Some Engineering Properties of Hawthorn Fruit

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2, 104 - 120, 31.08.2025

Abdullah Sessiz , F. Susen Çevik , Nadide Solmaz , E. Lorin Karaer

Öz

Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) is a tree-like plant that grows naturally in mountainous areas. Widely consumed fresh or processed, hawthorn is one of the most important horticultural products for human health. In this study, some engineering properties of fresh hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) fruit, such as size, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, roundness, weight, volume, angle of accumulation, color, and friction force, were determined for the design of mechanization tools for harvesting, transporting, conveying, storing, and processing. The average width and length values for the hawthorn fruit used in the study were found to be 15.578 mm and 17.00 mm, respectively. Because the thickness and width were the same, the same values were used for these two variables for arithmetic and geometric measurements. The average weight of a fruit was measured as 2.54 g, while the average berry volume was found to be 3.04 cm³. The sphericity value was found to be 94.38%, the roundness value was found to be 91.70% and the surface area was found to be 50.48 mm2. The porosity value was calculated as 27.91%. According to the CIELAB values obtained as a result of color measurements, the hawthorn fruit was determined to be intense yellow with a slight red tone at a medium brightness level. The stacking angle of the materials was not affected by the surface material used. The difference between them was statistically insignificant (p> 0.05). According to the variance analysis results performed on the static and dynamic friction coefficients, the difference between the surface materials was statistically significant (p<0.05). While the lowest static and kinetic friction coefficients were obtained on the rubber surface, the highest static and kinetic friction coefficients were obtained on the PVC surface. The difference between the speeds was statistically significant. In other words, the increase in speed affected the static and kinetic friction coefficients. An increase occurred in both static and dynamic friction coefficients depending on the increase in speed. When the difference between the speed values was examined, the lowest static and dynamic friction coefficients were obtained as 0.744 and 0.711 at 5 mm s-1 speed, respectively, while the highest static and dynamic friction coefficients were obtained as 0.891 and 0.852 at 25 mm s-1 speed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hawthorn , physical-mechanical properties , design

Etik Beyan

Yok

Destekleyen Kurum

Yok

Teşekkür

Yok

Alıç Meyvesinin Bazı Mühendislik Özellikleri

Öz

Alıç (Crataegus spp.), dağlık alanlarda kendiliğinden yetişen ağaç şeklinde bir bitkidir. Taze veya işlenmiş formda yaygın tüketilen alıç, insan sağlığı açısından önemli bahçe ürünlerinden biridir. Bu çalışmada, taze Alıç (Crataegus spp.) meyvesinin hasadı, taşınması, iletilmesi, depolanması ve işlenmesinde kullanılacak mekanizasyon araçlarının tasarımı için ihtiyaç duyulan meyvenin boyut, geometrik ortalama çap, küresellik, yuvarlaklık, ağırlık, hacim, yığılma açısı, renk, sürtünme kuvveti gibi bazı mühendislik özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan Alıç meyvesi için ortalama genişlik ve uzunluk değerleri sırasıyla 15.578 mm ve 17.00 mm olarak bulunmuştur. Kalınlık ve genişlik aynı olduğundan aritmetik ve geometrik ölçümler için bu iki değişken için aynı değerler kullanılmıştır. Bir adet meyvenin ortalam ağırlığı 2.54 g olarak ölçülerken, aynı tanenin ortalama tane hacim değeri ise 3.04 cm³ olarak bulunmuştur. Küresellik değeri %94.38, yuvarlaklık değeri %91.70 ve yüzey alanı ise 50.48 mm2 olarak bulunmuştur. Porozite değeri ise %27.91 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Renk ölçümleri sonucunda elde edilen CIELAB değerlerine göre alıç meyvesinin orta parlaklık düzeyinde hafif kırmızı ton barındıran yoğun sarı renkte olduğu belirlenmiştir. Malzemelerin yığılma açısı kullanılan yüzey malzemesinden etkilenmemiştir. Aralarındaki fark istatistiki açıdan önemsiz (p> 0.05) olmuştur. Statik ve dinamik sürtünme katsayılarına ilişkin yapılan varyans analiz sonuçlarına göre yüzey malzemeleri arasındaki fark istatistiksel olarak önemli olmuştur (p<0.05). Kauçuk yüzeyde en düşük statik ve kinetik sürtünme katsayısı elde edilirken PVC yüzeyde en yüksek statik ve kinetik sürtünme katsayıları elde edilmiştir. Hızlar arasındaki fark ise istatiksel olarak önemli olmuştur. Yani hız artışı statik ve kinetik sürtünme kat sayılarını etkilemiştir. Hız artışına bağlı olarak hem statik hem de dinamik sürtünme katsayılarında artış meydana gelmiştir. Hız değerleri grupları arasındaki fark incelendiğinde, en düşük statik ve dinamik sürtünme katsayısı 5 mm s-1 hızda sırasıyla 0.744 ve 0.711 olarak elde edilmiş, en yüksek statik ve dinamik sürtünme katsayısı ise 25 mm s-1 hızda 0.891 ve 0.852 olarak elde edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Alıç , fiziko-mekanik özellik , tasarım

Etik Beyan

Yok

Destekleyen Kurum

Yok

Teşekkür

Yok

Kaynakça

• Alayunt, F. (2000). Biyolojik malzeme bilgisi. EÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları No: 541. Ofset Atelyesi.
• Alayunt, F. (2000). Biyolojik malzeme bilgisi. EÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları No: 541. Ofset Atelyesi.
• Altuntas, E., Özgöz, E., and Ö.F. Taser. 2005. Some physical properties of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum L.) seeds. Journal of Food Engineering. 71: 37–43.
• Altuntas, E., Özgöz, E., and Ö.F. Taser. 2005. Some physical properties of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum L.) seeds. Journal of Food Engineering. 71: 37–43.
• Altuntaş, E. ve Yıldız, M. (2007). Effect of moisture content on some physical and mechanical properties of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) grains. Journal of Food Engineering, 78(1), 174–183.
• Altuntaş, E. ve Yıldız, M. (2007). Effect of moisture content on some physical and mechanical properties of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) grains. Journal of Food Engineering, 78(1), 174–183.
• Amin, M. N., Hossain, M. A., and Roy, C. (2004). Effects of moisture content on some physical properties of lentil seeds. Journal of Food Engineering, 65, 83–87.
• Amin, M. N., Hossain, M. A., and Roy, C. (2004). Effects of moisture content on some physical properties of lentil seeds. Journal of Food Engineering, 65, 83–87.
• ASABE. (2006). ASAE S352.2 FEB03, Moisture measurement unground grain and seeds. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.
• ASABE. (2006). ASAE S352.2 FEB03, Moisture measurement unground grain and seeds. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.
• Aviara, N. A., Onaji, M. E., and Lawal, A. A. (2015). Moisture-dependent physical properties of detarium microcarpum seeds. Journal of Biosystems Engineering, 40(3), 212–223.
• Aviara, N. A., Onaji, M. E., and Lawal, A. A. (2015). Moisture-dependent physical properties of detarium microcarpum seeds. Journal of Biosystems Engineering, 40(3), 212–223.
• Bakhtiari, M. R., Ahmad, D., Othman, J., and Ismail, N. (2011). Physical and mechanical properties of kenaf seed. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 27(2), 263–268.
• Bakhtiari, M. R., Ahmad, D., Othman, J., and Ismail, N. (2011). Physical and mechanical properties of kenaf seed. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 27(2), 263–268.
• Balasubramanian, D. (2001). Physical properties of raw cashew nut. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 78(3), 291–297.
• Balasubramanian, D. (2001). Physical properties of raw cashew nut. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 78(3), 291–297.
• Baytop, T. (1984). Treatment with plants in Turkey (in Turkish). Istanbul University Publication No. 3255.
• Baytop, T. (1984). Treatment with plants in Turkey (in Turkish). Istanbul University Publication No. 3255.
• Blau, P.J. (2001). The significance and use of The friction coefficient. Tribology International 34: 585–591.
• Blau, P.J. (2001). The significance and use of The friction coefficient. Tribology International 34: 585–591.
• Boac, J. M., Casada, M. E., Maghirang, R. G., and Harner, J. P. (2009). Material and interaction properties of selected grains and oilseeds for modeling discrete particles. In 2009 ASABE Annual International Meeting, Reno, Nevada, June 21–24, 2009.
• Boac, J. M., Casada, M. E., Maghirang, R. G., and Harner, J. P. (2009). Material and interaction properties of selected grains and oilseeds for modeling discrete particles. In 2009 ASABE Annual International Meeting, Reno, Nevada, June 21–24, 2009.
• Chandrasekar, V., and Viswanathan, R. (1999). Physical and thermal properties of coffee. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 73, 227–234.
• Chandrasekar, V., and Viswanathan, R. (1999). Physical and thermal properties of coffee. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 73, 227–234.
• Çalışır, S., and Aydın, C. (2004). Some physico-mechanic properties of cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus L.) fruits. Journal of Food Engineering, 65(1), 145–150.
• Çalışır, S., and Aydın, C. (2004). Some physico-mechanic properties of cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus L.) fruits. Journal of Food Engineering, 65(1), 145–150.
• Çalışkan, N., and Vursavuş, K. K. (2009). Washington navel portakalın hasat sonrası işlemlere yönelik fiziksel ve sürtünme özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Tarım Makinaları Bilimi Dergisi, 5(1), 83–92.
• Çalışkan, N., and Vursavuş, K. K. (2009). Washington navel portakalın hasat sonrası işlemlere yönelik fiziksel ve sürtünme özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Tarım Makinaları Bilimi Dergisi, 5(1), 83–92.
• Deshpande, S. D., Bal, S., and Ojha, T. P. (1993). Physical properties of soybean. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 56(2), 89–98.
• Deshpande, S. D., Bal, S., and Ojha, T. P. (1993). Physical properties of soybean. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 56(2), 89–98.
• Dhineshkumar, V., Ramasamy, D., and Sudha, K. (2015). Physical and engineering properties of pomegranate fruit and arils. International Journal of Farm Sciences, 5(3), 89–97.
• Dhineshkumar, V., Ramasamy, D., and Sudha, K. (2015). Physical and engineering properties of pomegranate fruit and arils. International Journal of Farm Sciences, 5(3), 89–97.
• Dokumacı, K. Y., Uslu, N., Hacıseferoğulları, H., and Örnek, M. N. (2021). Determination of some physical and chemical properties of common hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq. var. monogyna). Erwerbs-Obstbau, 63(1), 99–106.
• Dokumacı, K. Y., Uslu, N., Hacıseferoğulları, H., and Örnek, M. N. (2021). Determination of some physical and chemical properties of common hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq. var. monogyna). Erwerbs-Obstbau, 63(1), 99–106.
• Dursun, A., Çalışkan, O., Güler, Z., Bayazit, S., Türkmen, D., and Gündüz, K. (2021). Effect of harvest maturity on volatile compounds profiling and eating quality of hawthorn (Crataegus azarolus L.) fruit. Scientia Horticulturae, 288, Article 110398.
• Dursun, A., Çalışkan, O., Güler, Z., Bayazit, S., Türkmen, D., and Gündüz, K. (2021). Effect of harvest maturity on volatile compounds profiling and eating quality of hawthorn (Crataegus azarolus L.) fruit. Scientia Horticulturae, 288, Article 110398.
• Esgici, R., Pekitkan, F. G., Güzel, E., and Sessiz, A. (2018). Friction coefficients for Gundelia tournefortii seed on various surfaces. In XIX. World Congress of CIGR, April 22–25, 2018, Antalya, Turkey.
• Esgici, R., Pekitkan, F. G., Güzel, E., and Sessiz, A. (2018). Friction coefficients for Gundelia tournefortii seed on various surfaces. In XIX. World Congress of CIGR, April 22–25, 2018, Antalya, Turkey.
• Figueiredo, A. K., Bäümler, E., Riccobene, I. C., and Nolasco, S. M. (2011). Moisture-dependent engineering properties of sunflower seeds with different structural characteristics. Journal of Food Engineering, 102(1), 58–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.08.003
• Figueiredo, A. K., Bäümler, E., Riccobene, I. C., and Nolasco, S. M. (2011). Moisture-dependent engineering properties of sunflower seeds with different structural characteristics. Journal of Food Engineering, 102(1), 58–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.08.003
• Ghodki, B. M., and Goswami, T. K. (2016). Effect of moisture on physical and mechanical properties of cassia. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 2(1), 1192975. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2016.1192975
• Ghodki, B. M., and Goswami, T. K. (2016). Effect of moisture on physical and mechanical properties of cassia. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 2(1), 1192975. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2016.1192975
• Kalamullah, S., and Gunasekar, J. J. (2002). Moisture-dependent physical properties of arecanut kernel. Biosystems Engineering, 82(3), 331–338.
• Kalamullah, S., and Gunasekar, J. J. (2002). Moisture-dependent physical properties of arecanut kernel. Biosystems Engineering, 82(3), 331–338.
• Kashaninejad, M., Ahmadi, M., Daraei, A., and Chabra, D. (2008). Handling and frictional characteristics of soybean as a function of moisture content and variety. Powder Technology, 188(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2008.03.004
• Kashaninejad, M., Ahmadi, M., Daraei, A., and Chabra, D. (2008). Handling and frictional characteristics of soybean as a function of moisture content and variety. Powder Technology, 188(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2008.03.004
• Khanali, M., Heydari, B., and Khakpoor, A. (2017). Some physical and mechanical properties of crataegus fruit. International Journal of Crop Science and Technology, 3(1), 1–7.
• Khanali, M., Heydari, B., and Khakpoor, A. (2017). Some physical and mechanical properties of crataegus fruit. International Journal of Crop Science and Technology, 3(1), 1–7.
• Koocheki, A., Razavi, S. M. A., Milani, E., Moghadam, T. M., Abedini, M., Alamatiyan, S., and Izadkhah, S. (2007). Physical properties of watermelon seed as a function of moisture content and variety. International Agrophysics, 21(4), 349–359.
• Koocheki, A., Razavi, S. M. A., Milani, E., Moghadam, T. M., Abedini, M., Alamatiyan, S., and Izadkhah, S. (2007). Physical properties of watermelon seed as a function of moisture content and variety. International Agrophysics, 21(4), 349–359.
• Li, L., Gao, X. L., Liu, J. G., Chitrakar, B., Wang, B., and Wang, Y. C. (2021). Hawthorn pectin: Extraction, function and utilization. Current Research in Food Science, 4, 429–435.
• Li, L., Gao, X. L., Liu, J. G., Chitrakar, B., Wang, B., and Wang, Y. C. (2021). Hawthorn pectin: Extraction, function and utilization. Current Research in Food Science, 4, 429–435.
• Lorestani, A. N. (2012). Design and construction of an automatic coefficient of friction measuring device. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 14(1), 120–124.
• Lorestani, A. N. (2012). Design and construction of an automatic coefficient of friction measuring device. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 14(1), 120–124.
• Mohsenin, N. N. (1986). Physical properties of plant and animal materials (2nd ed.). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.
• Mohsenin, N. N. (1986). Physical properties of plant and animal materials (2nd ed.). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.
• Nesvadba, P., Houška, M., Wolf, W., Gekas, V., Jarvis, D., Sadd, P. A., and Johns, A. I. (2004). Database of physical properties of agro-food materials. Journal of Food Engineering, 61(4), 497–503.
• Nesvadba, P., Houška, M., Wolf, W., Gekas, V., Jarvis, D., Sadd, P. A., and Johns, A. I. (2004). Database of physical properties of agro-food materials. Journal of Food Engineering, 61(4), 497–503.
• Ndukwu, M. C., and Ejirika, C. (2016). Physical properties of wild Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) from Nigeria. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 2, 1232849. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2016.1232849
• Ndukwu, M. C., and Ejirika, C. (2016). Physical properties of wild Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) from Nigeria. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 2, 1232849. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2016.1232849
• Obi, O. F., and Offorha, L. C. (2015). Moisture-dependent physical properties of melon (Citrullus colocynthis lanatus) seed and kernel relevant in bulk handling. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2015.1020743
• Obi, O. F., and Offorha, L. C. (2015). Moisture-dependent physical properties of melon (Citrullus colocynthis lanatus) seed and kernel relevant in bulk handling. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2015.1020743
• Özcan, M., Hacıseferoğulları, H., Marakoğlu, T., Arslan, D. (2005). Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) fruit: Some physical and chemical properties. Journal of Food Engineering, 69(4), 409–413.
• Özcan, M., Hacıseferoğulları, H., Marakoğlu, T., Arslan, D. (2005). Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) fruit: Some physical and chemical properties. Journal of Food Engineering, 69(4), 409–413.
• Özlü, R. R., and Güner, M. (2016). Farklı nem düzeylerinde kanola tohumlarının fiziksel özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(1), 81–90.
• Özlü, R. R., and Güner, M. (2016). Farklı nem düzeylerinde kanola tohumlarının fiziksel özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(1), 81–90.
• Özarslan, C. (2002). Physical properties of cotton seed. Biosystems Engineering, 83(2), 169–174.
• Özarslan, C. (2002). Physical properties of cotton seed. Biosystems Engineering, 83(2), 169–174.
• Puchalski, C., Brusewitz, G., and Slipek, Z. (2003). Coefficients of friction for apple on various surfaces as affected by velocity. Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal of Scientific Research and Development, V.
• Puchalski, C., Brusewitz, G., and Slipek, Z. (2003). Coefficients of friction for apple on various surfaces as affected by velocity. Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal of Scientific Research and Development, V.
• Roman, L., Guo, M. M., Terekhov, A., Grossutti, M., Vidal, N. P., Reuhs, B. L., and Martinez, M. M. (2021). Extraction and isolation of pectin rich in homogalacturonan domains from two cultivars of hawthorn berry (Crataegus pinnatifida). Food Hydrocolloids, 113, Article 106476.
• Roman, L., Guo, M. M., Terekhov, A., Grossutti, M., Vidal, N. P., Reuhs, B. L., and Martinez, M. M. (2021). Extraction and isolation of pectin rich in homogalacturonan domains from two cultivars of hawthorn berry (Crataegus pinnatifida). Food Hydrocolloids, 113, Article 106476.
• Shafaei, S. M., and Kamgar, S. (2017). A comprehensive investigation on static and dynamic friction coefficients of wheat grain with the adoption of statistical analysis. Journal of Advanced Research, 8(4), 351–361.
• Shafaei, S. M., and Kamgar, S. (2017). A comprehensive investigation on static and dynamic friction coefficients of wheat grain with the adoption of statistical analysis. Journal of Advanced Research, 8(4), 351–361.
• Sessiz, A., Esgici, R., and Kızıl, S. (2007). Moisture-dependent physical properties of caper (Capparis spp.) fruit. Journal of Food Engineering, 79(4), 1426–1431.
• Sessiz, A., Esgici, R., and Kızıl, S. (2007). Moisture-dependent physical properties of caper (Capparis spp.) fruit. Journal of Food Engineering, 79(4), 1426–1431.
• Sessiz, A., Pekitkan, F. G., Esgici, R., and Güzel, E. (2018). Regresyon tekniği kullanılarak kenger (Gundelia tournefortii) tohumlarının sürtünme özelliklerinin farklı yüzeyler için belirlenmesi. Tarım Makinaları Bilimi Dergisi, 14(3), 143–148.
• Sessiz, A., Pekitkan, F. G., Esgici, R., and Güzel, E. (2018). Regresyon tekniği kullanılarak kenger (Gundelia tournefortii) tohumlarının sürtünme özelliklerinin farklı yüzeyler için belirlenmesi. Tarım Makinaları Bilimi Dergisi, 14(3), 143–148.
• Sessiz, A., Pekitkan, F. G., ve Esgici, R. (2019). Karacadağ yöresi yerel çeltik çeşitlerinin fiziksel ve sürtünme özelliklerinin karşılaştırılması. ÇOMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(2), 357–364. https://doi.org/10.33202/comuagri.593608
• Sessiz, A., Pekitkan, F. G., ve Esgici, R. (2019). Karacadağ yöresi yerel çeltik çeşitlerinin fiziksel ve sürtünme özelliklerinin karşılaştırılması. ÇOMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(2), 357–364. https://doi.org/10.33202/comuagri.593608
• Sologubik, C. A., Campañone, L. A., Pagano, A. M., and Gely, M. C. (2013). Effect of moisture content on some physical properties of barley. Industrial Crops and Products, 43, 762–767.
• Sologubik, C. A., Campañone, L. A., Pagano, A. M., and Gely, M. C. (2013). Effect of moisture content on some physical properties of barley. Industrial Crops and Products, 43, 762–767.
• Wandkar, S. V., Ukey, P. D., and Pawar, D. A. (2012). Determination of physical properties of soybean at different moisture levels. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 14(2), 138–142.
• Wandkar, S. V., Ukey, P. D., and Pawar, D. A. (2012). Determination of physical properties of soybean at different moisture levels. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 14(2), 138–142.
• Wei, X., Xu, K., Qin, W., Lv, S., and Guo, M. (2024). Hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida) berries ripeness induced pectin diversity: A comparative study in physicochemical properties, structure, function and fresh-keeping potential. Food Chemistry, 455, Article 139703.
• Wei, X., Xu, K., Qin, W., Lv, S., and Guo, M. (2024). Hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida) berries ripeness induced pectin diversity: A comparative study in physicochemical properties, structure, function and fresh-keeping potential. Food Chemistry, 455, Article 139703.
• Wilhelm, L. R., Suter, D. A., and Brusewitz, G. H. (2004). Physical properties of food materials. In Food & Process Engineering Technology (pp. 23–52). ASAE.
• Wilhelm, L. R., Suter, D. A., and Brusewitz, G. H. (2004). Physical properties of food materials. In Food & Process Engineering Technology (pp. 23–52). ASAE.
• Zandi, M., Ganjloo, A., and Bimakr, M. (2021). Evaluation of physicochemical characterization of hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida) during various storage conditions and modeling of changes using kinetic models. Iranian Food Science and Technology Research Journal, 16(5), 507–523.
• Zandi, M., Ganjloo, A., and Bimakr, M. (2021). Evaluation of physicochemical characterization of hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida) during various storage conditions and modeling of changes using kinetic models. Iranian Food Science and Technology Research Journal, 16(5), 507–523.
• Zielinska, M., Zapotoczny, P., Białobrzewski, I., Żuk-Golaszewska, K., and Markowski, M. (2012). Engineering properties of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seeds. Industrial Crops and Products, 37(1), 69–75.
• Zielinska, M., Zapotoczny, P., Białobrzewski, I., Żuk-Golaszewska, K., and Markowski, M. (2012). Engineering properties of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seeds. Industrial Crops and Products, 37(1), 69–75.