GÜNCEL KARARLAR VE SON GELİŞMELER IŞIĞINDA ICSID TAHKİMİNDE HAKEMİN REDDİ

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 48, 583 - 614, 01.10.2021

Ahmet Sefa Dınleyıcı

https://doi.org/10.54049/taad.1009431

Öz

Tahkimde hakemlerin bağımsızlığını ve tarafsızlığını temin edecek düzenlemelerin başında hakemlerin ifşa yükümlülükleri ve hakemin reddi düzenlemesi gelmektedir. Bu kapsamda ise Uluslararası Yatırım Uyuşmazlıkları Çözüm Merkezi (ICSID) Tahkim Kurallarının diğer tahkim kurallarından birçok açıdan farklı olduğu göze çarpmaktadır. ICSID sistemindeki bu farklılıklar temelde hakemlerin ifşa yükümlerinin çok geniş olduğu ama buna karşı hakemin reddi standardının çok yüksek olduğu; bunlara bağlı olarak ret talep oranının yüksek, ret talebi kabul oranının ise çok düşük olduğu bir sonuç meydana getirmiştir. Ortaya çıkan bu durum ICSID tahkimindeki hakemin reddi mekanizmasının işlevselliğinin sorgulanmasına yol açmıştır. Buradan hareketle yapılan bu çalışmada ICSID tahkiminde hakemin reddi konusu diğer tahkim kurallarıyla karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınmış, ICSID sistemindeki eksiklikler ortaya konulmaya ve çözüm önerileri getirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Varılan en önemli sonuçlardan birisi ret standartlarının 2013 yılından günümüzde değin istikrarlı bir şekilde kolaylaştırıldığı ve diğer tahkim normlarıyla uyumlulaştırıldığıdır. Ancak bu iyileşme ICSID sisteminde hakemin reddi mekanizmasını tek başına işlevsel hale getirmeye yeterli olmayıp; ret talebini değerlendirme usulünün de değiştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Ayrıca ret sebebi olarak sıklıkla ileri sürülen ‘hakemin bir tarafça birden fazla kez atanması’ veya ‘hakemin uyuşmazlık konusunda akademik yayın yapması’ gibi konularda ICSID yatırım tahkimi sisteminin ticari tahkimden farklı dinamikleri olduğu gözetilerek hakemin reddi konusunda buna göre karar verilmesi gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yatırım Tahkimi, Hakemin Reddi, ICSID, Ret Prosedürleri, IBA Kılavuzu, UNCITRAL Tahkim Kuralları

Disqualification of Arbitrators in ICSID Arbitration in Light of Recent Decisons and Developments

Öz

Disclose obligations of arbitrators and disqualification of arbitrators are key issues in international arbitration. It is easily noticed that ICSID Arbitraiton Rules are different from other arbitration rules in very aspects regarding these issues. These differences basically brought low standards for disclose obligation but high threshold for disqualification; high challenge rates of arbitrator but low success rates at those challenges. This situation caused ICSID arbitrator challenge mechanism’s functionality to be questioned. Bearing in mind this situation, challenge of arbitrators issue in ICSID comparatively studied in this article and shortcomings and suggestions provided discusssed. Of the important results is that disqualification standards are being lowered from the 2013 consistently but this improvement is not sufficient to make ICSID challenge mechanism functional because there is also need to revise deciding authority where two unchallenged arbitrator decide on challenge issue. Besides, issues of “multiple appointments of arbitrator” or “issuing a publication regarding legal issue”, which are frequently used by parties as disqualification reason, should be assessed considering the different dynamics of ICSID investment arbitration from commercial arbitration and decisions should regard those differences.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Investment Arbitration, Disqualification of Arbitrator, ICSID, Challenge Procedures, IBA Guidelines, UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules

Kaynakça

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