REALİZM, LİBERALİZM VE İNGİLİZ OKULU PERSPEKTİFLERİNDEN ANARŞİ KAVRAMI

Öz

Bu makale, uluslararası ilişkiler disiplininde temel bir kavram olan anarşi olgusunu realizm, liberalizm ve İngiliz Okulu perspektiflerinden ele almaktadır. Her bir kuramsal yaklaşımın anarşi kavramına atfettiği anlam, uluslararası sistemin doğasını ve devletler arası ilişkileri yorumlama biçimlerini derinden etkilemektedir. Realist yaklaşım anarşiyi uluslararası sistemin kaçınılmaz ve değişmez bir özelliği olarak görürken, liberalizm bu durumu kurumlar ve işbirliği yoluyla aşılabilir bir engel olarak değerlendirmektedir. İngiliz Okulu ise anarşiyi yalnızca kaosla özdeşleştirmemekte; aynı zamanda uluslararası toplumun oluşumunu mümkün kılan bir düzen unsuru olarak da ele almaktadır. Bu doğrultuda çalışma, söz konusu üç kuramsal yaklaşımın anarşiye dair temel varsayımlarını karşılaştırmalı bir şekilde inceleyerek, anarşi olgusunun farklı düşünsel geleneklerde nasıl anlamlandırıldığını ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Anarşi
• Realizm
• Liberalizm
• İngiliz Okulu

THE CONCEPT OF ANARCHY FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF REALISM, LIBERALISM AND ENGLISH SCHOOL

Öz

This article examines the concept of anarchy, which is a fundamental concept in the discipline of international relations, from the perspectives of realism, liberalism and the English School. The meaning that each theoretical approach attributes to the concept of anarchy profoundly affects the nature of the international system and the ways in which it interprets relations between states. While the realist approach sees anarchy as an inevitable and unchangeable feature of the international system, liberalism considers this situation as an obstacle that can be overcome through institutions and cooperation. The English School, on the other hand, does not only identify anarchy with chaos; it also considers it as an element of order that makes possible the formation of international society. In this context, the study aims to reveal how the concept of anarchy is interpreted in different intellectual traditions by comparatively examining the basic assumptions of these three theoretical approaches regarding anarchy.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Anarchy
• Realism
• Liberalism
• English School

Kaynakça

1. Bull, Hedley, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (London: Macmillan, 1977).
2. Buzan, Barry, Charles Jones, and Richard Little, The Logic of Anarchy: Neorealism to Structural Realism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993).
3. Buzan, Barry, and Richard Little, “From International System to International Society: Structural Realism and Regime Theory Meet the English School,” International Organization 47, no. 3 (1993): pp. 321–347, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300027983.
4. Doyle, Michael W., “Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs,” Philosophy & Public Affairs 12, no. 3 (1986): pp. 205–235.
5. Dunne, Tim, Inventing International Society: A History of the English School (London: Macmillan, 1998).
6. Finley, M. I., ed., History of the Peloponnesian War (London: Penguin UK, 1972).
7. Keohane, Robert O., After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005).
8. Keohane, Robert O., and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977).

9. Linklater, Andrew, The Transformation of Political Community: Ethical Foundations of the Post-Westphalian Era (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998).
10. Mearsheimer, John J., The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York: W.W. Norton, 2001).
11. Morgenthau, Hans J., Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948).
12. Oye, Kenneth A., Cooperation Under Anarchy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018).
13. Schmidt, Brian, The Political Discourse of Anarchy: A Disciplinary History of International Relations (Albany: SUNY Press, 1998).
14. Seliger, Martin, The Liberal Politics of John Locke (London: Routledge, 2019).
15. Walt, Stephen M., “Alliance Formation and the Balance of World Power,” International Security 9, no. 4 (1985): pp. 3–43.
16. Waltz, Kenneth N., Theory of International Politics (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1979).
17. Wight, Martin, International Theory: The Three Traditions, eds. Gabriele Wight and Brian Porter (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991