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Üçüncü Yaş Yerli Turistlerin Seyahat Kısıtları ve Motivasyonları Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 42, 200 - 211, 01.08.2019

Öz

Üçüncü yaş turizmi dünya nüfusunun hızla yaşlanması, yaşlı nüfusun sosyo demografik ve sosyo ekonomik yapısının değişmesiyle birlikte turizm endüstrisi açısından önem kazanmıştır. Üçüncü yaş turizminin potansiyeline bağlı olarak önemli bir pazar haline gelmiş olan üçüncü yaş turistlerinin motivasyonlarının ve onları turizm etkinliklerine katılmaktan alıkoyan kısıtların neler olduğunun iyi analiz edilmesi gerekmektedir. Üçüncü yaş turistlerinin seyahat motivasyonu ile ilgili araştırmalarda belirlenen en yaygın itme motivasyonları dinlenme ve rahatlama, kaçış, yenilik arayışı, sosyal etkileşim, fiziksel egzersiz, sağlık, nostalji, arkadaş ve akraba ziyaretidir. Çekme motivasyonlarında ise hijyen ve temizlik, güvenlik, iklim, maliyet, ulaşım kolaylığı, alışveriş imkanları, tıbbi olanaklar, tarihi ve kültürel çekicilikler, doğal çekicilikler öne çıkmaktadır. Motivasyon, turizm mal ve hizmetlerinin seçimini etkileyen içsel bir istek, itici bir güç ise, seyahat kısıtları da insanların seyahat etme isteklerini, seyahat hazırlıklarına başlamayı, bunu sürdürmeyi ya da seyahate çıkma sıklığını artırmayı engelleyen faktörler olarak tanımlanmıştır. Kısıtlar içsel kısıtlar stres, depresyon, anksiyete vb. , kişilerarası kısıtlar örneğin uygun bir seyahat ortağı bulma ve yapısal kısıtlar aile yaşam döngüsü aşaması, finansal kaynaklar, mevsim, iklim, iş planlaması vb. olmak üzere üçe ayrılmıştır. Buradan yola çıkarak çalışmanın amacı üçüncü yaş yerli turistlerin seyahat kısıtlarını ve motivasyonlarını belirleyerek motivasyon ile seyahat kısıtları arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymak, sosyo demografik özelliklere bağlı olarak seyahat kısıtları ile motivasyonların farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını incelemektir. Çalışmanın amaçları doğrultusunda 394 kişi ile yüz yüze anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Yapılan faktör analizi sonucunda seyahat motivasyonları sosyalleşme, sağlık, kendini geliştirme ve yenilik arayışı olmak üzere dört boyutta incelenebileceği belirlenmiştir. En güçlü motivasyonların sosyalleşme ve yenilik arayışı olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca seyahat kısıtlarının içsel kısıtlar, kişilerarası kısıtlar ve yapısal kısıtlar olmak üzere üç boyut altında toplandığı tespit edilmiştir. Seyahat kısıtları içinde kişilerarası kısıtların en önemli kısıt olduğu ortay konmuştur. Bununla birlikte seyahat kısıtlarının motivasyon düzeyini etkilediği görülmüştür. Üçüncü yaş turistlerinin seyahat kısıtlarının ve motivasyonlarının göz önüne alınarak hazırlanacak turlar bu yaş gruplarının daha çok seyahat etmesini sağlayabilecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Albayrak, T., Caber, M.ve Bideci, M. (2014). Yaşlı Turistlerin Otel İşletmelerinde Önem Verdiği Ürün ve Hizmetler: Alman, İngiliz ve Hollandalı Turistlere Yönelik Bir Karşılaştırma. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 25(1): 62-74.
  • Alen, E., Losada, N. ve de Carlos, P. (2017). Profiling the segments of senior tourists throughout motivation and travel characteristics. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(14): 1454-1469.
  • Boksberger, P. E. ve Laesser, C. (2009). Segmentation of the senior travel market by the means of travel motivations. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 15(4): 311-322.
  • Ceylan, U. (2018). Üçüncü Yaş Turistlerin Termal Konaklama İşletmelerinden Beklentileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(4): 671-685.
  • Chen, H. J., Chen, P. J. ve Okumus, F. (2013). The relationship between travel constraints and destination image: A case study of Brunei. Tourism Management, 35, 198-208.
  • Chen, S. C. ve Shoemaker, S. (2014). Age and cohort effects: The American senior tourism market. Annals of Tourism Research, 48, 58-75.
  • Cheng, M., Wong, A. I. ve Prideaux, B. (2017). Political travel constraint: The role of Chinese popular nationalism. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 34(3): 383-397.
  • Chen, C. F. ve Wu, C. C. (2009). How motivations, constraints, and demographic factors predict seniors. Asia Pacific Management Review, 14(3): 301-312.
  • Crawford, D., Jackson, E. ve Godbey, G. (1991). A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure Science, 13(4): 309-320.
  • Dann, G. (1981) Tourist Motivation: An Appraisal, Annals of Tourism Research 8(2): 184–219.
  • European Commission. (2014). “Europe, the best destination for seniors” “Facilitating cooperation mechanisms to increase senior tourists’ travels, within Europe and from third countries, in the low and medium seasons” Draft Report. Brussels, Belgium. http://ec.europa.eu/DocsRoom/documents/5977 (10.02.2019).
  • Ferrer, J. G., Sanz, M. F., Ferrandis, E. D., McCabe, S. ve
  • García, J. S. (2016). Social tourism and healthy ageing. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(4): 297-307.
  • Fleischer, A. ve Pizam, A. (2002). Tourism constraints among Israeli seniors. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1): 106-123.
  • Fredman, P. ve Heberlein, T.A. (2005) Visits to the Swedish mountains: Constraints and motivations. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 5(3): 177-192.
  • Gao, J.ve Kerstetter, D. L. (2016). Using an intersectionality perspective to uncover older Chinese female's perceived travel constraints and negotiation strategies. Tourism Management, 57, 128-138
  • Gu, D., Zhu, H., Brown, T., Hoenig, H. ve Zeng, Y. (2016). Tourism experiences and self-rated health among older adults in China. Journal of Aging and Health, 28(4): 675–703.
  • Güler, E. Ö., Güler, H. ve Börüban, C. (2017). The Travel Preferences of Elderly Travelers Living in Adana. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 26(3): 109-124.
  • Hsu, C. H. ve Kang, S. K. (2009). Chınese Urban Mature Travelers'motivation and Constraınts By Decision Autonomy. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 26(7): 703-721.
  • Huber, D. (2019). A life course perspective to understanding senior tourism patterns and preferences. International Journal of Tourism Research. 2, 1-16.
  • Hung, K., Bai, X. ve Lu, J. (2016). Understanding travel constraints among the elderly in Hong Kong: a comparative study of the elderly living in private and in public housing. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(7): 1051-1070.
  • Horneman, L., Carter, R. W., Wei, S., & Ruys, H. (2002). Profiling the senior traveler: An Australian perspective. Journal of Travel Research, 41(1): 23-37.
  • Jang, S. S., Bai, B., Hu, C. ve Wu, C. (2009). Affect, travel motivation, and travel intention: A senior market. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 33(1): 51-73.
  • Kazeminia, A., Del Chiappa, G. ve Jafari, J. (2015). Seniors’ travel constraints and their coping strategies. Journal of Travel Research, 54(1): 80-93.
  • Kim, H. L. (2015). An Examination of Salient Dimensions of Senior Tourist Behavior: Relationships among Personal Values, Travel Constraints, Travel Motivation, and Quality of Life (QoL) (Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Tech).
  • Kim, M. ve Kim, C. (2018). Lifestyle and travel motivation of the elderly in South Korea: baseline characteristics and the relationship between demographic factors. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 1-24.
  • Lai, C., Li, X. ve Harrill, R. (2013). Chinese outbound tourists’ perceived constraints to visiting the United States. Tourism Management, 37, 136-146.
  • Laslett, P. (1991). A Fresh Map of Life, The Emergence of the Third Age, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London.
  • Littrell, M. A., Paige, R. C. ve Song, K. (2004). Senior travellers: Tourism activities and shopping behaviours. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(4): 348-362.
  • Nikitina, O. ve Vorontsova, G. (2015). Aging population and tourism: socially determined model of consumer behavior in the “senior tourism” segment. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 214, 845-851.
  • Nyaupane, G. P. ve Andereck, K. L. (2008). Understanding travel constraints: application and extension of a leisure constraints model. Journal of Travel Research, 46(4): 433 - 439.
  • Otoo, F. E. ve Kim, S. (2018). Analysis of studies on the travel motivations of senior tourists from 1980 to 2017: progress and future directions. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-25.
  • Özdamar, K. (2001). Spss ile Biyoistatistik. (4.Basım). Eskişehir: Kaan Kitabevi.
  • Özdipçiner, N. S. (2008). Türk turizm pazarında yaşlı yabancı tüketicilerin turistik tercihleri. Yaşlı Sorunları Araştırma Dergisi, 1(2): 134-146.
  • Patuelli, R. ve Nijkamp, P. (2016). Travel motivations of seniors: a review and a meta-analytical assessment. Tourism Economics, 22(4): 847-862.
  • Paris, C. M. ve Teye, V. (2010). Backpacker motivations: A travel career approach. Journal of Hospitality Marketing ve Management, 19(3): 244–259.
  • Prayag, G. (2012). Senior travelers’ motivations and future behavioral intentions: The case of nice. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 29(7): 665-681.
  • Sangpikul, A. (2008). Travel motivations of Japanese senior travellers to Thailand. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10(1): 81-94.
  • Shoemaker, S. (1989). Segmentation of the senior pleasure travel market. Journal of Travel Research, 27(3): 14-21.
  • Shoemaker, S. (2000). Segmenting the mature market: 10 years later. Journal of Travel Research, 39(1): 11-26.
  • Sirakaya, E. ve Woodside, A. G. (2005). Building and testing theories of decision making by travellers. Tourism Management, 26(6): 815-832.
  • Tufan, İ., Tamer Köse, M. ve Ayan, F. S. (2017). Türkiye ve Üçüncü Yaş Turizmi. MAKÜ-Uygulamalı. Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1): 29-36.
  • TUİK (2016). İstatistiklerle Yaşlılar. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=24644 (04.04.2019).
  • TUİK (2018). Turizm İstatistikleri. http://tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1072 (08.02.2019).
  • UNWTO (2011). Global code of ethics for tourism. http://www.unwto.org/ethics/principles/en/article_7.php (02.01.2019).
  • WHO. (2015a): World Health Organization, World Report on Ageing and Health. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/186463/1/9789240694811_eng.pdf. (12.04.2019)
  • Woo, E., Kim, H. ve Uysal, M. (2016). A measure of quality of life in elderly tourists. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 11(1 ): 65-82.

A Research on Travel Constraint and Motivatiıons of Third-Age Domestic Tourists

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 42, 200 - 211, 01.08.2019

Öz

With the rapid aging of the world population and change the socio-demographic and socio-economic structure of the elderly population, third age tourism has gained importance for the tourism industry. Due to the fact that the third age tourism is an important market because of the growth potential, it is necessary to analyse the travel motivations and the constraints of the seniors that prevent them from participating in tourism activities. Tourist motivation is also a set of needs or wishes that direct a person to participate in tourist activities. The most common push factors identified in research on the motivation of the seniors are resting and relaxation, escape, novelty seeking, social interaction, physical exercise, health, nostalgia visit friends and relatives. In pull factors, hygiene and cleanliness, security, climate, cost, ease of transportation, shopping facilities, medical facilities, historical and cultural attractiveness, natural attractiveness are prominent. Motivation is an intrinsic desire that affects the choice of tourism products and services but travel constraints are defined as factors that prevent people from traveling, starting preparations for travel, increasing the frequency of travel or travel. Constraints are divided into three as intrapersonal constraints stress, depression, anxiety, etc. , interpersonal constraints e.g. finding a suitable travel partner and structural constraints family life cycle stage, financial resources, season, climate, business planning, etc. . The aim of this study is to determine the travel constraints and motivations of the local senior tourists and to determine the relationship between motivation and travel constraints and to examine whether the travel constraints and motivations differ depending on the socio - demographic characteristics. Using factor analyses, four motivations factors named socialization, novelty seeking and physical health, selfdevelopment were delineated. Socialization and novelty seeking were identified as the most important travel motivation factor from four extracted factors. It is also found that travel constraints were grouped under three factors as intrapersonal constraints, interpersonal constraints and structural constraints. Interpersonal constraints were seen as the most important constraint in travel constraints. However, it has been also found that perceived travel constraints effect the level of motivation. For the purposes of the study, 394 people were surveyed. The tours to be prepared taking into account the travel constraints and motivations of the third-age tourists can make this age group travel more

Kaynakça

  • Albayrak, T., Caber, M.ve Bideci, M. (2014). Yaşlı Turistlerin Otel İşletmelerinde Önem Verdiği Ürün ve Hizmetler: Alman, İngiliz ve Hollandalı Turistlere Yönelik Bir Karşılaştırma. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 25(1): 62-74.
  • Alen, E., Losada, N. ve de Carlos, P. (2017). Profiling the segments of senior tourists throughout motivation and travel characteristics. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(14): 1454-1469.
  • Boksberger, P. E. ve Laesser, C. (2009). Segmentation of the senior travel market by the means of travel motivations. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 15(4): 311-322.
  • Ceylan, U. (2018). Üçüncü Yaş Turistlerin Termal Konaklama İşletmelerinden Beklentileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(4): 671-685.
  • Chen, H. J., Chen, P. J. ve Okumus, F. (2013). The relationship between travel constraints and destination image: A case study of Brunei. Tourism Management, 35, 198-208.
  • Chen, S. C. ve Shoemaker, S. (2014). Age and cohort effects: The American senior tourism market. Annals of Tourism Research, 48, 58-75.
  • Cheng, M., Wong, A. I. ve Prideaux, B. (2017). Political travel constraint: The role of Chinese popular nationalism. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 34(3): 383-397.
  • Chen, C. F. ve Wu, C. C. (2009). How motivations, constraints, and demographic factors predict seniors. Asia Pacific Management Review, 14(3): 301-312.
  • Crawford, D., Jackson, E. ve Godbey, G. (1991). A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure Science, 13(4): 309-320.
  • Dann, G. (1981) Tourist Motivation: An Appraisal, Annals of Tourism Research 8(2): 184–219.
  • European Commission. (2014). “Europe, the best destination for seniors” “Facilitating cooperation mechanisms to increase senior tourists’ travels, within Europe and from third countries, in the low and medium seasons” Draft Report. Brussels, Belgium. http://ec.europa.eu/DocsRoom/documents/5977 (10.02.2019).
  • Ferrer, J. G., Sanz, M. F., Ferrandis, E. D., McCabe, S. ve
  • García, J. S. (2016). Social tourism and healthy ageing. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(4): 297-307.
  • Fleischer, A. ve Pizam, A. (2002). Tourism constraints among Israeli seniors. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1): 106-123.
  • Fredman, P. ve Heberlein, T.A. (2005) Visits to the Swedish mountains: Constraints and motivations. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 5(3): 177-192.
  • Gao, J.ve Kerstetter, D. L. (2016). Using an intersectionality perspective to uncover older Chinese female's perceived travel constraints and negotiation strategies. Tourism Management, 57, 128-138
  • Gu, D., Zhu, H., Brown, T., Hoenig, H. ve Zeng, Y. (2016). Tourism experiences and self-rated health among older adults in China. Journal of Aging and Health, 28(4): 675–703.
  • Güler, E. Ö., Güler, H. ve Börüban, C. (2017). The Travel Preferences of Elderly Travelers Living in Adana. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 26(3): 109-124.
  • Hsu, C. H. ve Kang, S. K. (2009). Chınese Urban Mature Travelers'motivation and Constraınts By Decision Autonomy. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 26(7): 703-721.
  • Huber, D. (2019). A life course perspective to understanding senior tourism patterns and preferences. International Journal of Tourism Research. 2, 1-16.
  • Hung, K., Bai, X. ve Lu, J. (2016). Understanding travel constraints among the elderly in Hong Kong: a comparative study of the elderly living in private and in public housing. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(7): 1051-1070.
  • Horneman, L., Carter, R. W., Wei, S., & Ruys, H. (2002). Profiling the senior traveler: An Australian perspective. Journal of Travel Research, 41(1): 23-37.
  • Jang, S. S., Bai, B., Hu, C. ve Wu, C. (2009). Affect, travel motivation, and travel intention: A senior market. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 33(1): 51-73.
  • Kazeminia, A., Del Chiappa, G. ve Jafari, J. (2015). Seniors’ travel constraints and their coping strategies. Journal of Travel Research, 54(1): 80-93.
  • Kim, H. L. (2015). An Examination of Salient Dimensions of Senior Tourist Behavior: Relationships among Personal Values, Travel Constraints, Travel Motivation, and Quality of Life (QoL) (Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Tech).
  • Kim, M. ve Kim, C. (2018). Lifestyle and travel motivation of the elderly in South Korea: baseline characteristics and the relationship between demographic factors. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 1-24.
  • Lai, C., Li, X. ve Harrill, R. (2013). Chinese outbound tourists’ perceived constraints to visiting the United States. Tourism Management, 37, 136-146.
  • Laslett, P. (1991). A Fresh Map of Life, The Emergence of the Third Age, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London.
  • Littrell, M. A., Paige, R. C. ve Song, K. (2004). Senior travellers: Tourism activities and shopping behaviours. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(4): 348-362.
  • Nikitina, O. ve Vorontsova, G. (2015). Aging population and tourism: socially determined model of consumer behavior in the “senior tourism” segment. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 214, 845-851.
  • Nyaupane, G. P. ve Andereck, K. L. (2008). Understanding travel constraints: application and extension of a leisure constraints model. Journal of Travel Research, 46(4): 433 - 439.
  • Otoo, F. E. ve Kim, S. (2018). Analysis of studies on the travel motivations of senior tourists from 1980 to 2017: progress and future directions. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-25.
  • Özdamar, K. (2001). Spss ile Biyoistatistik. (4.Basım). Eskişehir: Kaan Kitabevi.
  • Özdipçiner, N. S. (2008). Türk turizm pazarında yaşlı yabancı tüketicilerin turistik tercihleri. Yaşlı Sorunları Araştırma Dergisi, 1(2): 134-146.
  • Patuelli, R. ve Nijkamp, P. (2016). Travel motivations of seniors: a review and a meta-analytical assessment. Tourism Economics, 22(4): 847-862.
  • Paris, C. M. ve Teye, V. (2010). Backpacker motivations: A travel career approach. Journal of Hospitality Marketing ve Management, 19(3): 244–259.
  • Prayag, G. (2012). Senior travelers’ motivations and future behavioral intentions: The case of nice. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 29(7): 665-681.
  • Sangpikul, A. (2008). Travel motivations of Japanese senior travellers to Thailand. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10(1): 81-94.
  • Shoemaker, S. (1989). Segmentation of the senior pleasure travel market. Journal of Travel Research, 27(3): 14-21.
  • Shoemaker, S. (2000). Segmenting the mature market: 10 years later. Journal of Travel Research, 39(1): 11-26.
  • Sirakaya, E. ve Woodside, A. G. (2005). Building and testing theories of decision making by travellers. Tourism Management, 26(6): 815-832.
  • Tufan, İ., Tamer Köse, M. ve Ayan, F. S. (2017). Türkiye ve Üçüncü Yaş Turizmi. MAKÜ-Uygulamalı. Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1): 29-36.
  • TUİK (2016). İstatistiklerle Yaşlılar. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=24644 (04.04.2019).
  • TUİK (2018). Turizm İstatistikleri. http://tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1072 (08.02.2019).
  • UNWTO (2011). Global code of ethics for tourism. http://www.unwto.org/ethics/principles/en/article_7.php (02.01.2019).
  • WHO. (2015a): World Health Organization, World Report on Ageing and Health. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/186463/1/9789240694811_eng.pdf. (12.04.2019)
  • Woo, E., Kim, H. ve Uysal, M. (2016). A measure of quality of life in elderly tourists. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 11(1 ): 65-82.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Ayşe Nevin Sert Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ağustos 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Sayı: 42

Kaynak Göster

APA Sert, A. N. (2019). Üçüncü Yaş Yerli Turistlerin Seyahat Kısıtları ve Motivasyonları Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(42), 200-211.


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