Pharaohs, Gods and Egyptian Myths.
  • Clark, N. (2015). Aphrodite and Venus in Myth and Mimesis. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Clark, R. T. (1960). Runtle, Myth and Symbol in Ancient Egypt. Grove Press INC.
  • Cotterell, A. (1986). A Dictionary of World Mythology. Oxford University Press.
  • Cooper, J. (2014). Mysticism in the Middle: The Mandorla as Interpretive Tool for Reading Meister Eckhart. Spiritus: A Journal of Christian Spirituality, 14(1), 1-15.
  • Coulter, C. R., & Turner, P. (2000). Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities. McFarland.
  • DeConick, A. D. (2004). Comparing Christianities: An Introduction to Early Christianity. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Deubner, L. (1907). Kosmas und Damián, Texte und Einleitung. Tuebner.
  • D'Souza, A. (2005). Studies in Religious Imagination and Symbolism. Mittal Publications.
  • Edwin Oliver, J. (1966). The Tree of Life: An Archaeological Study. Brill.
  • Wright, D. (2007). Ehrman, Bart D. Peter, Paul, & Mary Magdalene: The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend. Library Journal, 132(12), 133-135.
  • Ehrman, B. D. (2006). Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene: The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend. Oxford University Press.
  • Eisenberg, R. L. (2008). Dictionary of Jewish Terms: A Guide to the Language of Judaism. Schreiber Publishing.
  • Eliade, M. (1980). Histoire des Croyances et des Idées Religieuses (Vol. I). Payot.
  • Eliade, M. (1991). Images and Symbols: Studies in Religious Symbolism (Trans. by Philip Mairet). Princeton University Press.
  • Gennep, A. V. (1960). The Rites of Passage. Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  • Marks, G. (2010). Encyclopedia of Jewish Food. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Graber, A. (2015). The Ten Dead Deities of the Temple of Dendera. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 101, 239–262.
  • Griffis, W. E. (1900). The Mikado's Empire: History of Japan from 660 B.C. to 1872 A.D. (Vol. 1). Harper & Brother Publishers.
  • Guénon, R. (2004). Perspectives on Initiation. Sophia Perennis.
  • Hall, J. (1979). Cosmas and Damian. Dictionary of Subjects & Symbols in Art (Rev. Edition). Harper & Row.
  • Hall, J. F. (1996). Etruscan Italy: Etruscan Influences on the Civilizations of Italy from Antiquity to the Modern Era. Brigham Young University.
  • Heilman, S. C. (2001). When a Jew Dies: The Ethnography of a Bereaved Son. University of California Press.
  • Hitchen, D. (2023). Sacred Seasons: A Family Guide to Center Your Year Around Jesus. Harvest House Publishers.
  • J. Simoons, F. (1994). Eat Not This Flesh: Food Avoidances from Prehistory to the Present. University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Josef, W. M. (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia (Vol. II, L-Z Index). Routledge.
  • Karakaş, R. (2021). Türk Halk Kültürü Geçiş Dönemi Ritüellerinde Yumurta. Folklor-Edebiyat Dergisi, 27(106), 357-377.
  • Karshner, E. (2011). Thought, Utterance, Power: Toward a Rhetoric of Magic. Philosophy & Rhetoric, 44(1), 52-71.
  • Kenrick, J. (1852). Ancient Egypt Under the Pharaohs. Redfield.
  • Kılıç, S. (2012). Yahudilikte Kutsal Yiyecek ve İçecekler. Dinler Tarihi Araştırmaları: Bütün Yönleriyle Yahudilik, 73-98.
  • King, K. L. (2003). The Gospel of Mary of Magdala: Jesus and the First Woman Apostle. Polebridge.
  • Koçak, A. & Otyakmaz, A. (2023). Hilal, Madde ve Mana Kabı Olarak Yumurtanın Sembolik Yorumları Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, 18, 222-241.
  • Krappe, A. H. (1930). Mythologie Universelle. Payot.
  • Leeming, D. A. (2010). Creation Myths of the World: An Encyclopedia (2nd Edition, Vol. II). ABC-CLIO.
  • Leeming, D. A. (2005). The Oxford Companion to World Mythology. Oxford University Press.
  • Lichtheim, M. (1975). Ancient Egyptian Literature: The Old and Middle Kingdoms (Vol. 1). University of California Press.
  • Malinowski, W. (2022). Twins Cosmas and Damian – Patron Saints of Doctors. J. Women Health Care and Issues, 5(1), 1-8.
  • Malm, J. (2018). God's Biblical Festivals: Passover and The Feast of Unleavened Bread. The Shining Light.
  • Musick, M., & Keating, A. (2016). The Catholic Catalogue: A Field Guide to the Daily Acts That Make Up a Catholic Life. Random House Publishing Group.
  • Müller, W. (2004). Max Müller, Egyptian Mythology. Dover Publications Inc.
  • Nadja, S., Andrea C., & Gisela G. (2006). Are There Biological Correlates to Social Stratification? Investigation of Early Medieval Separated Burial Grounds in Bavaria. Documenta Archaeobiologiae, 5, 68-86.
  • Olderr, S. (2022). Reverse Symbolism Dictionary: Symbols Listed by Subject. McFarland Company, Inc.
  • Oliver, G. (2023). Signs & Symbols Illustrated & Explained in a Course of Twelve Lectures on Freemasonry. Verlagsgesellschaft.
  • O'Reilly, R. J. (1971). Cosmas and Damian: Their Medical Legends and Historical Legacy. The Linacre Quarterly, 38(4), 254-260.
  • Parrinder, G. (1971). World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present. Facts On File Press.
  • Pinto-Correia, C. (1997). The Ovary of Eve: Egg and Sperm and Preformation. University of Chicago Press.
  • Pittman, N. C. (2003). Christian Wicca: The Trinitarian Tradition. 1st Book Library.
  • Porselvi, P. M. V. (2016). Nature, Culture, and Gender: Re-reading the Folktale. Taylor & Francis.
  • Robinson, J. M. (2015). Waiting in Christian Traditions: Balancing Ideology and Utopia. Lexington Books.
  • Rykwert, J. (1988). The Idea of a Town: The Anthropology of Urban Form in Rome, Italy, and the Ancient World. MIT Press.
  • Saxer, V. (1958). Les Saintes Marie Madeleine et Marie de Béthanie dans la Tradition Liturgique et Homilétique Orientale. Revue des Sciences Religieuses, 1, 1-37. Seal, D.-S., & Sharon, K. (2021). World Mythology: Human Desires, Wishes, Fears and Foibles. Eugne Oreon.
  • Shoup, J. A. (2017). The Nile: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture. ABC-CLIO LLC.
  • Sicilus, D. (1935). The Library of History II. The Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group.
  • Śmierzchalski, P., & Ząbkowski, T. (2009). Ikonografia i kult Kosmy i Damiana. Czasopismo Aptekarskie, 39, 21-31.
  • Snodgrass, A. (1992). The Symbolism of the Stupa. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
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  • Stookey, L. L. (2004). Thematic Guide to World Mythology. Greenwood Publishing Group.
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Gizemli Bir Başlangıç, İlahi Bir İz: Mitolojik Öykülerin ve Bizans Tasvir Sanatına Yansıyan Temsillerin Işığında Yumurtanın Bizans İkonografisinde Yer Alan Biçim ve Sembolizminin Yorumlanması

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 62, 265 - 300, 30.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.35237/suitder.1527826

Öz

İnsanoğlu, evren üzerinde varlığının başladığı ilk andan itibaren “yaratılış hakikati”nin sırrını çözmeye çalışmıştır. İlk olarak yaratılış sebebinin ne olduğunu, varlığının içerisinde bulunduğu evren için ne ifade ettiğini; görev ve sorumluluklarının neler olduğunu sorgulamıştır. İçsel bir arayışla ve bulduğu cevaplarla evrimsel gelişimine ve kültürel ilerlemesine bir ivme kazandıran, varlığına ve sahip olduğu güce dair bir sınır çizen insan, bir sonraki aşamada yaratılışı sağlayan ana gücün ne ya da kim olduğu esasını tartışmaya başlamıştır. Çeşitli dinamikler üzerinde düşünmüş ve en nihayetinde konuyla ilgili içeriği birbirinden farklı cevaplara ulaşabilmeyi başarmıştır. “Yaratan” ve “yaratılan” metaforunun tanımlanmasında karşılaşılan en dikkat çekici cevabı, yaratıcı gücün yumurtayla ilişkilendirilerek açıklandığı biçim oluşturmuştur. Burada, yumurta her şeyin başlangıcını oluşturan bir hakikat olarak tanımlanmış, onun bu başlangıcı oluşturan ana kudrete işaret eden önemli bir sembol olarak kullanıldığı vurgulanmıştır. Yumurtanın sahip olduğu form ve formuna yüklenen sembolik anlamıyla kullanılan bu şekli, en çok farklı kültür ve medeniyetlere ait olan kozmogonik mitlerde karşımıza çıkmıştır. Yumurta ve onun yüklenmiş olduğu sembolik anlam, aslında sadece yaratılış esasının anlatıldığı bu öykülerin içeriğinde yer almamıştır. Nitekim yumurtanın farklı kültürlerde ritüellerin ve geleneklerin biçimlenişinde de önemli roller üstlendiği takip edilebilmiştir. “Yaratılış” sembolü olarak görülen ve “kutsal” sayılan, zaman ve coğrafya fark etmeksizin farklı kültürler tarafından benzer biçim ve anlamlarda kullanıldığı tespit edilebilen yumurta, Hıristiyanlığın sadık taraftarlarından olan Bizans İmparatorluğu’nda da benzer anlamlarda kullanılmıştır. Bizans’ta, yumurtanın Ortodoks Hıristiyan geleneğindeki Paskalya Bayramı’nın içeriğinde yer alan biçimi ile benzer anlam ve görevlerle dönem tasvir sanatında işlenen biçimi, bu durumun en güzel ve en önemli ispatlarından birini oluşturmuştur. Bizans’ta, Paskalya Bayramı’yla ilişkili olarak özellikle “diriliş” ve “yaşam” kavramlarıyla özdeşleştirilen yumurtanın bu iki anlam haricinde ayrıca; yenilenme, doğum, bereket, doğurganlık, ölümsüzlük, temizlik, saflık, mükemmellik gibi pek çok olumlu kavramla bütünleştirildiği ve bu olumlu anlamlarla bütünleşen şeklinin dönem tasvir sanatında yer aldığı görülmüştür. Farklı konu ve kahramanlar üzerinden giden hikayelerin konu edinildiği kompozisyonlarda sanatçıların eserlerinde belirtilen bu anlamları vermede yumurtayı önemli bir sembol olarak kullandığı izlenebilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, evrenin ya da yaşamın yaratılışıyla ilişkilendirilen, bu bağlamda yaratılış meselesinin anlamlandırılmasında "başlangıç" ve "ilk iz"in verilmesinde bir öz olarak kullanılan yumurtanın; farklı dönem mitlerinde nasıl kullanıldığına, bu kullanımların sanat sahasına hangi biçimlerle yansıtıldığına kısaca değinilecek, daha sonra konunun Bizans ikonografisinde yüklenmiş olduğu anlam, yumurtayla ilişkili birtakım anlamsal kurguların yakalanabildiği hikayelerin tasvir sanatında konu edinildiği örnekleri üzerinden gidilerek açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Alban, G. M. E. (2003). Melusine the Serpent Goddess in A. S. Byatt's Possession and in Mythology. Lexington Books.
  • Alford, A. F. (2004). The Midnight Sun: The Death and Rebirth of God in Ancient Egypt. Eridu Books.
  • Apostolos-Cappadona, D. (2023). Mary Magdalene: A Visual History. Britain.
  • Atwell, J. E. (2000). An Egyptian Source For Genesis. The Journal of Theological Studies, 51(2), 441–477.
  • Atwood, R. (1993). Mary Magdalene in the New Testament Gospels and Early Tradition. Lang.
  • Aydın, M. (2007). İsa-Mesih’in Ölümden Dirilmesi Hakikat Mi Mitoloji Mi? İsa’nın Ölümden Dirilişi ve Taraftarlarına Görülmesiyle İlgili Rivayetlerinin Tarihsel Açıdan Değerlendirilmesi. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(24-25), 89-118.
  • Barnett, J. H. (1949). The Easter Festival-A Study in Cultural Change. American Sociological Review, 14(1), 62–70.
  • Berg, S. (2023). Chinese Mythology Mythical Creatures and Folklore Legends from Ancient China. Creek Ridge Publishing.
  • Billson, C. J. (1892). The Easter Hare. Folklore, 3(4), 441–466.
  • Blackman, M., & Kvaska, C. (2011). Nutrition Psychology: Improving Dietary Adherence. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
  • Blavatsky, H. P. (2010). The Secret Doctrine: Cosmogenesis (Vol. I). Theosophical University Press.
  • Bowker, J. (1997). The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford University Press.
  • Brereton, J. P. (1999). Edifying Puzzlement: Rgveda 10: 129 and the Uses of Enigma. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 119(2), 248-260.
  • Brewer, E. C. (2001). Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Wordsworth Editions Ltd.
  • Bromiley, G. W. (1998). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Q-Z. William B. Eerdmans Publishing.
  • Casanowicz, I. M. (1929). Collections of Objects of Religious Ceremonial in the United States National Museum. U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • Charlton, S. (2023). Egyptian Mythology: A Journey to Discover the Secrets of Ancient Egypt that Have Marked 4000 Years of Human History. Legendary Stories and Tales of Pharaohs, Gods and Egyptian Myths.
  • Clark, N. (2015). Aphrodite and Venus in Myth and Mimesis. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Clark, R. T. (1960). Runtle, Myth and Symbol in Ancient Egypt. Grove Press INC.
  • Cotterell, A. (1986). A Dictionary of World Mythology. Oxford University Press.
  • Cooper, J. (2014). Mysticism in the Middle: The Mandorla as Interpretive Tool for Reading Meister Eckhart. Spiritus: A Journal of Christian Spirituality, 14(1), 1-15.
  • Coulter, C. R., & Turner, P. (2000). Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities. McFarland.
  • DeConick, A. D. (2004). Comparing Christianities: An Introduction to Early Christianity. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Deubner, L. (1907). Kosmas und Damián, Texte und Einleitung. Tuebner.
  • D'Souza, A. (2005). Studies in Religious Imagination and Symbolism. Mittal Publications.
  • Edwin Oliver, J. (1966). The Tree of Life: An Archaeological Study. Brill.
  • Wright, D. (2007). Ehrman, Bart D. Peter, Paul, & Mary Magdalene: The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend. Library Journal, 132(12), 133-135.
  • Ehrman, B. D. (2006). Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene: The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend. Oxford University Press.
  • Eisenberg, R. L. (2008). Dictionary of Jewish Terms: A Guide to the Language of Judaism. Schreiber Publishing.
  • Eliade, M. (1980). Histoire des Croyances et des Idées Religieuses (Vol. I). Payot.
  • Eliade, M. (1991). Images and Symbols: Studies in Religious Symbolism (Trans. by Philip Mairet). Princeton University Press.
  • Gennep, A. V. (1960). The Rites of Passage. Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  • Marks, G. (2010). Encyclopedia of Jewish Food. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Graber, A. (2015). The Ten Dead Deities of the Temple of Dendera. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 101, 239–262.
  • Griffis, W. E. (1900). The Mikado's Empire: History of Japan from 660 B.C. to 1872 A.D. (Vol. 1). Harper & Brother Publishers.
  • Guénon, R. (2004). Perspectives on Initiation. Sophia Perennis.
  • Hall, J. (1979). Cosmas and Damian. Dictionary of Subjects & Symbols in Art (Rev. Edition). Harper & Row.
  • Hall, J. F. (1996). Etruscan Italy: Etruscan Influences on the Civilizations of Italy from Antiquity to the Modern Era. Brigham Young University.
  • Heilman, S. C. (2001). When a Jew Dies: The Ethnography of a Bereaved Son. University of California Press.
  • Hitchen, D. (2023). Sacred Seasons: A Family Guide to Center Your Year Around Jesus. Harvest House Publishers.
  • J. Simoons, F. (1994). Eat Not This Flesh: Food Avoidances from Prehistory to the Present. University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Josef, W. M. (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia (Vol. II, L-Z Index). Routledge.
  • Karakaş, R. (2021). Türk Halk Kültürü Geçiş Dönemi Ritüellerinde Yumurta. Folklor-Edebiyat Dergisi, 27(106), 357-377.
  • Karshner, E. (2011). Thought, Utterance, Power: Toward a Rhetoric of Magic. Philosophy & Rhetoric, 44(1), 52-71.
  • Kenrick, J. (1852). Ancient Egypt Under the Pharaohs. Redfield.
  • Kılıç, S. (2012). Yahudilikte Kutsal Yiyecek ve İçecekler. Dinler Tarihi Araştırmaları: Bütün Yönleriyle Yahudilik, 73-98.
  • King, K. L. (2003). The Gospel of Mary of Magdala: Jesus and the First Woman Apostle. Polebridge.
  • Koçak, A. & Otyakmaz, A. (2023). Hilal, Madde ve Mana Kabı Olarak Yumurtanın Sembolik Yorumları Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, 18, 222-241.
  • Krappe, A. H. (1930). Mythologie Universelle. Payot.
  • Leeming, D. A. (2010). Creation Myths of the World: An Encyclopedia (2nd Edition, Vol. II). ABC-CLIO.
  • Leeming, D. A. (2005). The Oxford Companion to World Mythology. Oxford University Press.
  • Lichtheim, M. (1975). Ancient Egyptian Literature: The Old and Middle Kingdoms (Vol. 1). University of California Press.
  • Malinowski, W. (2022). Twins Cosmas and Damian – Patron Saints of Doctors. J. Women Health Care and Issues, 5(1), 1-8.
  • Malm, J. (2018). God's Biblical Festivals: Passover and The Feast of Unleavened Bread. The Shining Light.
  • Musick, M., & Keating, A. (2016). The Catholic Catalogue: A Field Guide to the Daily Acts That Make Up a Catholic Life. Random House Publishing Group.
  • Müller, W. (2004). Max Müller, Egyptian Mythology. Dover Publications Inc.
  • Nadja, S., Andrea C., & Gisela G. (2006). Are There Biological Correlates to Social Stratification? Investigation of Early Medieval Separated Burial Grounds in Bavaria. Documenta Archaeobiologiae, 5, 68-86.
  • Olderr, S. (2022). Reverse Symbolism Dictionary: Symbols Listed by Subject. McFarland Company, Inc.
  • Oliver, G. (2023). Signs & Symbols Illustrated & Explained in a Course of Twelve Lectures on Freemasonry. Verlagsgesellschaft.
  • O'Reilly, R. J. (1971). Cosmas and Damian: Their Medical Legends and Historical Legacy. The Linacre Quarterly, 38(4), 254-260.
  • Parrinder, G. (1971). World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present. Facts On File Press.
  • Pinto-Correia, C. (1997). The Ovary of Eve: Egg and Sperm and Preformation. University of Chicago Press.
  • Pittman, N. C. (2003). Christian Wicca: The Trinitarian Tradition. 1st Book Library.
  • Porselvi, P. M. V. (2016). Nature, Culture, and Gender: Re-reading the Folktale. Taylor & Francis.
  • Robinson, J. M. (2015). Waiting in Christian Traditions: Balancing Ideology and Utopia. Lexington Books.
  • Rykwert, J. (1988). The Idea of a Town: The Anthropology of Urban Form in Rome, Italy, and the Ancient World. MIT Press.
  • Saxer, V. (1958). Les Saintes Marie Madeleine et Marie de Béthanie dans la Tradition Liturgique et Homilétique Orientale. Revue des Sciences Religieuses, 1, 1-37. Seal, D.-S., & Sharon, K. (2021). World Mythology: Human Desires, Wishes, Fears and Foibles. Eugne Oreon.
  • Shoup, J. A. (2017). The Nile: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture. ABC-CLIO LLC.
  • Sicilus, D. (1935). The Library of History II. The Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group.
  • Śmierzchalski, P., & Ząbkowski, T. (2009). Ikonografia i kult Kosmy i Damiana. Czasopismo Aptekarskie, 39, 21-31.
  • Snodgrass, A. (1992). The Symbolism of the Stupa. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
  • Steffler, A. W. (2002). Symbols of the Christian Faith. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
  • Stookey, L. L. (2004). Thematic Guide to World Mythology. Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Strott, N.-C., & Adrea-Grupe, G. (2006). Are There Biological Correlates to Social Stratification? Investigation of Early Medieval Separated Burial Grounds in Bavaria. Documenta Archaeologie, 5, 68-86.
  • Tao, S., Peng, A., & Chen, X. (2021). Being So Caught Up: Exploring Religious Projection and Ethical Appeal in Leda and the Swan. Religions, 12(1), 1-22.
  • Vitas, N. G. (2021). Ex Asia Et Syria: Oriental Religions in the Roman Central Balkans. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd.
  • Werness, H. B. (2006). The Continuum Encyclopedia of Animal Symbolism in Art. The Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd.
  • West, M. L. (1994). Ab Ovo: Orpheus, Sanchuniathon, and the Origins of the Ionian World Model. The Classical Quarterly, 44(2), 289-307.
  • Whittick, A. (1960). Symbols, Signs and Their Meaning and Uses in Design. Leonard Hill Books.
  • Wiedemann, A. (1897). Religion of the Ancient Egyptians. Grevel.
  • Wittmann, A. (1967). Kosmas und Damián. E. Schmidt Verlag.
  • Wright, R. (1995). Cosmology in Antiquity. Routledge.
Toplam 82 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Bizans Sanatı
Bölüm Sanat Tarihi
Yazarlar

Feray Korucu Yağız 0000-0003-2208-7330

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Ağustos 2024
Kabul Tarihi 28 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 62

Kaynak Göster

APA Korucu Yağız, F. (2024). Gizemli Bir Başlangıç, İlahi Bir İz: Mitolojik Öykülerin ve Bizans Tasvir Sanatına Yansıyan Temsillerin Işığında Yumurtanın Bizans İkonografisinde Yer Alan Biçim ve Sembolizminin Yorumlanması. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi(62), 265-300. https://doi.org/10.35237/suitder.1527826