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Humanities in Medical Education and The Potentiality of Narrative Medicine

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 56, 123 - 137, 30.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.25282/ted.569519

Öz

Flexner report is the turning point in terms of establishing of biomedical perspective in medical education. Biomedical perspective in medical education gains power during the term after Flexner but humanistic and socio-cultural aspects in health education and health care processes are lost. Human and ill individuals are reduced to biological and even molecular level. That people also live a meaning focused life is neglected. Over time, a meaningful resistance against biomedical perspective regarded as “integration-loss” begins to appear. An integrated/biopsychosocial approach, which not only cares for patients’ bodies but also psychic lives and social context is supported. Academicians draw attention to the role that social and humanistic sciences play in terms of hermeneutics paradigm. The integration of social and humanistic sciences into medical education programs accelerates over time and “human in medicine” education develops on this contextual ground. Medicine and literature studies, together with biopsychosocial approach, which are among human in medicine make narrative medicine appear with the engagement of interpersonal experiences including doctor-patient narrative interaction. As a consequence of holistic/humanistic approach, narrative medicine develops as a result of the efforts to integrate humanities into medical education against the reductionist approach of the biomedical perspective. Narrative medicine, in the context of medicine and literature, aims to embed the artistic discourse of literature in medical education. The narrative medicine, which is defined as the capacity of recognizing, internalizing and interpreting narratives of disease, gives the possibility of improving the loss of integrity in medical education. Narrative competencies gained with learning activities like close reading and narrative writing can contribute to raise more qualified doctors whose humanistic awareness has increased.  
In this study, the question “what are the potentialities of narrative medicine?” has been dealt with in terms of providing a more humanistic framework into medicine and medical education; the contributions of narrative medicine educational activities have been evaluated by means of domestic and abroad studies. 

Kaynakça

  • 1. Lewis, B E. Narrative Medicine and Healthcare Reform. J Med Humanit, 2011; 32:9-202. 2.Johna, S., Rahman, S. Humanity before Science: Narrative Medicine, Clinical Practice, and Medical Education. The Permanente Journal, 2011; 15 No. 43.
  • 3. Pellegrino, ED. Humanism and the physician. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1979; 127
  • 4. Zaner, R. Medicine and Dialogue. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 1990; 303.
  • 5. Charon, R., Montello, M. Memory and anticipation: The practice of narrative ethics. In: Stories Matter: The Role of Narrative in Medical Ethics, Ed.: R. Charon, M. Montello. New York, London: Routledge, 2002. p.: ix-xii
  • 6. Evans, M. Medicine, philosophy, and the medical humanities. Br J Gen Pract, 2002; 447-449.
  • 7. Bleakley, A., Marshall, R., Brömer, R. Toward an Aesthetic Medicine: Developing a Core Medical Humanities Undergraduate Curriculum. J Med Humanit, 2006; 27:197–213
  • 8. Vannatta, S., Vannatta, J. Functional Realism: A Defense of Narrative Medicine. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 2013; 38: 32–49.
  • 9. Charon, R. “Narrative and Medicine,” New England Journal of Medicine, 2004; 350, No. 9; 862-864.
  • 10. Charon, R. What to do with stories The sciences of narrative medicine. Canadian Family Physician, 2007; 53
  • 11. Charon, R. Narrative medicine in the international education of physicians. Presse Med, 2013; 42(1): 3–5.
  • 12. Pellegrino ED. Being ill and being healed: some reflections on the grounding of medical morality. Bull N Y Acad Med, 1981; 57(1):70-9.
  • 13. Charon, R. Narrative Medicine A Model for Empathy, Reflection, Profession, and Trust. JAMA, 2001; 286:1897-1902
  • 14. Brendel, W. A Framework for Narrative-Driven Transformative Learning in Medicine, Journal of Transformative Education, 2009; 7, 26-43
  • 15. Myrth-Kaplan, N. Interpreting people as they interpret themselves Narrative in medical anthropology and family medicine. Canadian Family Physician. 2007; 53
  • 16. DasGupta, S., Charon, R. Personal Illness Narratives: Using Reflective Writing to Teach Empathy. Acad Med, 2004; 79:351–356.
  • 17. Novack, DH., Suchman, AL., Clark, W., Epstein, RM., Najberg, E., Kaplan, C. Calibrating the physician: personal awareness and effective patient care. JAMA, 1997; 278:502-509.
  • 18. Miller, SZ., Schmidt, HJ. The habit of humanism: a framework for making humanistic care a reflexive clinical skill. Acad Med, 1999; 74:800-803.
  • 19. Alcauskas, A., Charon, R. Right Brain: Reading, writing, and reflecting: Making a case for narrative medicine in neurology. Neurology, 2008; 70;891-894
  • 20. Charon, R. Close Reading: The Sıgnature Method of Narrative Medıcıne. The Principles and Practice of Narrative Medicine, Chapter 7, Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • 21. Charon, R. Reading, writing and doctoring: literatüre and medicine. Am J Med, 2000; 319:285–291.
  • 22. Shapiro, J. Narrative Medicine and Narrative Writing. Family Medicine, 2012; 44(5):309-11
  • 23. Mann, K., Gordon, J., MacLeod, A. Reflection and reflective practice in health professions education: a systematic review. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract, 2009; 14(4):595-621.
  • 24. Hunter, KM. Charon, R. Coulehan, J. The study of literatüre in medical education. Acad Med. 1995; 70:787–794.
  • 25. Charon, R. Banks, JT. Connelly, J. et al. Literature and medicine: contributions to clinical practice. Ann Intern Med. 1995; 122:599–606.
  • 26. DasGupta, S., Meyer, D., Calero-Breckheimer, A., W. Costley, A., Guillen, S. Teaching Cultural Competency Through Narrative Medicine: Intersections of Classroom and Community. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 2005; 18(1), 14–17
  • 27. Soledad Cepeda, M., Chapman, C.R., Nelcy Miranda, R., Sanchez, R., Rodriguez, C.H., Restrepo, E.A., Ferrer, L.M., Linares, MD., Carr, D.B. Emotional Disclosure Through Patient Narrative May Improve Pain and Well-Being: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial in Patients with Cancer Pain. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2008; 623 Vol. 35 No. 6
  • 28. Levine, RB., Kern, DE., Wright, SM. The impact of a prompted narrative writing during internship on reflective practice: a qualitative study. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract, 2008; 13(5):723-33
  • 29. Bahadır, G., Bıyık, F., Solakoğlu, Z., Mutlu, Ü. İstanbul Üniversitesi İstanbul Tıp Fakültesinde Anlatısal Tıp (Narrative Medicine) Uygulaması. Poster sunumu. X. Ulusal Tıp Eğitimi Kongresi. 2018. Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir.
  • 30. Dervişcemaloğlu, B. Edebiyat İle Tıbbın Buluştuğu Nokta: Anlatısal Tıp. Yeni Türk Edebiyatı Dergisi. Dergâh Yayınları, 2012; 6
  • 31. Kavas, M.V. “Ölüm Ve Ölmekte Olan Hastaya Yaklaşım” Konusundaki Etik Eğitiminde Anlatısal Uygulamaların Etkililiği. Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Doktora Tezi, 2008.
  • 32. Kavas, M.V. Anlatısallık ve Tıp Etiği Eğitimindeki Yeri. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 2011; 64 (2), 59-7
  • 33. Greenhalgh, T. Narrative based medicine Narrative based medicine in an evidence based World. Education and debate. BMJ, 1999; 318
  • 34. Hunter, K. “Don't think zebras”: uncertainty, interpretation, and the place of paradox in clinical education. Theor Med,1996;17:225­41
  • 35. Peterkin, A. Primum non nocere: on accountability in narra¬tive-based medicine. Lit Med, 2011; 29(2):396-411

Tıp Eğitiminde İnsani Boyut ve Anlatı Tıbbının İmkânları

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 56, 123 - 137, 30.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.25282/ted.569519

Öz

Flexner raporu, biyomedikal görüşün tıp eğitimine yerleşmesi açısından dönüm noktası olur. Flexner sonrası dönemde tıp eğitiminde biyomedikal yaklaşım güçlenir ancak sağlık eğitiminde ve sağlık bakım süreçlerinde insani ve sosyokültürel yön kaybedilir. İnsan ve hasta bireyler biyolojik ve hatta moleküler düzeye indirgenir. İnsanların aynı zamanda anlam odaklı hayat yaşadıkları gözden kaçırılır. Zaman içerisinde “bütünlüğün kaybı” olarak değerlendirilen biyomedikal görüşe karşı anlamlı bir direnç ortaya çıkmaya başlar. Yalnızca hastaların bedenlerini değil aynı zamanda onların psişik yaşamlarını ve sosyal bağlamlarını da dikkate alan bütüncül bir yaklaşım olan “biyopsikososyal perspektif” savunulur. Tıp akademisyenleri, yorumlayıcı paradigma çerçevesinde sosyal ve insani bilimlerin sağlık hizmetlerinde oynayabileceği role dikkat çekerler. Sosyal ve insani bilimlerin tıp eğitimi programlarına entegrasyonu süreç içerisinde hız kazanır ve tıp eğitiminde “tıpta insan bilimleri” bu bağlamsal zeminde gelişir. Tıpta insan bilimleri içerisinde yer alan tıp ve edebiyat çalışmaları, biyopsikososyal yaklaşımla birlikte, doktor-hasta anlatı etkileşimi dâhil olmak üzere, kişilerarası deneyimlerin devreye girmesiyle anlatı tıbbını ortaya çıkarır. Dolayısıyla anlatı tıbbı, tıp eğitiminde biyomedikal perspektifin göz ardı ettiği insanı bütün olarak değerlendirme yaklaşımına karşı tıpta insan bilimlerinin tıp eğitimine entegre edilmesi çalışmalarının bir sonucu olarak gelişir. Tıp ve edebiyat bağlamında anlatı tıbbı, edebiyatın sanatsal söyleminin tıp eğitimine yedirilmesi amacını güder. Hastalık hikâyelerini tanıma, özümseme, yorumlama kapasitesi olarak tanımlanan anlatı tıbbı, tıp eğitiminde bütünlüğün kaybının iyileştirilmesi imkânı doğurur. Yakın/derinlikli okuma ve anlatısal/reflektif yazım gibi eğitim etkinlikleri ile kazanılan anlatı yeterlikleri, insani duyarlılığı artmış daha nitelikli hekimler yetişmesine katkı sağlayabilir. 
Bu yazıda, tıp ve tıp eğitimi süreçlerine daha insani bir çerçeve sağlanması noktasında anlatı tıbbının imkânları nelerdir sorusu ele alınmış; yurtdışı ve yurtiçi çalışmalarla anlatı tıbbı uygulamalarının tıp eğitimine katkıları değerlendirilmiştir. 

Kaynakça

  • 1. Lewis, B E. Narrative Medicine and Healthcare Reform. J Med Humanit, 2011; 32:9-202. 2.Johna, S., Rahman, S. Humanity before Science: Narrative Medicine, Clinical Practice, and Medical Education. The Permanente Journal, 2011; 15 No. 43.
  • 3. Pellegrino, ED. Humanism and the physician. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1979; 127
  • 4. Zaner, R. Medicine and Dialogue. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 1990; 303.
  • 5. Charon, R., Montello, M. Memory and anticipation: The practice of narrative ethics. In: Stories Matter: The Role of Narrative in Medical Ethics, Ed.: R. Charon, M. Montello. New York, London: Routledge, 2002. p.: ix-xii
  • 6. Evans, M. Medicine, philosophy, and the medical humanities. Br J Gen Pract, 2002; 447-449.
  • 7. Bleakley, A., Marshall, R., Brömer, R. Toward an Aesthetic Medicine: Developing a Core Medical Humanities Undergraduate Curriculum. J Med Humanit, 2006; 27:197–213
  • 8. Vannatta, S., Vannatta, J. Functional Realism: A Defense of Narrative Medicine. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 2013; 38: 32–49.
  • 9. Charon, R. “Narrative and Medicine,” New England Journal of Medicine, 2004; 350, No. 9; 862-864.
  • 10. Charon, R. What to do with stories The sciences of narrative medicine. Canadian Family Physician, 2007; 53
  • 11. Charon, R. Narrative medicine in the international education of physicians. Presse Med, 2013; 42(1): 3–5.
  • 12. Pellegrino ED. Being ill and being healed: some reflections on the grounding of medical morality. Bull N Y Acad Med, 1981; 57(1):70-9.
  • 13. Charon, R. Narrative Medicine A Model for Empathy, Reflection, Profession, and Trust. JAMA, 2001; 286:1897-1902
  • 14. Brendel, W. A Framework for Narrative-Driven Transformative Learning in Medicine, Journal of Transformative Education, 2009; 7, 26-43
  • 15. Myrth-Kaplan, N. Interpreting people as they interpret themselves Narrative in medical anthropology and family medicine. Canadian Family Physician. 2007; 53
  • 16. DasGupta, S., Charon, R. Personal Illness Narratives: Using Reflective Writing to Teach Empathy. Acad Med, 2004; 79:351–356.
  • 17. Novack, DH., Suchman, AL., Clark, W., Epstein, RM., Najberg, E., Kaplan, C. Calibrating the physician: personal awareness and effective patient care. JAMA, 1997; 278:502-509.
  • 18. Miller, SZ., Schmidt, HJ. The habit of humanism: a framework for making humanistic care a reflexive clinical skill. Acad Med, 1999; 74:800-803.
  • 19. Alcauskas, A., Charon, R. Right Brain: Reading, writing, and reflecting: Making a case for narrative medicine in neurology. Neurology, 2008; 70;891-894
  • 20. Charon, R. Close Reading: The Sıgnature Method of Narrative Medıcıne. The Principles and Practice of Narrative Medicine, Chapter 7, Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • 21. Charon, R. Reading, writing and doctoring: literatüre and medicine. Am J Med, 2000; 319:285–291.
  • 22. Shapiro, J. Narrative Medicine and Narrative Writing. Family Medicine, 2012; 44(5):309-11
  • 23. Mann, K., Gordon, J., MacLeod, A. Reflection and reflective practice in health professions education: a systematic review. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract, 2009; 14(4):595-621.
  • 24. Hunter, KM. Charon, R. Coulehan, J. The study of literatüre in medical education. Acad Med. 1995; 70:787–794.
  • 25. Charon, R. Banks, JT. Connelly, J. et al. Literature and medicine: contributions to clinical practice. Ann Intern Med. 1995; 122:599–606.
  • 26. DasGupta, S., Meyer, D., Calero-Breckheimer, A., W. Costley, A., Guillen, S. Teaching Cultural Competency Through Narrative Medicine: Intersections of Classroom and Community. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 2005; 18(1), 14–17
  • 27. Soledad Cepeda, M., Chapman, C.R., Nelcy Miranda, R., Sanchez, R., Rodriguez, C.H., Restrepo, E.A., Ferrer, L.M., Linares, MD., Carr, D.B. Emotional Disclosure Through Patient Narrative May Improve Pain and Well-Being: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial in Patients with Cancer Pain. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2008; 623 Vol. 35 No. 6
  • 28. Levine, RB., Kern, DE., Wright, SM. The impact of a prompted narrative writing during internship on reflective practice: a qualitative study. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract, 2008; 13(5):723-33
  • 29. Bahadır, G., Bıyık, F., Solakoğlu, Z., Mutlu, Ü. İstanbul Üniversitesi İstanbul Tıp Fakültesinde Anlatısal Tıp (Narrative Medicine) Uygulaması. Poster sunumu. X. Ulusal Tıp Eğitimi Kongresi. 2018. Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir.
  • 30. Dervişcemaloğlu, B. Edebiyat İle Tıbbın Buluştuğu Nokta: Anlatısal Tıp. Yeni Türk Edebiyatı Dergisi. Dergâh Yayınları, 2012; 6
  • 31. Kavas, M.V. “Ölüm Ve Ölmekte Olan Hastaya Yaklaşım” Konusundaki Etik Eğitiminde Anlatısal Uygulamaların Etkililiği. Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Doktora Tezi, 2008.
  • 32. Kavas, M.V. Anlatısallık ve Tıp Etiği Eğitimindeki Yeri. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 2011; 64 (2), 59-7
  • 33. Greenhalgh, T. Narrative based medicine Narrative based medicine in an evidence based World. Education and debate. BMJ, 1999; 318
  • 34. Hunter, K. “Don't think zebras”: uncertainty, interpretation, and the place of paradox in clinical education. Theor Med,1996;17:225­41
  • 35. Peterkin, A. Primum non nocere: on accountability in narra¬tive-based medicine. Lit Med, 2011; 29(2):396-411
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Merve Yıldız 0000-0002-2518-6230

Mehmet Ali Gülpınar 0000-0003-1765-3529

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Mayıs 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 56

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Yıldız M, Gülpınar MA. Tıp Eğitiminde İnsani Boyut ve Anlatı Tıbbının İmkânları. TED. 2019;18(56):123-37.