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Fındık Zurufunun Peletlenmesi ve Pelet Fiziksel Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3, 265 - 273, 25.08.2015

Öz

Türkiye, fındık üretiminde nicelik ve nitelik açısından dünyada ilk sırada yer almaktadır. Fındık

zurufu, fındık hasadı sonrası ortaya çıkan ve çoğunlukla değerlendirilmeyen biyokütle materyalidir.

Bu çalışmada, %14 nem içeriğine ve 1.023 mm geometrik ortalama çapa sahip fındık zurufu

laboratuvar ölçekli 3 kW güçlü pelet makinesinde peletlenmiş ve pelet kalitesi ile ilgili fiziksel

özellikler belirlenmiştir. Peletlerin fiziksel özellikleri ile ilgili olarak hacim yoğunluğu, parça

yoğunluğu, dayanıklılık direnci, darbe direnci ve nem alma durumu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca çalışmada

pelet makinesinin kapasitesi hesaplanmıştır. Fiziksel testler öncesinde peletler 7 gün süre ile 24C

sıcaklık ve %55 nem içeriğine sahip çevre şartlarında bekletilmiştir.

Çalışma sonunda, ortalama 6.1 mm çapında ve 27 mm uzunluğunda peletler elde edilmiştir. Fındık

zurufu peletlerinin parça ve hacim yoğunluğu sırası ile ortalama 1307 kg/m3 ve 724 kg/m3

bulunmuştur. Fındık zurufu peletlerinin fiziksel testler sonucu oldukça sağlam yapıda olduğu

görülmüş, dayanıklılık direnci ve darbe direnci değerleri sırası ile %97.72 ve %99.60 olarak

belirlenmiştir. Peletlerin nem alma direnci ortam sıcaklığı ve nemine bağlı olarak değişmiş ve düşük

sıcaklık ve nem koşullarında peletlerin bir miktar nem kaybettikleri saptanmıştır. Pelet makinesinin

kapasitesi 67 kg/h olarak bulunmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Ahn, B. J., Chang, H,. Lee, S. M., Choi, D. H., Cho, S. T., Han, G., Yang, I., 2014. Effect of Binders on the Durability of Wood Pellets Fabricated from Larix kaemferi C. and Liriodendron Tulipifera L. Sawdust. Renewable Energy, 62: 18-23.
  • Balasubramanian, D., 2000. Physical Properties of Raw Cashew Nut. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Reserach, 78: 291-297.
  • Bergström, D., Israelsonn, S., Öhman, M., Dahlqvist, S., Gref, R., Boman, C., Wasterlund, I. 2008. Effects of Raw Material Particle Size Distribution on the Characteristics of Scots Pine Sawdust Fuel Pellets. Fuel Processing Technology, 89: 1324-1329.
  • Celma, A. R., Cuadros, F., Rodriguez, F. L., 2012. Characterization of Pellets from Industrial Tomato Residues. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 90: 700- 706.
  • Colley, Z. J., 2006. Compaction of Switchgrass for Value Added Utilization. M. Sc. Thesis, The Gtaduate Faculty of Auburn University, 132 p.
  • Dok, M., 2014. Karadeniz Bölgesinin Tarımsal Atık Potansiyeli ve Bunlardan Pelet Yakıt Olarak Yararlanılması. Enerji Tarımı ve Biyoyakıtlar 4. Ulusal Çalıştayı, 28-29 Mayıs, Samsun, 211-222.
  • EN 14774-2. 2009. Solid Biofuels. Determination of Moisture Content. Oven Dry Method. Total Moisture. Simplified method.
  • EN 14961-2. 2013. European Pellet Council. Handbook for the Certification of Wood Pellets for Heating Purposes, Version 2.0.
  • EN 15103. 2009. Solid Biofuels. Determination of Bulk Density EN 15210-1. 2009. Solid Biofuels. Determination of Mechanical Durability of Pellets and Briquettes – Part 1: Pellets
  • EN 16127. 2012. Solid biofuels. Determination of length and diameter of pellets Fasina, O.O. 2008. Physical Properties of Peanut Hull Pellets. Bioresource Technology, 99: 1259-1266.
  • Garcia-Maraver, A., Popov, V., Zamorano, M. 2011. A Review of European Standards for Pellet Quality. Renewable Energy, 36: 3537-3540.
  • Guney, M. S., 2013. Utilization of Hazelnut Husk as Biomass. Sustainable Energy Technology and Assessments, 4: 72- 77.
  • Gürdil, G.A.K., Demirel, B., Acar, M., Dok, M. 2014. Samsun’da Tarımsal Faaliyetler Sonucu Açığa Çıkan Bazı Tarımsal Atıklardan Elde Edilen Briketlerin Özellikleri. Enerji Tarımı ve Biyoyakıtlar 4. Ulusal Çalıştayı, 28-29 Mayıs, Samsun, 123-130.
  • Holm, J. K., Henriksen, U. B., Hustad, J. E., Sorensen, L. H., 2006. Toward an Understanding of Controlling Parameters in Softwood and Hardwood Pellet Production. Energy and Fuel, 20: 2686-2694.
  • Kaliyan, N., Morey, R. V., 2009. Factor Affecting Strength and Durability of Densified Biomass Products. Biomass and Bioenergy, 33: 337-359.
  • Kashaninejad, M., Tabil, L. G., Knox, R., 2014. Effect of Compressive Load and Particle Size on Compression Characteristics of Selected Varieties of Wheat Straw Grinds. Biomass and Bioenergy, 60: 1-7.
  • Lehtikangas, P., 2001. Quality Properties of Pelletized Sawdust, Logging Residues and Bark. Biomass and Bioenergy, 20: 351-360.
  • Lestander, T. A., Finell, M., Samuelsson, R., Arshadi, M., Thyrel, M. 2012. Industrial Scale Biofuel Pellet Production from Blends of Unbarked Softwood and Hardwood Stems—The Effects of Raw Material Composition and Moisture Content on Pellet Quality. Fuel Processing Technology, 95: 73-7.
  • Mani, S., Tabil, L. G., Sokhansanj, S., 2003. An Overview of Compaction of Biomass Grinds. Powder Handling and Process, 15: 160-168.
  • Mani, S., Tabil, L. G., Sokhansanj, S., 2006. Effects of Compressive Force, Particle Size and Moisture Content on Mechanical of Biomass Pellets from Grasses. Biomass and Bioenergy, 30: 648-654.
  • Miranda, M. T., Arranz, J. I., Roman, S., Rojas, S., Montero, I., Lopez, M., Cruz, J. A., 2011. Characterization of Grape Pomace and Pyrenean Oak Pellets. Fuel Processing Technology, 92: 278-283.
  • Miranda, M. T., Arranz, J. I., Montero, I., Roman, S., Rojas, C.V., Nogales, S., 2012. Characterization and Combustion of Olive Pomace and Forest Residue Pellets. Fuel Processing Technology, 103: 91-96.
  • Nilsson, D., Bernesson, S., Hansson, P. A., 2011. Pellet Production from Agricultural Raw Materials – A Systems Study. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35: 679-689.
  • Pietsch, W. 2002. Agglomeration Processes: Phenomena, Technologies, Equipment. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 614 p. Razuan, R., Finney, K. N., Chen, Q., Sharifi, V. N., Swithenbank, J., 2011. Pelletised Fuel Production from Palm Kernel Cake. Fuel Processing Technology, 92(3): 609-615.
  • Santamarta, L. C., Chaney, K., Godwin, R. J., White, D. R., 2012. Physical Quality Changes During the Storage of Canola (Brassica Napus L.) Straw Pellets. Applied Energy, 95: 220-226.
  • Serrano, C., Monedero, E., Lapuerta, M., Portero, H., 2011. Effect of Moisture Content, Particle Size and Pine Addition on Quality Parameters of Barley Straw Pellets. Fuel Processing Technology, 92: 699-706.
  • Sokhansanj, J., Turhollow, A. F., 2004. Biomass Densification- Cubing Operations and Cost for Corn Stover. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 20: 495-499.
  • Stelte, W., Holm, J. K., Sanadi, A. R., Barsberg, S., Ahrenfeldt, J., Henriksen, U. B., 2011. Fuel Pellets From Biomass: The Importance of the Pelletizing Pressure and Its Dependency on the Processing Conditions. Fuel, 90, 3285-3290.
  • Tabil, L. G., Sokhansanj, S., 1996. Process Conditions Affecting the Physical Quality of Alfalfa Pellets. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 12: 345-350.Tabil, L. G. , Sokhansanj, S., 1997. Bulk Properties of Alfalfa Grind in Relation to Its Compaction Characteristics. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 13: 499-505.
  • Theerarattananoon, K., Xu, F., Wilson, J., Ballard, R., McKinney, L., Staggenborg, S., Vadlani, P., Pei, Z. J., Wang, D., 2011. Physical Properties of Pellets Made from Sorghum Stalk, Corn Stover, Wheat Straw, and Big Bluestem. Industrial Crops and Products, 33(2): 325- 332.
  • TUİK. 2015. Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri, Tarım ve Orman Alanları, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. http://www.tuik.gov.tr . [Son erişim tarihi: 22.05.2015]
  • Tumuluru, J. S., Wright, C. T., Hess, J. R., Kenney, K. L., 2011. A review of Biomass Densification systems to Develop Uniform Feedstock Commodities for Bioenergy Application. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 5: 683-707.
  • Werther, J., Sanger, M., Hartge, E. U., Ogada, T., Siagi, Z., 2000. Combustion of Agricultural Residues. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 26: 1-27.
  • Zeytin, S., Baran, A. 2003. Influences of Composted Hazelnut Husk on Some Physical Properties od Soils. Bioresource Technology, 88: 241-244.
Yıl 2015, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3, 265 - 273, 25.08.2015

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Ahn, B. J., Chang, H,. Lee, S. M., Choi, D. H., Cho, S. T., Han, G., Yang, I., 2014. Effect of Binders on the Durability of Wood Pellets Fabricated from Larix kaemferi C. and Liriodendron Tulipifera L. Sawdust. Renewable Energy, 62: 18-23.
  • Balasubramanian, D., 2000. Physical Properties of Raw Cashew Nut. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Reserach, 78: 291-297.
  • Bergström, D., Israelsonn, S., Öhman, M., Dahlqvist, S., Gref, R., Boman, C., Wasterlund, I. 2008. Effects of Raw Material Particle Size Distribution on the Characteristics of Scots Pine Sawdust Fuel Pellets. Fuel Processing Technology, 89: 1324-1329.
  • Celma, A. R., Cuadros, F., Rodriguez, F. L., 2012. Characterization of Pellets from Industrial Tomato Residues. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 90: 700- 706.
  • Colley, Z. J., 2006. Compaction of Switchgrass for Value Added Utilization. M. Sc. Thesis, The Gtaduate Faculty of Auburn University, 132 p.
  • Dok, M., 2014. Karadeniz Bölgesinin Tarımsal Atık Potansiyeli ve Bunlardan Pelet Yakıt Olarak Yararlanılması. Enerji Tarımı ve Biyoyakıtlar 4. Ulusal Çalıştayı, 28-29 Mayıs, Samsun, 211-222.
  • EN 14774-2. 2009. Solid Biofuels. Determination of Moisture Content. Oven Dry Method. Total Moisture. Simplified method.
  • EN 14961-2. 2013. European Pellet Council. Handbook for the Certification of Wood Pellets for Heating Purposes, Version 2.0.
  • EN 15103. 2009. Solid Biofuels. Determination of Bulk Density EN 15210-1. 2009. Solid Biofuels. Determination of Mechanical Durability of Pellets and Briquettes – Part 1: Pellets
  • EN 16127. 2012. Solid biofuels. Determination of length and diameter of pellets Fasina, O.O. 2008. Physical Properties of Peanut Hull Pellets. Bioresource Technology, 99: 1259-1266.
  • Garcia-Maraver, A., Popov, V., Zamorano, M. 2011. A Review of European Standards for Pellet Quality. Renewable Energy, 36: 3537-3540.
  • Guney, M. S., 2013. Utilization of Hazelnut Husk as Biomass. Sustainable Energy Technology and Assessments, 4: 72- 77.
  • Gürdil, G.A.K., Demirel, B., Acar, M., Dok, M. 2014. Samsun’da Tarımsal Faaliyetler Sonucu Açığa Çıkan Bazı Tarımsal Atıklardan Elde Edilen Briketlerin Özellikleri. Enerji Tarımı ve Biyoyakıtlar 4. Ulusal Çalıştayı, 28-29 Mayıs, Samsun, 123-130.
  • Holm, J. K., Henriksen, U. B., Hustad, J. E., Sorensen, L. H., 2006. Toward an Understanding of Controlling Parameters in Softwood and Hardwood Pellet Production. Energy and Fuel, 20: 2686-2694.
  • Kaliyan, N., Morey, R. V., 2009. Factor Affecting Strength and Durability of Densified Biomass Products. Biomass and Bioenergy, 33: 337-359.
  • Kashaninejad, M., Tabil, L. G., Knox, R., 2014. Effect of Compressive Load and Particle Size on Compression Characteristics of Selected Varieties of Wheat Straw Grinds. Biomass and Bioenergy, 60: 1-7.
  • Lehtikangas, P., 2001. Quality Properties of Pelletized Sawdust, Logging Residues and Bark. Biomass and Bioenergy, 20: 351-360.
  • Lestander, T. A., Finell, M., Samuelsson, R., Arshadi, M., Thyrel, M. 2012. Industrial Scale Biofuel Pellet Production from Blends of Unbarked Softwood and Hardwood Stems—The Effects of Raw Material Composition and Moisture Content on Pellet Quality. Fuel Processing Technology, 95: 73-7.
  • Mani, S., Tabil, L. G., Sokhansanj, S., 2003. An Overview of Compaction of Biomass Grinds. Powder Handling and Process, 15: 160-168.
  • Mani, S., Tabil, L. G., Sokhansanj, S., 2006. Effects of Compressive Force, Particle Size and Moisture Content on Mechanical of Biomass Pellets from Grasses. Biomass and Bioenergy, 30: 648-654.
  • Miranda, M. T., Arranz, J. I., Roman, S., Rojas, S., Montero, I., Lopez, M., Cruz, J. A., 2011. Characterization of Grape Pomace and Pyrenean Oak Pellets. Fuel Processing Technology, 92: 278-283.
  • Miranda, M. T., Arranz, J. I., Montero, I., Roman, S., Rojas, C.V., Nogales, S., 2012. Characterization and Combustion of Olive Pomace and Forest Residue Pellets. Fuel Processing Technology, 103: 91-96.
  • Nilsson, D., Bernesson, S., Hansson, P. A., 2011. Pellet Production from Agricultural Raw Materials – A Systems Study. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35: 679-689.
  • Pietsch, W. 2002. Agglomeration Processes: Phenomena, Technologies, Equipment. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 614 p. Razuan, R., Finney, K. N., Chen, Q., Sharifi, V. N., Swithenbank, J., 2011. Pelletised Fuel Production from Palm Kernel Cake. Fuel Processing Technology, 92(3): 609-615.
  • Santamarta, L. C., Chaney, K., Godwin, R. J., White, D. R., 2012. Physical Quality Changes During the Storage of Canola (Brassica Napus L.) Straw Pellets. Applied Energy, 95: 220-226.
  • Serrano, C., Monedero, E., Lapuerta, M., Portero, H., 2011. Effect of Moisture Content, Particle Size and Pine Addition on Quality Parameters of Barley Straw Pellets. Fuel Processing Technology, 92: 699-706.
  • Sokhansanj, J., Turhollow, A. F., 2004. Biomass Densification- Cubing Operations and Cost for Corn Stover. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 20: 495-499.
  • Stelte, W., Holm, J. K., Sanadi, A. R., Barsberg, S., Ahrenfeldt, J., Henriksen, U. B., 2011. Fuel Pellets From Biomass: The Importance of the Pelletizing Pressure and Its Dependency on the Processing Conditions. Fuel, 90, 3285-3290.
  • Tabil, L. G., Sokhansanj, S., 1996. Process Conditions Affecting the Physical Quality of Alfalfa Pellets. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 12: 345-350.Tabil, L. G. , Sokhansanj, S., 1997. Bulk Properties of Alfalfa Grind in Relation to Its Compaction Characteristics. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 13: 499-505.
  • Theerarattananoon, K., Xu, F., Wilson, J., Ballard, R., McKinney, L., Staggenborg, S., Vadlani, P., Pei, Z. J., Wang, D., 2011. Physical Properties of Pellets Made from Sorghum Stalk, Corn Stover, Wheat Straw, and Big Bluestem. Industrial Crops and Products, 33(2): 325- 332.
  • TUİK. 2015. Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri, Tarım ve Orman Alanları, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. http://www.tuik.gov.tr . [Son erişim tarihi: 22.05.2015]
  • Tumuluru, J. S., Wright, C. T., Hess, J. R., Kenney, K. L., 2011. A review of Biomass Densification systems to Develop Uniform Feedstock Commodities for Bioenergy Application. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 5: 683-707.
  • Werther, J., Sanger, M., Hartge, E. U., Ogada, T., Siagi, Z., 2000. Combustion of Agricultural Residues. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 26: 1-27.
  • Zeytin, S., Baran, A. 2003. Influences of Composted Hazelnut Husk on Some Physical Properties od Soils. Bioresource Technology, 88: 241-244.
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Sefai Bilgin

Hasan Yılmaz Bu kişi benim

Abdülkadir Koçer

Mustafa Acar Bu kişi benim

Mahmut Dok Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Ağustos 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Bilgin, S., Yılmaz, H., Koçer, A., Acar, M., vd. (2015). Fındık Zurufunun Peletlenmesi ve Pelet Fiziksel Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Tarım Makinaları Bilimi Dergisi, 11(3), 265-273.

Tarım Makinaları Bilimi Dergisi, Tarım Makinaları Derneği tarafından yılda 3 sayı olarak yayınlanan hakemli bilimsel bir dergidir.