Rol Oynama ve Yaşlı Simülasyon Kıyafetinin Yaşlılara Karşı Empati ve Olumlu Tutum Üzerindeki Etkisi

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, hemşirelik ve tıp öğrencilerinde tek başına rol oynama ve rol oynama ile yaşlı simülasyon kıyafeti ile birlikte kullanılmasının yaşlılarla empati kurma ve onlara karşı olumlu tutum geliştirme üzerindeki etkisini belirlemektir.
Yöntem: Araştırma, 64 hemşirelik ve tıp öğrencisinin katılımıyla ön test son test deneysel desende gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tüm öğrencilere yaşlılarla empati kurma eğitimi verildi, öğrencilerden Jefferson Empati Ölçeği ve Kogan'ın Yaşlılara Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği'ni doldurmaları istendi. Daha sonra deney grubuna yaşlı simülasyon kıyafeti giydirilmiştir (n: 34). Deney grubundaki öğrenciler yaşlı simülasyon giysisini giydikten sonra günlük yaşamdan aktivitelerle (beslenme, fiziksel aktivite, tuvalete gitme vb.) ilgili üç senaryoya odaklanan bir dizi görevi yerine getirmişlerdir. Görevleri tamamladıktan sonra öğrencilerle yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu aracılığıyla derinlemesine görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın son bölümünde hem deney hem de kontrol grubundaki öğrenciler tekrar Jefferson Empati Ölçeği ve Kogan'ın Yaşlı İnsanlara Karşı Tutum Ölçeği'ni doldurmuşlardır. Nicel veriler, IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Sürüm 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) ve SAS yazılımı (Sürüm 9.3; PROC MIXED SAS Institute, Cary, NC, ABD) ile analiz edildi. Nitel veri analizi MAXQDA yazılımı (Versiyon 12) ile yapıldı. İçerik analizi için temalar ve kodlar belirlendi. Değişkenlerin normal dağılımını incelemek için Shapiro-Wilks testi, verilerin analizinde betimsel istatistikler, bağımsız örneklem t testi veya Mann-Whitney U Testi kullanılmıştır. İstatistiksel anlamlılık p<0.05'te kabul edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Hemşirelik ve tıp öğrencilerinin empati puan ortalamalarına bakıldığında her iki fakültede deney ve kontrol grupları arasında fark olduğu görülmektedir. Uygulama öncesi ve sonrası puanlar arasındaki değişim artış yönünde olup deney ve kontrol gruplarında anlamlıdır. Öğrencilerin yaşlılara yönelik tutum puan ortalamalarındaki değişimler fakültelere ve gruplara göre farklılık göstermektedir. Öğrenciler mülakatlarında yaşlı simülasyon giysisi ile yaşlıların fiziksel yetersizliklerini hissedebildiklerini ifade ederken, rol oynamada empatinin daha çok duygusal yönünü deneyimlediklerini belirtmişlerdir. Öğrenciler kursun sonunda yaşlılara karşı davranışlarında olumlu değişiklikler olabileceğini açıkladılar.
Sonuç: Tek başına rol oynama ve rol oynama ile yaşlı simülasyonunun birlikte uyumunun yaşlılara karşı olumlu tutum ve empatik yaklaşım gösterme açısından birbirini desteklediği düşünülebilir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yaşlı Bireyler
• Empati
• Tutum
• Simülasyon
• Rol Oynama

The Effect of Role-Playing and Aged Simulation Suit on Empathy and Positive Attitude towards the Older-People

Öz

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of role playing alone and role playing and simulation with aged simulation suit together on empathizing with the older people, and positive attitudes towards them among nursing and medical students.
Methods: The study was carried out in the pre-test post-test experimental design, with e participation of 64 nursing and medical students. All students were given a course on empathizing with the older people; and students were asked to fill out the Jefferson Scale of Empathy and Kogan's Attitude Towards Older People Scale. Then the experimental group used an aged simulation suit (n: 34). After putting on the aged simulation suit the students fulfilled a set of tasks that were focused on three scenarios related to activities of daily life (nutrition, physical activity, going to the bathroom, etc.). After completing the tasks, the students were asked to fill out the Jefferson Scale of Empathy and Kogan's Attitude Towards Older People Scale again. Later, in-depth interviews were held with students through a semi-structured interview form. The quantitative data were analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) and SAS software (Version 9.3; PROC MIXED SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Qualitative data analysis was performed with MAXQDA software (version 12). Themes and codes were specified for content analysis. The Shapiro-Wilks test was conducted to examine the normal distribution of variables, and descriptive statistics, independent sample t test or Mann-Whitney U Test were utilized for data analyses. Statistical significance was accepted at p<0.05.
Results: The mean empathy scores of both of the nursing and medical students differed between the experimental and control groups. The post-intervention scores significantly increased in both of the experimental and control groups compared to pre-intervention scores. The changes in the mean older people attitude scores of the students varied regarding the school and the study groups. a In the interviews the students expressed that they could feel the physical incapability of the older people with the aged simulation suit and they experienced the emotional aspect of empathy further in role playing. Students stated that positive changes might occur in their behavior towards the older people by the end of the course.
Conclusions: The findings of the study suggest that role playing alone and role playing, and aged simulation suit together support each other in terms of showing positive attitudes and empathic approach to the older people. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Older People
• Empathy
• Attitudes
• Simulation
• Role Playing

Kaynakça

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