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Elektrikli Traktörler Üzerine Literatür Taraması ve Türkiye’deki Kullanımına Dair Değerlendirilme

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2, 114 - 125, 30.10.2022

Öz

Otomotiv endüstrisinde içten yanmalı motorlu tahrik sistemlerinden, elektrik motorlu tahrik sistemlere doğru genel bir eksen kayması söz konusudur. Bu doğrultuda hibrit, tamamen elektrikli ve yakıt hücreli sistem çözümleri kullanılan alternatifler arasında yer almaktadır. Traktörler gibi arazi kullanımına uygun taşıtlarda ise, yardımcı sistemlerde (hidrolikler, pompalar, fanlar ve klima sistemi vb.) elektrikli çözümler kullanımda olmasına rağmen, tahrik sisteminde ve güç aktarım mekanizmalarında elektrifikasyonun henüz başlangıç aşamasında olduğu görülmektedir. Bunda tarımsal amaçlı kullanılan traktörler ile otomobillerin arasında çalışma koşulları açısından yer alan farklılıkların etkisi çok büyüktür.
Sürdürülebilir tarımsal faaliyetler, ancak bu alanda kullanılan doğru yaklaşımlarla mümkün kılınabilir. Bu kapsamda tarımsal alanda ürün verimine, kalitesine etkiyen; iş ve zaman kullanımında çok önemli katkısı olan temel ekipman traktörlerdir. Tarımsal uygulamalarda kullanılan traktörlerin yüksek yaş ortalamasına sahip olması verimlilik açısından çok önemli bir dezavantajı beraberinde getirmektedir. Ekonomik ömrünü fazlasıyla doldurmuş traktörlerle yürütülen tarımsal faaliyetlerde yakıt ve yağ tüketimlerinin yansıra bakım & onarım maliyetlerinde de büyük oranda artmaktadır. Bu durum tarımsal kalkınma kapsamında sağlanan desteklerin de etkin kullanımına engel teşkil etmektedir.
Bu çalışmada elektrikli traktörlere dair dünya genelini esas alan literatür taraması yapılmış ve Türkiye’deki tarımsal uygulamalarda kullanımına ve yaygınlaşmasına dair değerlendirmelerde bulunulmuştur.

Destekleyen Kurum

Destekleyen kurum yoktur

Proje Numarası

NA

Kaynakça

  • Motor Vehicle Data in Turkey”, Turkey Statistical Institute (Details can be reached from https://www.tuik.gov.tr)
  • Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Statistics (Details can be reached from https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/)
  • Tarım ve Makine Sanayi Etkileşimi Raporu, Türk Tarım Alet ve Makinaları İmalatçıları Birliği İktisadi İşletmesi, Mayıs 2020
  • Evcim, H, Özgünaltay Ertuğrul, G. (2017). Türkiye Tarımında Traktör Kullanımı (2010) . Tarım Makinaları Bilimi Dergisi,13(1),21-31.
  • Evcim, H. Ü., & Ulusoy, E. (2006). Dokuzuncu Kalkınma Planı ve Tarım Kanunu Çerçevesinde Tarımsal Mekanizasyona Bakış. Tarım Makinaları Bilimi Dergisi, 2(1), 1-12.
  • Troncon, D., Alberti, L., & Mattetti, M. (2019, June). A feasibility study for agriculture tractors electrification: Duty cycles simulation and consumption comparison. In 2019 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
  • Study on the Development of the Electric Tractor, Specifications and Traveling and Tilling Performance of a Prototype Electric Tractor
  • Chen, Y., Xie, B., Du, Y., & Mao, E. (2019). Powertrain parameter matching and optimal design of dual-motor driven electric tractor. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 12(1), 33-41.
  • Arjharn W, Koike M, Takigawa T, Yoda A, Hasegawa H, Bahalayodhin B. Preliminary study on the applicability of an electric tractor (Part 1): Energy consumption and drawbar pull performance. J. JSAM, 2001; 63(3):130–137.
  • Ghobadpour, A., Boulon, L., Mousazadeh, H., Malvajerdi, A. S., & Rafiee, S. (2019). State of the art of autonomous agricultural off-road vehicles driven by renewable energy systems. Energy Procedia, 162, 4-13.
  • Gao H S, Zhu S H. Study on design theory and method for driving line of electric tractor. J. Nanjing Agri. Univ., 2009; 32(1): 140–145.
  • Xu L Y, Liu M N, Zhou Z L. Design of drive system for series hybrid electric tractor. Trans. of the CSAE, 2014; 30(9): 11–18.
  • Zhang S, Xiong R, Zhang C N, Sun F C. An optimal structure selection and parameter design approach for a dual-motor-driven system used in an electric bus. Energy, 2016; 96: 437–448.
  • Ghobadpour, A., Mousazadeh, H., Malvajerdi, A. S., & Rafiee, S. (2020). Design, Development, and Evaluation of a PV_Bio-Gen Range Extender for an Off-Road Electric Tractor. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research (IJRER), 10(1), 388-399.
  • Savaşır, B. (2013). Elektrikle Tahrikli Bir Tarım Traktörünün Tasarım Ve Analizi (Doktora Tezi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
  • A new Generation of electrified Vehicles, AVL Solution Sheet (Details can be reached from https://www.avl.com)
  • Troncon, D., & Alberti, L. (2020). Case of Study of the Electrification of a Tractor: Electric Motor Performance Requirements and Design. Energies, 13(9), 2197.
  • Yoo, I., Lee, T., Kim, B., Hur, J., Yeon, K., & Kim, G. (2013, December). Performance Interpretation Method for Electrical Tractor Based on Model-Based Design. In 2013 International Conference on IT Convergence and Security (ICITCS) (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
  • Malik, A., & Kohli, S. (2020). Electric tractors: Survey of challenges and opportunities in India. Materials Today: Proceedings, 28, 2318-2324.
  • R.O. Magalhaes, M.V. da Assuncao, et al., Review on applications of electric vehicles in the countryside, Ciencia Rural 47(7)(2017) 1–9.
  • J. Caban, J. Vrabel, B. Sarkan, et al., Analysis of the market of electric tractors in agricultural production, MATEC Web of Conferences 244 (2018) 03005
  • Fent Electric Tractor Tecnical Datasheet (Details can be reached from https://www.fendt.com/int/fendt-e100-vario )
  • John Deere.com SESAM Electric Tractor (Details can be reached from https://www.John Deere.com/SESAM)
  • Escorts Farmtrac (26E) Electric Tractor (Details can be reached from https://www.escort.com/farmtract)
  • Çabukoglu, E., Georges, G., Küng, L., Pareschi, G., & Boulouchos, K. (2019). Fuel cell electric vehicles: An option to decarbonize heavy-duty transport? Results from a Swiss case-study. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 70, 35-48.
  • Electric tractor “Ekin” meets the farmer in June” 12 March 2021 Bloomberg HT Agriculture Press Release Interview with Önder Yol, Retrieved from https://www.dailysabah.com/business/automotive/turkish-king-size-electric-tractor-ready-for-mass-production
  • P. Peter (2019). Electricity for Tractors and Tractor-Implement Systems: The Inherent Dimension Problem of Tractor Batteries, Hannover, Germany
  • Frederickson, C., Durbin, T., Li, C., Ma, T., Scora, G., Jung, H., ... & Huang, E. (2022). Performance and activity Characteristics of Zero Emission Battery-Electric Cargo Handling Equipment at a Port Terminal (No. 2022-01-0576). SAE Technical Paper.
  • Chen, Y. C., Chen, L. W., & Chang, M. Y. (2022). A Design of an Unmanned Electric Tractor Platform. Agriculture, 12(1), 112.

A Literature Review On The Electric Tractors and Assessment of Using for Turkey

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2, 114 - 125, 30.10.2022

Öz

Today, we have seen an increase electrification in the automotive industry. OEMs stating that they will end of the production internal combustion engine technology. In particular, they also ended their investment and R&D facilities in this field. With the rapid change in technology from internal combustion engine powertrain systems to electric powertrain systems. Hybrid, battery and fuel cell electric vehicles are main solutions the alternative powertrain systems.
Tractors are considered in the category of off-road vehicles in this regard. Especially tractors need special auxiliary systems suitable for field use. Electrical systems have been used for a while in these auxiliary systems (PTO, hydraulics, pumps, fans, air conditioning system and etc.). On the other hand, it seen that the electrification of the drive system and power transmission mechanisms in tractors is still in its infancy. The main reason for this, working conditions of tractors used for agricultural purposes.
Sustainable agricultural activities can only be made possible with the right approaches. In this context, tractors are at the forefront of the most basic factors affecting products yield and quality in the agricultural field. It can also make a significant contribution to the work done and the time spent.
In the present case, the high average age of the tractors used in agricultural applications brings with it a very important disadvantage in terms of productivity. Meanwhile high amounts of fuel and oil consumption occur in agricultural activities carried out with tractors that have already reached their economic useful life. In addition, there is a significant increase in maintenance & repairmen costs. Therefore, prevents the effective use of state subsidies and supports provided within the scope of agricultural development.
In this study, a literature review was made on electric tractors. For the conditions of use, an approach was taken from the perspective of a case study and a cost-benefit analysis of its usability was carried out. Comparisons with commonly used diesel tractors are presented in terms of current unit prices. Finally, in line with the data obtained, evaluations on the use and spread of electric tractors in Turkey were presented.

Proje Numarası

NA

Kaynakça

  • Motor Vehicle Data in Turkey”, Turkey Statistical Institute (Details can be reached from https://www.tuik.gov.tr)
  • Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Statistics (Details can be reached from https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/)
  • Tarım ve Makine Sanayi Etkileşimi Raporu, Türk Tarım Alet ve Makinaları İmalatçıları Birliği İktisadi İşletmesi, Mayıs 2020
  • Evcim, H, Özgünaltay Ertuğrul, G. (2017). Türkiye Tarımında Traktör Kullanımı (2010) . Tarım Makinaları Bilimi Dergisi,13(1),21-31.
  • Evcim, H. Ü., & Ulusoy, E. (2006). Dokuzuncu Kalkınma Planı ve Tarım Kanunu Çerçevesinde Tarımsal Mekanizasyona Bakış. Tarım Makinaları Bilimi Dergisi, 2(1), 1-12.
  • Troncon, D., Alberti, L., & Mattetti, M. (2019, June). A feasibility study for agriculture tractors electrification: Duty cycles simulation and consumption comparison. In 2019 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
  • Study on the Development of the Electric Tractor, Specifications and Traveling and Tilling Performance of a Prototype Electric Tractor
  • Chen, Y., Xie, B., Du, Y., & Mao, E. (2019). Powertrain parameter matching and optimal design of dual-motor driven electric tractor. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 12(1), 33-41.
  • Arjharn W, Koike M, Takigawa T, Yoda A, Hasegawa H, Bahalayodhin B. Preliminary study on the applicability of an electric tractor (Part 1): Energy consumption and drawbar pull performance. J. JSAM, 2001; 63(3):130–137.
  • Ghobadpour, A., Boulon, L., Mousazadeh, H., Malvajerdi, A. S., & Rafiee, S. (2019). State of the art of autonomous agricultural off-road vehicles driven by renewable energy systems. Energy Procedia, 162, 4-13.
  • Gao H S, Zhu S H. Study on design theory and method for driving line of electric tractor. J. Nanjing Agri. Univ., 2009; 32(1): 140–145.
  • Xu L Y, Liu M N, Zhou Z L. Design of drive system for series hybrid electric tractor. Trans. of the CSAE, 2014; 30(9): 11–18.
  • Zhang S, Xiong R, Zhang C N, Sun F C. An optimal structure selection and parameter design approach for a dual-motor-driven system used in an electric bus. Energy, 2016; 96: 437–448.
  • Ghobadpour, A., Mousazadeh, H., Malvajerdi, A. S., & Rafiee, S. (2020). Design, Development, and Evaluation of a PV_Bio-Gen Range Extender for an Off-Road Electric Tractor. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research (IJRER), 10(1), 388-399.
  • Savaşır, B. (2013). Elektrikle Tahrikli Bir Tarım Traktörünün Tasarım Ve Analizi (Doktora Tezi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
  • A new Generation of electrified Vehicles, AVL Solution Sheet (Details can be reached from https://www.avl.com)
  • Troncon, D., & Alberti, L. (2020). Case of Study of the Electrification of a Tractor: Electric Motor Performance Requirements and Design. Energies, 13(9), 2197.
  • Yoo, I., Lee, T., Kim, B., Hur, J., Yeon, K., & Kim, G. (2013, December). Performance Interpretation Method for Electrical Tractor Based on Model-Based Design. In 2013 International Conference on IT Convergence and Security (ICITCS) (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
  • Malik, A., & Kohli, S. (2020). Electric tractors: Survey of challenges and opportunities in India. Materials Today: Proceedings, 28, 2318-2324.
  • R.O. Magalhaes, M.V. da Assuncao, et al., Review on applications of electric vehicles in the countryside, Ciencia Rural 47(7)(2017) 1–9.
  • J. Caban, J. Vrabel, B. Sarkan, et al., Analysis of the market of electric tractors in agricultural production, MATEC Web of Conferences 244 (2018) 03005
  • Fent Electric Tractor Tecnical Datasheet (Details can be reached from https://www.fendt.com/int/fendt-e100-vario )
  • John Deere.com SESAM Electric Tractor (Details can be reached from https://www.John Deere.com/SESAM)
  • Escorts Farmtrac (26E) Electric Tractor (Details can be reached from https://www.escort.com/farmtract)
  • Çabukoglu, E., Georges, G., Küng, L., Pareschi, G., & Boulouchos, K. (2019). Fuel cell electric vehicles: An option to decarbonize heavy-duty transport? Results from a Swiss case-study. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 70, 35-48.
  • Electric tractor “Ekin” meets the farmer in June” 12 March 2021 Bloomberg HT Agriculture Press Release Interview with Önder Yol, Retrieved from https://www.dailysabah.com/business/automotive/turkish-king-size-electric-tractor-ready-for-mass-production
  • P. Peter (2019). Electricity for Tractors and Tractor-Implement Systems: The Inherent Dimension Problem of Tractor Batteries, Hannover, Germany
  • Frederickson, C., Durbin, T., Li, C., Ma, T., Scora, G., Jung, H., ... & Huang, E. (2022). Performance and activity Characteristics of Zero Emission Battery-Electric Cargo Handling Equipment at a Port Terminal (No. 2022-01-0576). SAE Technical Paper.
  • Chen, Y. C., Chen, L. W., & Chang, M. Y. (2022). A Design of an Unmanned Electric Tractor Platform. Agriculture, 12(1), 112.
Toplam 29 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Orhan Topal 0000-0003-3857-5689

Proje Numarası NA
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 27 Ağustos 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ekim 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Topal, O. (2022). A Literature Review On The Electric Tractors and Assessment of Using for Turkey. Tarım Makinaları Bilimi Dergisi, 18(2), 114-125.

Tarım Makinaları Bilimi Dergisi, Tarım Makinaları Derneği tarafından yılda 3 sayı olarak yayınlanan hakemli bilimsel bir dergidir.