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Synthesis and Characterization of (Sn, Al) Co-doped ZnO Semiconductors

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3, 130 - 138, 26.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1666413

Öz

This study presents the effects of tin and aluminium doping and tin/aluminium co-doping on structural, optical, morphological properties of ZnO. Solid state reaction method was used to prepare the samples Zn1-x-ySnxAlyO ((x:y) = (0.00: 0.00), (0.00: 0.03), (0.03: 0.00), (0.03: 0.03)). The properties of the samples were examined by XRD, SEM, EDX spectroscopy and UV–vis spectroscopy.

XRD results demonstrated that the lattice parameters a and c, unit cell volume, bond length L decreases while dislocation density increases with doping. The average crystallite size decreased compared to undoped ZnO. SEM images indicated that all samples show presence of hexagonal like grains and grain size decreases with doping. The optical band gaps were estimated from Tauc plots and found as 3.27, 3.26, 3.23, 3.25 eV for undoped and doped Zn0.97Sn0.03O, Zn0.97Al0.03O and Zn0.94Sn0.03Al0.03O samples, respectively. The structural and optical calculations showed that characteristic properties of ZnO changed with Al and Sn doping.

Kaynakça

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(Sn, Al) Eş-katkılı ZnO Yarıiletkenlerinin Sentezi ve Karakterizasyonu

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3, 130 - 138, 26.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1666413

Öz

Bu çalışma, kalay ve alüminyum katkılamasının ve kalay/alüminyum eş katkılamasının ZnO' nun yapısal, optik ve morfolojik özellikleri üzerindeki etkilerini sunmaktadır. Katı hal reaksiyon yöntemi, Zn1-x-ySnxAlyO ((x:y) = (0.00: 0.00), (0.00: 0.03), (0.03: 0.00), (0.03: 0.03)) örneklerini hazırlamak için kullanılmıştır. Örneklerin özellikleri XRD, SEM, EDX spektroskopisi ve UV-vis spektroskopisi ile incelenmiştir.

XRD sonuçları, örgü parametreleri a ve c, birim hücre hacmi, bağ uzunluğu L'nin azalırken, dislokasyon yoğunluğunun katkılama ile arttığını göstermiştir. Ortalama kristalit boyutu, katkılanmamış ZnO ile karşılaştırıldığında azalmıştır. SEM görüntüleri, tüm örneklerde hekzagonal benzeri tanelerin varlığını ve tane boyutunun katkılama ile azaldığını göstermiştir. Optik bant aralıkları Tauc grafiklerinden hesaplanmıştır ve sırasıyla katkısız ve katkılı Zn0.97Sn0.03O, Zn0.97Al0.03O ve Zn0.94Sn0.03Al0.03O numuneleri için 3.27, 3.26, 3.23, 3.25 eV olarak bulunmuştur. Yapısal ve optik hesaplamalar, ZnO'nun karakteristik özelliklerinin Al ve Sn katkısıyla değiştiğini göstermiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Boshra Ghanbari Shohany, Ali Khorsand Zak. Doped ZnO nanostructures with selected elements - Structural, morphology and optical properties: A review, Ceramics International 2020; 46: 5507-5520.
  • Dhirendra Kumar Sharma, Sweta Shukla, Kapil Kumar Sharma, Vipin Kumar. A review on ZnO: Fundamental properties and applications, Materials Today: Proceedings. 2022; 49: 3028-3035.
  • Dongwoon Jung. Syntheses and characterizations of transition metal-doped ZnO, Solid State Sciences 2010; 12: 466-470.
  • Asikuzun Tokeser E., Ozturk O. . Estimation of microstructural parameters by Williamson–Hall, Halder–Wagner, and size–strain plot methods and magnetic properties of (Cu/Mn) co doped ZnO nanoparticles, J Mater Sci: Mater Electron. 2023; 34: 2075
  • Geetha Devi P., Sakthi Velu A.. Synthesis, structural and optical properties of pure ZnO and Co doped ZnO nanoparticles prepared by the co-precipitation method. J Theor Appl Phys. 2016; 10: 233–240.
  • Xiurong Qu, Shuchen Lu, Dechang Jia, Sheng Zhou, Qingyu Meng. First-principles study of the electronic structure of Al and Sn co-doping ZnO system, Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 2013; 16: 1057-1062.
  • Huaming Yang, Sha Nie. Preparation and characterization of Co-doped ZnO nanomaterials. Materials Chemistry and Physics 2009; 114: 279–282.
  • Amalia M., Cristina D. G, Mihaela P., Raluca M, Adriana Popa, Traian Petrisor Jr., Mihai Gabor, Adrian Ionut Cadis, Bogdan S. Vasile. Synthesis, structural and morphological characteristics, magnetic and optical properties of Co doped ZnO nanoparticles, Ceramics International 2014; 40: 2835-2846.
  • Chao Xu, Lixin Cao, Ge Su, Wei Liu, Xiaofei Qu, Yaqin Yu, Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic activity of Co-doped ZnO powders, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2010; 497: 373–376.
  • N.H. Erdogan, T. Kutlu, N. Sedefoglu, H. Kavak Effect of Na doping on microstructures, optical and electrical properties of ZnO thin films grown by sol-gel method. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2021; 881: 160554.
  • Imen Massoudi, Taher Ghrıb, Amal L. Al-Otaıbı, Kawther Al-Hamadah, Shadıa Al-Malky, Maha Al-Otaıbı, and Marıam Al-Yatımı Effect of Yttrium Substitution on Microstructural, Optical, and Photocatalytic Properties of ZnO Nanostructures, Journal of Electronic Materials 2020; 49: 5353-5362.
  • G. Murtaza, R. Ahmad, M.S. Rashid, M. Hassan, A. Hussnain, Muhammad Azhar Khan, M. Ehsan ul Haq, M.A. Shafique, S. Riaz Structural and magnetic studies on Zr doped ZnO diluted magnetic semiconductor, Current Applied Physics 2014; 14: 176-181.
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  • Sujit Anil Kadam, Susmi Anna Thomas, Yuan-Ron Ma, Lolly Maria Jose, D. Sajan, Arun Aravind Investigation of adsorption and photocatalytic behavior of manganese doped zinc oxide nanostructures, Inorganic Chemistry Communications 2021; 134: 108981.
  • T. Akilan, N. Srinivasan, R. Saravanan Magnetic and optical properties of Ti doped ZnO prepared by solid state reaction method, Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 2015; 30: 381-387.
  • Jing Xie, Yali Cao, Dianzeng Jia, Yizhao Li, Yang Wang Solid-state synthesis of Y-doped ZnO nanoparticles with selective-detection gas-sensing performance Ceramics International 2016; 42: 90-96.
  • Hakan Colak, Orhan Turkoglu Structural and electrical properties of V-doped ZnO prepared by the solid-state reaction, J Mater Sci: Mater Electron. 2012; 23: 1750–1758.
  • N. K. Divya, P.P. Pradyumnan, Solid state synthesis of erbium doped ZnO with excellent photocatalytic activity and enhanced visible light emission, Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 2016; 41: 428-435.
  • Chaeseon Hong, Kyung-Mun Kang, Minjae Kim, Yue Wang, Taehee Kim, Chan Lee, Hyung-Ho Park Structural, electrical, and optical properties of Si-doped ZnO thin films prepared via supercycled atomic layer deposition, Materials Science and Engineering: B 2021; 273: 115401.
  • Caiying Mao, Liang Fang, Hong Zhang, Wanjun Li, Fang Wu, Guoping Qin, Haibo Ruan, Chunyang Kong Effect of B doping on optical, electrical properties and defects of ZnO films, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2016; 676: 135-141.
  • Bircan Dindara, Ali Can Güler Comparison of facile synthesized N doped, B doped and undoped ZnO for the photocatalytic removal of Rhodamine B. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management 2018; 10: 457-466
  • J. Mayandi, R.K. Madathil, C. Abinaya, K. Bethke, V. Venkatachalapathy, K. Rademann, T. Norby, T.G. Finstad Al-doped ZnO prepared by co-precipitation method and its thermoelectric characteristics, Materials Letters 2021; 288: 129352.
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  • Rajwali Khan, Vineet Tirth, Amjad Ali Kashif Irshad, Nasir Rahman, Ali Algahtani, Mohammad Sohail, Saiful Isalm Effect of Sn-doping on the structural, optical, dielectric and magnetic properties of ZnO nanoparticles for spintronics applications, J Mater Sci: Mater Electron. 2021; 32: 21631–2164.
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  • Fazal Kabir, Adil Murtaza, Azhar Saeed, Awais Ghani, Anwar Ali, Saleh Khan, Kaili Li, Qizhong Zhao, Kang Kang Yao, Yin Zhang, Sen Yang Structural, optical and magnetic behavior of (Pr, Fe) co-doped ZnO based dilute magnetic semiconducting nanocrystals, Ceramics International 2022; 48: 19606-19617.
  • Rajwali Khan, Zulfiqar, Simbarashe Fashu, Zia Ur Rehman, Aurangzeb Khan, Muneeb Ur Rahman Structure and magnetic properties of (Co, Mn) co-doped ZnO diluted magnetic semiconductor nanoparticles, J Mater Sci: Mater Electron. 2018; 29: 32–37.
  • Sudipta Mondal, Moniruzzaman Jamal, Sikder Ashikuzzaman Ayon, Md Jannatul Ferdous Anik, Md Muktadir Billah Synergistic enhancement of photocatalytic and antimicrobial efficacy of nitrogen and erbium co-doped ZnO nanoparticles, Journal of Rare Earths 2024; 42: 859-868.
  • S.D. Senol, E. Ozugurlu, L. Arda Synthesis, structure and optical properties of (Mn/Cu) co-doped ZnO nanoparticles, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2020; 822: 153514.
  • Darshan Sharma, Ranjana Jha Transition metal (Co, Mn) co-doped ZnO nanoparticles: Effect on structural and optical properties, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2017; 698: 532-538
  • Anu Katiyar, Nishant Kumar, Priyanka Srivastava, R.K. Shukla, Anchal Srivastava Structural and physical parameters of sol-gel spin coated ZnO thin films: Effect of sol concentration, Materials Today: Proceeding 2020; 29: 1098-1103.
  • Esra Aslan, Maharram Zarbali Tuning of photosensitivity and optical parameters of ZnO based photodetectors by co-Sn and Ti doping, Optical Materials 2022; 125: 112030.
  • Mona A. Mohaseb Effect of Co doping onto physical properties of ZnO films and its UV detection performance, J Mater Sci: Mater Electron. 2023; 34: 1219.
  • A. Khorsand Zak, W.H. Abd. Majid, M.E. Abrishami, Ramin Yousefi X-ray analysis of ZnO nanoparticles by Williamson-Hall and size estrain plot methods, Solid State Sciences 2011; 13: 251-256.
  • H. Saadia, F.I.H. Rhouma, Z. Benzarti, Z. Bougrioua, S. Guermazi, K. Khirouni Electrical conductivity improvement of Fe doped ZnO nanopowders, Materials Research Bulletin 2020; 129: 110884.
  • A. A. Ahmad, A. B. Migdadi, A. M. Alsaad, Qais M. Al Bataineh, Ahmad Telfah Optical, structural, and morphological characterizations of synthesized (Cd–Ni) co doped ZnO thin flms, Applied Physics A 2021; 127: 922.
  • Noubeil Guermat, Warda Daranfed, Idris Bouchama, Nadir Bouarissa Investigation of structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of Co/Ni co-doped ZnO thin films, Journal of Molecular Structure 2021; 1225: 129134
  • N. Siva, D. Sakthi, S. Ragupathy, V. Arun, N. Kannadasan Synthesis, structural, optical and photocatalytic behavior of Sn doped ZnO nanoparticles, Materials Science and Engineering: B 2020; 253: 114497.
  • Aradhana Tiwari, P.P. Sahay Highly c-axis oriented (Mg, Sn) co-doped ZnO thin films for optoelectronic applications, Optical Materials 2022; 134: 113098.
  • Safa Hamdi, Hichem Smaoui, Samir Guermazi, Gerard Leroy, Benoit Duponchel Enhancing the structural, optical and electrical conductivity properties of ZnO nanopowders through Dy doping, Inorganic Chemistry Communications 2022; 144: 109819.
  • V. Ganesh, I.S. Yahia, S. AlFaify, Mohd. Shkir Sn-doped ZnO nanocrystalline thin films with enhanced linear and nonlinear optical properties for optoelectronic applications, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 2017; 100: 115-125.
  • P. Norouzzadeh, Kh. Mabhouti, M. M. Golzan, R. Naderali Consequence of Mn and Ni doping on structural, optical and magnetic characteristics of ZnO nanopowders: the Williamson–Hall method, the Kramers–Kronig approach and magnetic interactions, Applied Physics A 2020; 126: 154
  • Shradha Roy, Mritunjoy Prasad Ghosh, Samrat Mukherjee Introducing magnetic properties in Fe doped ZnO nanoparticles, Applied Physics A 2021; 127: 451
  • T. Ates, C. Tatar, F. Yakuphanoglu Preparation of semiconductor ZnO powders by sol–gel method: Humidity sensors, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 2013; 190: 153-160.
  • Yongmei Zhu, Guoyue Xu, Tengchao Guo, Haili Hou, Shujuan Tan Preparation, infrared emissivity and thermochromic properties of Co doped ZnO by solid state reaction, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2017; 720: 105-115.
  • Cosmas Muiva, Dineo P. Sebuso, Edigar Muchuweni, Microstructural and optical properties of nanostructured Al/Ag co-doped ZnO thin films (AgxAl0.03ZnO0.97-x) by spray pyrolysis for optoelectronic applications, Physica B 2024; 690: 416206.
  • S. Rajasekar, Jafar Ali Ibrahim Syed Masood, N.S. Kalyan Chakravarthi, P. Shunmuga Sundaram, M. Karunakaran, Gaurav Jayaswal, L. Bruno Chandrasekarf, Abdullah N. Alodhayb, George Z. Kyzas, Synthesis and characterization of cobalt-strontium co-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles by chemical precipitation, Inorganic Chemistry Communications 2023; 158: 111607.
  • Mehmet Ozkan, Sercan Sadık Erdem, Reza Mohammadigharehbagh, Sema Kurtaran, Suat Pat Investigation of substrate effect on Co-doped ZnO thin films prepared by thermionic vacuum arc technique, Inorganic Chemistry Communications 2022; 146: 110095.
  • M. Thobega, K. Maabong-Tau, K. Lefatshe, C. Muiva, Study of structural, optical and electrical properties of Nickel doped ZnO (Ni–ZnO) nanorods grown by chemical bath deposition, Physica B 2024; 673: 415500.
  • K. Salima, M. Medles, A. Nakrela, R. Miloua, A. Bouzidi, R. Desfeux, Enhancement of optical and electrical properties of spray pyrolysed ZnO thin films obtained from nitrate chemical by Al-Sn co-doping, Optik 2020; 210: 164504.
  • Imadeddine Bellili, Mohamed Mahtali, Warda Darenfad, Noubeil Guermat, The figure of merit improvement of (Sn, Co)–ZnO sprayed thin films for optoelectronic applications, Optical Materials 2024;154: 115785.
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Malzeme Fiziği
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Özlem Bilgili 0000-0002-6334-2513

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Eylül 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Mart 2025
Kabul Tarihi 10 Ağustos 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Bilgili, Ö. (2025). Synthesis and Characterization of (Sn, Al) Co-doped ZnO Semiconductors. Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi, 14(3), 130-138. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1666413
AMA Bilgili Ö. Synthesis and Characterization of (Sn, Al) Co-doped ZnO Semiconductors. TDFD. Eylül 2025;14(3):130-138. doi:10.46810/tdfd.1666413
Chicago Bilgili, Özlem. “Synthesis and Characterization of (Sn, Al) Co-doped ZnO Semiconductors”. Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi 14, sy. 3 (Eylül 2025): 130-38. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1666413.
EndNote Bilgili Ö (01 Eylül 2025) Synthesis and Characterization of (Sn, Al) Co-doped ZnO Semiconductors. Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi 14 3 130–138.
IEEE Ö. Bilgili, “Synthesis and Characterization of (Sn, Al) Co-doped ZnO Semiconductors”, TDFD, c. 14, sy. 3, ss. 130–138, 2025, doi: 10.46810/tdfd.1666413.
ISNAD Bilgili, Özlem. “Synthesis and Characterization of (Sn, Al) Co-doped ZnO Semiconductors”. Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi 14/3 (Eylül2025), 130-138. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1666413.
JAMA Bilgili Ö. Synthesis and Characterization of (Sn, Al) Co-doped ZnO Semiconductors. TDFD. 2025;14:130–138.
MLA Bilgili, Özlem. “Synthesis and Characterization of (Sn, Al) Co-doped ZnO Semiconductors”. Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi, c. 14, sy. 3, 2025, ss. 130-8, doi:10.46810/tdfd.1666413.
Vancouver Bilgili Ö. Synthesis and Characterization of (Sn, Al) Co-doped ZnO Semiconductors. TDFD. 2025;14(3):130-8.