Araştırma Makalesi

The Structural Impact of Digital Banking on Branch Networks and Employment: Evidence from the Turkish Banking Sector

Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1 18 Şubat 2026
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The Structural Impact of Digital Banking on Branch Networks and Employment: Evidence from the Turkish Banking Sector

Öz

This study aims to analyze the impact of digitalization on structural elements such as employment and physical branch networks in the Turkish banking sector. Using annual data covering the 2015–2024 period for nine banks operating in Turkey (Ziraat Bank, Halkbank, Vakıfbank, İş Bank, Akbank, Garanti BBVA, Yapı Kredi Bank, QNB Finansbank, and Şekerbank), the study examines the relationship between digital banking adoption and structural changes in the Turkish banking sector in terms of employment and branch networks using panel data analysis. The number of digital banking customers is considered the dependent variable, while the number of bank employees, number of branches, inflation rate, and interest rate are included in the model as independent variables. The fixed-effects estimator, Driscoll-Kraay robust standard errors test, is applied in the panel data analysis. The study reveals a negative and significant relationship between the number of digital customers and the number of employees and branches, while increases in inflation and interest rates positively affect the number of digital customers. The results show that digitalization reduces the dependence on physical infrastructure and human resources in the banking sector and that digital service channels are prioritized.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. Bhargava, A., Franzni, L. & Narendranathan, W. (1982). Serial Correlation and Fixed Effect Models. Review of Economic Studies, 533-549. Breusch, T. &Pagan, A. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, 239-253. Bakırtaş, T. ve Ustaömer, K., (2019), “Türkiye’nin Bankacılık Sektöründe Dijitalleşme Olgusu”, Ekonomi, İşletme ve Yönetim Dergisi, 1, s. 1-24. Baltagi, B. & Wu, P. (1999). Unequally Spaced Panel Data Regressions with AR(1) Disturbances. Econometric Theory, 814-823.
  2. Banks Association of Turkey (BAT). (2025). Digital, Internet and Mobile Banking Statistics, Access Date: 25.02.2025, https://www.tbb.org.tr/istatistiki-raporlar/2024-aralik-dijital-internet-ve-mobil-bankacilik.
  3. Banks Association of Turkey (BAT). (2025). Bank Branches and Employee Statistics, Access Date:01.03.2025 https://www.tbb.org.tr/istatistiki-raporlar/2024-aralik-banka-calisan-ve-sube-bilgileri.
  4. Banks Association of Turkey (BAT). (2025). Alternative Distribution Channels Statistics. Access Date:05.03.2025, https://www.tbb.org.tr/istatistiki-raporlar/11238.
  5. Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT). (2024). Interest Rate Statistics. Access Date:01.02.2025, https://www.tcmb.gov.tr /Istatistikler/Faiz+Istatistikleri
  6. Crosman, P. (2018). How Artificial Intelligence is Reshaping Jobs in Banking. American Banker, 183(88), 1.
  7. Demirhan, M. (2021). Sektörel bakış: Türk Bankacılık Sektöründe Dı̇jı̇talleşmenı̇n Şube Dağıtım Kanalına Etkı̇lerı̇. Erciyes Akademi, 35(1), 10-19.
  8. Deniz, F. (2023). Dijital Bankacılık Hizmetlerinin Banka Performansına Etkisi. Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, 58(3), 2654–2669.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Ekonomi Teorisi (Diğer), Kamu Yönetimi

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

18 Şubat 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

28 Temmuz 2025

Kabul Tarihi

29 Ocak 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA
Adıgüzel, İ., & Ünal, P. D. T. Ü. (2026). The Structural Impact of Digital Banking on Branch Networks and Employment: Evidence from the Turkish Banking Sector. TESAM Akademi Dergisi, 13(1), 229-249. https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.1752474
AMA
1.Adıgüzel İ, Ünal PDTÜ. The Structural Impact of Digital Banking on Branch Networks and Employment: Evidence from the Turkish Banking Sector. TESAM Akademi Dergisi. 2026;13(1):229-249. doi:10.30626/tesamakademi.1752474
Chicago
Adıgüzel, İdris, ve Prof Dr. Targan Ünal Ünal. 2026. “The Structural Impact of Digital Banking on Branch Networks and Employment: Evidence from the Turkish Banking Sector”. TESAM Akademi Dergisi 13 (1): 229-49. https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.1752474.
EndNote
Adıgüzel İ, Ünal PDTÜ (01 Şubat 2026) The Structural Impact of Digital Banking on Branch Networks and Employment: Evidence from the Turkish Banking Sector. TESAM Akademi Dergisi 13 1 229–249.
IEEE
[1]İ. Adıgüzel ve P. D. T. Ü. Ünal, “The Structural Impact of Digital Banking on Branch Networks and Employment: Evidence from the Turkish Banking Sector”, TESAM Akademi Dergisi, c. 13, sy 1, ss. 229–249, Şub. 2026, doi: 10.30626/tesamakademi.1752474.
ISNAD
Adıgüzel, İdris - Ünal, Prof Dr. Targan Ünal. “The Structural Impact of Digital Banking on Branch Networks and Employment: Evidence from the Turkish Banking Sector”. TESAM Akademi Dergisi 13/1 (01 Şubat 2026): 229-249. https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.1752474.
JAMA
1.Adıgüzel İ, Ünal PDTÜ. The Structural Impact of Digital Banking on Branch Networks and Employment: Evidence from the Turkish Banking Sector. TESAM Akademi Dergisi. 2026;13:229–249.
MLA
Adıgüzel, İdris, ve Prof Dr. Targan Ünal Ünal. “The Structural Impact of Digital Banking on Branch Networks and Employment: Evidence from the Turkish Banking Sector”. TESAM Akademi Dergisi, c. 13, sy 1, Şubat 2026, ss. 229-4, doi:10.30626/tesamakademi.1752474.
Vancouver
1.İdris Adıgüzel, Prof Dr. Targan Ünal Ünal. The Structural Impact of Digital Banking on Branch Networks and Employment: Evidence from the Turkish Banking Sector. TESAM Akademi Dergisi. 01 Şubat 2026;13(1):229-4. doi:10.30626/tesamakademi.1752474