Effects of some conservation agriculture practices on soil properties in agrıcultural lands of Çifteler District, Eskişehir Province

Öz

This study was conducted over four years in two pilot experimental sites under dryland and irrigated farming conditions in the Çifteler District of Eskişehir Province. Conservation agriculture practices, including direct seeding, cover cropping, crop rotation, and compost extract application, were implemented in the trials. At the end of the fourth year, soil samples were collected from a depth of 0–20 cm to determine the effects of these practices on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. In addition, reference samples were taken from adjacent conventional farming areas for comparison purposes. Soil analyses included texture, saturation percentage, water holding capacity (WHC), pH, organic carbon (OC), and total nitrogen (N), along with biological indicators such as carbon mineralization rate (CMR), microbial biomass carbon (Cmic), basal respiration (CO2 release), metabolic quotient (qCO₂), Cmic/Corg ratio, and catalase enzyme activity. The findings indicated that compost extract application, in particular, significantly improved saturation percentage and water holding capacity. In the dryland site, soils under conservation agriculture had higher total nitrogen content compared to the reference soils; however, this difference was not evident in the irrigated site. In both pilot sites, soils under conservation management showed significantly higher levels of organic carbon (OC), microbial biomass, and catalase enzyme activity compared to conventional management (p<0.05). On the other hand, carbon mineralization values were higher in conventionally managed soils, especially during warmer periods. This suggests that conservation practices contributed to retaining carbon in the soil. Furthermore, lower qCO₂ values indicated improved microbial efficiency and better substrate utilization. To further explore the relationships between the implemented treatments and soil parameters, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was conducted. In this context, a total of 14 different soil parameters were subjected to PCA to identify the key variables contributing to the variance among treatments and to gain a better understanding of the observed effects of different management practices on soil. As a result, conservation agriculture practices were found to play a significant role in improving the biological structure of the soil and to have the potential to enhance soil quality in both dryland and irrigated farming systems compared to conventional agriculture.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Conservation agriculture
• soil quality
• tillage
• soil enzymes
• metabolic coefficient
• carbon mineralization rate

Eskişehir İli Çifteler İlçesi tarım arazilerinde bazı koruyucu tarım uygulama yöntemlerinin toprak özellikleri üzerine etkileri

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Eskişehir ili Çifteler ilçesinde kuru ve sulu tarım koşullarında iki pilot deneme alanında dört yıl süreli denemeler yürütülmüştür. Denemelerde doğrudan ekim, örtü bitkisi, ekim nöbeti ve kompost özütü uygulamalarını içeren koruyucu tarım uygulamaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Dördüncü yılın sonunda, bu uygulamaların toprağın fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik özelliklerine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla 0-20 cm derinlikten toprak örnekleri alınmış; ayrıca, karşılaştırma amacıyla bitişik konvansiyonel tarım alanlarından referans örneklemeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Topraklarda tekstür, saturasyon yüzdesi (Sat.), su tutma kapasitesi (STK), pH, organik karbon (OC), toplam azot (N) gibi temel özelliklerin yanı sıra, karbon mineralizasyon oranı (CMO), mikrobiyal biyokütle karbonu (Cmic), bazal solunum (CO2 çıkışı), metabolik katsayı (qCO₂), Cmic/Corg oranı ve Katalaz enzim aktivitesi gibi biyolojik göstergeler analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, özellikle kompost özütü uygulamasının Sat. ve STK üzerinde anlamlı (p<0.05) artış sağladığını göstermiştir. Kuru tarım sahasında, koruyucu tarım uygulanan topraklarda toplam azot içeriği referans topraklara göre daha yüksek bulunmuş; ancak bu fark sulu tarım sahasında belirgin değildi. Her iki pilot alanda da koruyucu tarım uygulanan topraklarda OC, Cmic ve Katalaz enzim aktivitesi değerleri geleneksel yönetim sistemine kıyasla istatistiksel olarak anlamlı şekilde (p<0.05) yüksek saptanmıştır. Öte yandan, CMO değerleri konvansiyonel sistemlerde daha yüksek olup, özellikle sıcak dönemlerde artış göstermiştir. Bu durum, koruyucu tarımın karbonun toprakta tutulmasına katkı sunduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, qCO₂ değerlerinin daha düşük olması, mikrobiyal etkinliğin ve substrat kullanım verimliliğinin arttığını ortaya koymuştur. Uygulanan işlemler ile toprak parametreleri arasındaki ilişkileri daha ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelemek amacıyla Temel Bileşenler Analizi (PCA) gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda, toplam 14 farklı toprak parametresi PCA’ya tabi tutularak, uygulamalar arasındaki varyansa katkı sağlayan temel değişkenler belirlenmiş ve farklı yönetim uygulamalarına bağlı olarak toprakta gözlenen etkiler daha iyi anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, koruyucu tarım uygulamaları, toprak biyolojik yapısının iyileştirilmesinde önemli rol oynamakla birlikte, kuru ve sulu tarım sisteminin ikisinde de geleneksel tarıma kıyasla toprak kalitesini artırma potansiyeli taşıdığı tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Koruyucu tarım
• toprak kalitesi
• sürüm
• toprak enzimleri
• metabolik katsayı
• karbon mineralizasyon oranı

Kaynakça

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