The Effects of Heavy Metals on Soil, Plant, Water and Human Health

Abstract

Nowadays, various environmental pollution has increased with industrialization and urbanization and many environmental problems have emerged. Heavy metals, the leading of these
problems, cause pollutions in air, soil and water resources. Heavy metals, which negatively affect plant physiology and cause decrease in plant production, also threaten human health through the food chain. The effect of heavy metals on soil and plant may vary according to soil and plant characteristics. Heavy metals negatively affect soil biological activity and reduce soil fertility. Heavy metals, which protein synthesis, DNA, RNA, root-water relationship, germination, growth and photosynthesis adversely affected in the plant, can create complex structures in soil, plants and water, causing damage to tissues and organs. For these reasons, the impact of heavy metals on soil, plant, water and human health should be fully understood. In this review; the emergence of heavy metals, the effect of heavy metals on soil-water and relationship between soil properties and heavy metals, the effect of heavy metals on plant physiology, defense and tolerance mechanisms of the plant against heavy metals and the effects of heavy metals on human health were investigated.

Keywords

• Heavy metal
• Environmental
• pollution
• Soil pollution
• Toxicity
• Plant
• physiology

Ağır Metallerin Toprak, Bitki, Su ve İnsan Sağlığına Etkileri

Öz

Günümüzde artan sanayileşme ve kentleşme ile beraber çeşitli çevre kirlilikleri artmış ve birçok çevresel problem ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu problemlerin başında gelen ağır metaller, hava, toprak ve su kaynaklarında kirliliklere neden olmaktadırlar. Bitki fizyolojisini olumsuz etkileyerek, bitkisel üretimin azalmasına neden olan ağır metaller, besin zinciri yoluyla canlı sağlığını da tehdit ederler. Ağır metallerin toprağa ve bitkiye etkisi, toprak ve bitki özelliklerine göre değişiklik gösterebilmektedir. Ağır metaller toprak biyolojisinin bozulmasına, bitkide protein sentezi, DNA, RNA, kök-su ilişkisi, çimlenme, gelişme ve fotosentezin olumsuz etkilenmesine, toprak, bitki ve suda kompleks yapılar oluşturarak doku ve organların zarar görmesine neden olabilirler. Bu nedenlerle ağır metallerin toprak, bitki, su ve insan sağlığı üzerindeki etkisi tam olarak anlaşılmalıdır. Bu derlemede; ağır metallerin ortaya çıkışı, toprağa-suya etkisi ve toprak özelliklerinin ağır metallerle olan ilişkisi, ağır metallerin bitki fizyolojisine etkisi ve bitkinin ağır metallere karşı savunma ve tolerans mekanizmaları ile ağır metallerin insan sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri irdelenmeye çalışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ağır metal
• Çevre kirliliği
• Toprak kirliliği
• Toksisite
• Bitki fizyolojisi

Kaynakça

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