Ecology of gypsophile plants

Öz

Turkey is a rich country in terms of biodiversity among the countries in the northern hemisphere. Edaphic diversity is one of the main biodiversity reasons of Turkey. Our country is an important endemism center because of hosting many different parent material types such as marnly, marnly gypsum, gypsum, serpentine, alluvial. Gypsum soils cover at about 100 million hectares of land in arid and semi-arid areas in the world. A significant amount of gypsum soils in our country are contributing significantly the biodiversity by hosting endemic and rare species. Parent rock factor because of their physical and chemical effects, is an important factor for most crops in arid regions. Gypsum soils are creating physical and chemical stress environment for plant life. The plants which grow in this environment can survive nevertheless by some developing adaptation strategies. In this review article, as an example to edaphic diversity, informations about the ecology of gypsum soils have been shared; further, description of gypsum, nomenclature of plants living on gypsum and the physical and chemical stress on plants have been discoursed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gypsum,Gypsophile,Gypsophyte,Gypsovag,Edaphic endemism

Jipsofil bitkilerin ekolojisi

Öz

Türkiye kuzey yarımkürede yer alan ülkeler arasında biyoçeşitlilik bakımından zengin bir ülkedir. Türkiye’nin bu kadar çeşitliliğe sahip olmasının nedenlerinden biri edafik faktördür. Ülkemiz marnlı, marnlı jipsli, jipsli, serpantinli, alüvyal gibi çok farklı anamateryal çeşitlerini barındırdığından önemli endemik merkezlerdendir. Jips içeren topraklar dünyada kurak ve yarı kurak bölgelerde yaklaşık 100 milyon hektarlık bir alan kaplamaktadır. Ülkemizde de önemli oranlarda bulunan jips içeren topraklar endemik ve nadir türleri barındırarak biyoçeşitliliğe katkıda bulunmaktadır. Yetişme ortamı (anamateryal) faktörü fiziksel ve kimyasal etkilerinden dolayı kurak bölgelerde çoğu bitki için önemli bir faktördür. Jips içeren topraklar bitki yaşamı için fiziksel ve kimyasal stres ortamı yaratmaktadır. Bu ortamda yetişen bitkiler ancak bazı adaptasyon stratejileri geliştirerek hayatta kalabilmektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasında ülkemizde edafik çeşitliliğe örnek olan jips içeren toprakların ekolojisi hakkında bilgiler paylaşılmış, ayrıca jipsin tanımı, jips içeren topraklar üzerinde yetişen bitkilerin adlandırılması, jipsin bitki üzerinde yarattığı fiziksel ve kimyasal stresten bahsedilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Jips,Jipsofil,Jipsofit,Jipsovag,Edafik endemizm

Kaynakça

1. Akpulat HA, Çelik N, 2005. Flora of gypsum areas in Sivas in the eastern part of Cappadocia in Central Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Arid Environments. 61: 27-46.
2. Alphen, JG, Rios Romero F, 1971. Gypsiferous soils notes on their characteristics and management. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement / Wageningen / The Netherlands.
3. Boukhris M, Lossaint P, 1970. Sur la teneur en soufre de quelques plantes gypsophiles de Tunisie. (Note pre´liminaire). Acta Oecologica. 5: 345-354.
4. Boukhris M, Lossaint P, 1975. Aspects e´cologiques de la nutrition mine´rale des plantes gypsicoles de Tunisie. Revue d’Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol. 12: 329-348.
5. Cañadas EM, Ballesteros M, Valle F, Lorıte J, 2013. Does gypsum influence seed germination? Turkish Journal of Botany. 38: 141-147.
6. Duvigneaud P, Denaeyer-De Smet S, 1966. Accumulation du soufre dans quelques espe`ces gypsophiles d’Espagne. Bulletin de la Socie´te´ Royale de Botanique de Belgique. 99: 263-269.
7. Duvigneaud P, Denaeyer-De Smet S, 1973. Conside´rations sur l’e´cologie de la nutrition mine´rale des tapis ve´ge´taux naturels. Oecologia Plantarum, 8.
8. Duvigneaud P, 1968. Essai de classification chimique (e´le´ments mine´raux) des plantes gypsicoles du bassin de l’Ebre. Bulletin de la Socie´te´ Royale de Botanique de Belgique. 101: 279-291.

9. Escudero A, Somolinos RC, Olano JM, Rubio A, 1999. Factors controlling the establishment of Helianthemum squamatum, an endemic gypsophile of semi-arid Spain” Journal of Ecology. 87: 290-302.
10. Escudero A, Iriondo JM, Olano JM, Rubio A, Somolinos RC, 2000b. Factors affecting establishment of a Gypsophyte: The case of Lepidium subulatum (Brassicaceae). American Journal of Botany. 87: 861-871.
11. Food and Agriculture Organization, 1990. Management of gypsiferow soils. FAO Soils Bulletin 62. Rome, Italy.
12. Gankin R, Major J, 1964. Arctostaphylos myrtifolia, its biology and relationship to the problem of endemism. Ecology. 45: 792-808.
13. Guerrero Campo J, Alberto F, Maestro Martı´nez M, Hodgson J, Montserrat Martı´ G, 1999b. Plant community patterns in a gypsum area of NE Spain. II. Effects of ion washing on topographic distribution of vegetation. Journal of Arid Environments. 41: 411-419.
14. Herrero J, Porta J, 2000. The terminology and the concepts of gypsum-rich soils. Geoderma. 96: 47-61.
15. Johnston IM, 1941. Gypsophily among Mexican desert plants. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. 22: 145-170.
16. Kurt L, Özbey BG, Kurt F, Özdeniz E, Bölükbaşı A, 2013. Serpentine Flora of Turkey. Biological Diversity and Conservation. 6: 134-152.
17. Meyer SE, Garcia-Moya E, 1989. Plant community patterns and soil moisture regime in gypsum grasslands of north central Mexico. Journal of Arid Environments. 16: 147-155.
18. Meyer SE, Garcia-Moya E, Lagunes-Espinoza LC, 1992. Topographic and soil surface effects on gypsophile plant community patterns in central Mexico. Journal of Vegetation Science. 3: 429-438.
19. Meyer SE, 1986. The ecology of gypsophile endemism in the Eastern Mojave desert. Ecology. 67:5, 1303-1313.
20. Moore MJ, Jansen RK, 2007. Origins and Biogeography of Gypsophily in the Chihuahuan Desert Plant Group Tiquilia subg. Eddya (Boraginaceae). Systematic Botany. 32 (2): 392-414.
21. Mota JF, Sola AJ, Dana ED, 2003. Plant succession in abandoned gypsum quarries in SE Spain. Phytocoenologia. 33: 13-28.
22. Mota JF, Sola AJ, Jımenez Sanchez ML, Perez-Garcia FJ, Merlo ME, 2004. Gypsicolous flora, conservation and restoration of quarries in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula. Biodiversity and Conservation. 13: 1797-1808.
23. Oyonarte C, Sanchez G, Urrestarazu M, Alvarado JJ, 2002. A Comparison of Chemical Properties Between Gypsophile and Nongypsophile Plant Rhizospheres. Arid Land Research and Management. 16: 47-54.
24. Palacio S, Escudero A, Montserrat-Marti G, Maestro M, Milla R, Albert MJ, 2007. Plants living on gypsum: beyond the specialist model. Annals of Botany. 99: 333-343.
25. Parsons RF, 1976. Gypsophily in plants. A review, American Midland Naturalist. 96:1, 1-20.
26. Powell AM, Turner BL, 1977. Aspects of the plant biology of gypsum outcrops of the Chihuahuan desert. In: Riskinn DH ed. Transactions of a Symposium on Biological Resources of the Chihuahuan desert. US Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Transactions Proceedings Series 3, 315-325.
27. Pueyo Y, Alados CL, Barrantes O, Maestro M, Komac B, 2007. Gypsophile vegetation patterns under a range of soil properties induced by topographical position. Plant Ecology. 189: 301-311.
28. Pueyo Y, Alados CL, Barrantes O, Komac B, Rietkerk M, 2008. Differences in Gypsum Plant Communities Associated with Habitat Fragmentation and Livestock Grazing. Ecological Applications. 18(4): 954-964. Rajakaruna N, 2004. The edaphic factor in the origin of plant species. International Geology Review. 46: 471-478.
29. Reeves RD, Baker AJM, Borhidi A, Berazain R, 1999. Nickel hyperaccumulation in the serpentine flora of Cuba. Annals of Botany. 83:1 29-38.
30. Romao RL, Escudero A, 2005. Gypsum physical soil crusts and the existence of gypsophytes in semi-arid central Spain. Plant Ecology. 181: 127-137.
31. Ruiz JM, Lopez-Cantarero I, Rivero RM, Romero L, 2003. Sulphur phytoaccumulation in plant species characteristic of gypsipherous soils. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 5: 203-210.
32. Verheye WH, Boyadgiev TG, 1997. Evaluating the land use potencial of gypsiferous soils from field pedogenic characteristics. Soil Use and Management. 13: 97-103.