Digital Well-Being Scale Validity and Reliability Study

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 263 - 274, 31.12.2022

Veysel Bilal Arslankara Aylin Demir Ömer Öztaş Ertugrul Usta

https://doi.org/10.51535/tell.1206193

Cited By: 1

Öz

The aim of this study is to develop a reliable and valid scale that aims to measure the hedonic and oedonomic state of happiness of individuals who use digital environments and technologies while using these environments and arising from their use. Digital well-being describes the subjective well-being of individuals in a social environment where digital media and technology are ubiquitous. In this context, a general framework for the link between digital media and technology use and well-being is presented. This framework attempts to identify three important constructs and their interconnections: digital media and technology tools, harms/hedonic happiness and eudonomic happiness. Individuals' digital use story emerges within socio-cultural and technical conditions, shaping environmental conditions. However, it usually causes simultaneous or prolonged harm and benefit. By analysing the studies in domestic and foreign literature, 140 antecedent items were prepared, grouped and transformed into scale statements and 21 items were determined. The scale was applied to 367 digital technology users. As a result of exploratory factor analysis, 16 items grouped in 5 factors and having sufficient factor loadings (>.40) were selected. The construct validity test for whether the scale consisting of 16 items in total measures a general construct (digital well-being) and five sub-dimensions named by experts (personal satisfaction, awareness, safe (responsible) behaviour, personal relaxation, negative emotions) was conducted using confirmatory factor analysis. Spearman Brown, Guttmann Split Half and Cronbach Alpha values were calculated for the reliability of the whole scale and its sub-dimensions. The Digital Well-Being Scale (DWBS), which was determined to be valid and reliable in the analyses, consisting of five sub-factors and 16 items, is intended to be a scale that fills the gap in the literature, can be developed and used. It is important that future studies on digital well-being prioritise identification, measurement and theory development.

Anahtar Kelimeler

digital well-being, digital competence, a state of well-being.

Kaynakça

• Aristoteles (1998). Ethics for nicomachus, (trans. Saffet Babür), Ayraç Publications, Ankara.
• Arslankara, V. B. & Usta, E. (2018). Development of virtual world risk perception scale (VWRPS). Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education, 7(1), 111-131.
• Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: Guilford Publications.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Data analysis handbook for social sciences, Ankara: Pegem Publishing.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2017). Scientific research methods. Pegem Citation Index, 1-360.
• Byrne, B. M. (2011). Structural equation modeling with AMOS Basic concepts, applications, and programming (Multivariate Applications Series). Routledge, New York.
• Cambridge Dictionary (2022). Dictionaries. retrieved november 2022 from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/tr/
• Çepni, S. (2001). Introduction to research and project studies. Erol Ofset Printing. Trabzon.
• Çoklar, A. N., Efilti, E., & Sahin, L. (2017). Defining teachers’ technostress levels: a scale development. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(21), 28-41.
• Diener, E. & Chan, M. Y. (2011). Happy people live longer: subjective well-being contributes to health and longevity. Applied Psychhology: Health and Well-Being, 3(1), 1-43.
• Diener, E. & Seligman, M.E. (2004). Beyond money: toward an economy of well-being. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5(1), 1-31.
• Diener, E. (2009). Assessing well-being: the collected works of Ed Diener. New York: Springer.
• Diener, E., Oishi, S. & Tay, L. (2018). Advances in subjective well-being research. Nature Human Behavior, 2, 253-260.
• Ertan Özen, N. & Duran, E. (2017). Digital stories and their use in Turkish education. Eurasian Journal of Language Education and Research, 1(1), 76-105.
• Frey, B. S. & Stutzer, A. (2002). Happiness and economics. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
• Frey, B. S., Benesch, C., & Stutzer, A. (2007). Does watching tv make us happy? Journal of Economic Psychology, 28(3), 283-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2007.02.001
• Hair, J. F. J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. Seventh Edition Prentice Hall.
• Heersmink, R. (2015). Extended mind and cognitive enhancement: Moral aspects of cognitive artifacts. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 1-16.
• Kahneman, D. (1999). Objective happiness. In: D Kahneman, E Diener, and N Schwartz (eds.) Well-being: the foundations of hedonic psychology. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
• Kalaman, S. (2017). New media and the transformation of privacy: the case of facebook Türkiye. International Refereed Journal of Communication and Literary Studies, 14(1),1-19.
• Kara, D. N. (2019). Assessment of university students’ digital well-being. Near East University, Doctoral Dissertation.
• Karasar, N. (2007). Scientific research method, Nobel Publication Distribution.
• Korkmaz, Ö., Usta, E., & Kurt, İ. (2014). A validity and reliability study of the virtual environment loneliness scale (VELS). Hacettepe University Journal of Faculty of Education, 29(2), 144-159.
• Korkmaz, Ö., Vergili, M. & Karadaş, E. (2021). Development of Online privacy awareness scale: reliability and validity study. Turkish Journal of Scientific Research, 6(2), 297-311.
• Krumsvik, R. J. (2008). Situated learning and teachers’ digital competence. Education and Information Technologies, 13(4), 279-290.
• Larson, D. G., & Chastain, R. L. (1990). Self-concealment: Conceptualization measurement and help implications. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 439-455.
• Mahon, N. E., Yarcheski, A., & Yarcheski, T. J. (2005). Happiness as related to gender and health in early adolescents. Clinical Nursing Research, 14 (2), 175-190.
• Meriç, A., & Özyürek, A. (2018). Investigation of preschool children’s knowledge of moral and social rules. International Journal of Social Research, 8(4), 139-166.
• Mischel, W., Ayduk, O., Berman, M. G., Casey, B. J., Gotlib, I. H., Jonides, J., & Shoda, Y. (2011). ‘Willpower’ over the life span: decomposing self-regulation. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 6(2), 252-256.
• Myers, D. G., & Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy? Psychological Science, 6(1), 10-19.
• Ólafsson, K., Livingstone, S., & Haddon, L. (2013). Children’s use of online technologies in Europe: A review of the European evidence base. EU Kids Online. London, UK.
• Öztürk, E. (2018, September 12-14). Is digital well-being one of the current concepts of the digital revolution? (A scale development study) [Paper presentation]. 6th International Symposium on Instructional Technologies and Teacher Education, Edirne, Türkiye.
• Pavithra, M. B. & Madhukumar, S. (2015). A Study on nomophobia-mobile phone dependence, among students of a medical college in bangalore. National Journal of Community Medicine, 6(3), 340-344.
• Ribble, M. (2015). Digital citizenship in schools, nine elements all students should know. (3rd ed.) Washington DC: International Society for Technology in Education.
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141-166.
• Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of personality and social psychology, 69 (4), 719.
• Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2013). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. In The exploration of happiness (pp. 97-116). Springer Netherlands.
• Schuler, E. (1992). Comment s’affirmer, Editions d’organisation, Paris.
• Singh, J. D. & Yadav, R. A. (2015). Health complications caused by excessive use of smartphones. Global Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 4(2).
• Tapscott, D. (1998). Growing up digital: The rise of the net generation. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Tilley, J.J., (2012). Hedonism, encyclopedia of applied ethics. San Diego: Academic Press.
• Turkish Language Association (2022). Turkish language association dictionaries: current turkish dictionary, online dictionary of proverbs and idioms, compilation dictionary: Retrieved November 2022 from https://sozluk.gov.tr/.
• Yılmaz, M. & Dogusoy, B. (2020). Determining the digital citizenship levels of prospective teachers. Kastamonu Journal of Education, 28 (6), 2362-2375. doi: 10.24106/kefdergi.692492