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MILITARY EXPENDITURES AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICAN COUNTRIES

Yıl 2019, , 187 - 211, 31.01.2019
https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.528018

Öz

The Middle East and North Africa (MENA), an economically diverse region, is characterized by countries with a common heritage, which are at various stages of economic development, and home to extremely different natural resources. Majority of the countries in the region have experienced military or civil conflicts. These were conflicts that resulted in extreme human suffering, economic displacement, and the nations of the region had wasted several opportunities of development. Thus, a significant share of national budgets are utilized for military spending. Military expenditures create both costs and benefits for the economy.

In this study, the relationship between military expenditures and economic growth in MENA Countires using panel econometric models for 1990-2017 period. In this study a negative and highly significant effect of infrastructure on economic growth is exist. The coefficient is -0.068 which means a one point increase military expenditure leads to approximately 0.06 point decrease in economic growth.


Kaynakça

  • Agostino, G. d’, Dunne, J. P. & Pieroni, L. (2013). Military Expenditure, Endogeneity and Economic Growth, MPRA Paper No. 45640.
  • AlJarrah, M. (2005). Defense spending and economic growth in an oil-rich country the case of Saudi Arabia. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, XLIII(2), 151-166.
  • Anwar., A, M, Rafique Z. & Joiya,S. A. (2012). Defense spending-economic growth nexus: a case study of Pakistan. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 50(2), 163-182.
  • Apanisile, O., Olalekan,T. & Okunlola,C. (2014). An empirical analysis of effects of military spending on economic growth in Nigeria: a bound testing approach to co-integration 1989-2013. Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law, 6, 117-130.
  • Behr, A. (2003). An comparison of dynamic panel data estimators: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to the investment function, Economic Research Centre of Deutsche Bundesbank. Discussion Paper 05/03. 1-34.
  • Benoit, E. (1973). Growth and defence in developing countries, economic development and cultural change. Chicago Journal, 26, 271-280.
  • Blundell, R. & Bond S. (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 87, 115-143.
  • Ciocchini, F. J. (2006). Dynamic panel data a brief survey of estimation methods. Documentos De Trabajo, 7, 1-17.
  • DeRouen, K. J., (2000). The guns–growth relationship in Israel. Journal of Peace Research, 37(1), 69–83.
  • Dunne, J. P. and Nikolaidou, E. (2011). Defence spending and economic growth in the EU15. Working paper.
  • Dunne, J. P. (2012). Military spending, growth, development and conflict. Defence and Peace Economics, 23(6), 549-557.
  • Dunne, J.P. and Tian, N. (2013). Military expenditure, economic growth and heterogeneity. Availableat:http://saldru.com.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11090/611/2013_95.pdf?sequence=1.
  • Farzanegan, M. R. (2012). Military spending and economic growth: the case of Iran. Joint Discussion Paper Series in Economics, No. 23-2012.
  • Günlük Senesen, G. (2004). The role of defence on external indebtedness: An assessment of Turkey. Defence and Peace Economics, 15(2), 145-156.
  • Halıcıoğlu, F.(2004). Defense spending and economic growth in Turkey: an empirical application of new macroeconomic theory. Review of Middle East Economics and Finance, 2(3), 193-201.
  • Hansen, B.E. (2001). The new econometrics of structural change: dating breaks in U.S. labour productivity. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(4), 117-128.
  • Haseeb, M. (2014). Defense expenditure and economıc growth: a case study of Pakistan (Master thesis, Master of Economics Universiti Utara Malaysia)
  • Hassan, M., Kabir, M., Rahman W. and Aminur H. (2003). Defense expenditure and economic growth in the SAARC countries. The Journal of Political, Social and Economic Studies, 28(3), 275-293.
  • Hirnissa M. T., Habibullah, M. S. and Bahorom, A. H. (2016). Military expenditures and economic growth in selected developing countries: causality analysis using panel error-correction approach. JER Serials Publications, 13(5), 2113-2130.
  • Islam, M. O. (2015). The relation between military expenditure & economic growth in developing countries: evidence from a panel of 41 developing countries. IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance, 6(4), 57-65.
  • James H. L. and Ashfaq Ishaq (1987) Military burden security needs and economic growth in the Middle East. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 31(1), 106–138.
  • Joshua A. and Glick,R. (2006). Military expenditure, threats and growth. Journal International Trade & Economic Development, 15(2), 129-155.
  • Judson, R.A. and Owen A.L. (1999). Estimating dynamic panel data models: a guide for macroeconomists. Economic Letters, 65, 9-15.
  • Kiviet, J.F. (1995). On bias, inconsistency and efficiency of various estimators in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 53-78.
  • Korkmaz, S. (2015). The effect of military spending on economic growth and unemployment in mediterranean countries. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(1), 273-280.
  • Künü, S., Hopoğlu,S. and Bozma G. (2016). Conflict, defense spending and economic growth in the middle east: A panel data analysis, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 6(1), 80-86.
  • Lebovic, J.H. and Ishaq, A. (1987). Military burden, security needs, and economic growth in the Middle East. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 31(1), 106-138
  • Khalid, M., A. Munadhil, A.,J. and Razaq, A. (2015). The impact of military spending on economic growth: evidence from the US economy. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 6(7), 183-190.
  • Pan, C.-I., Tsangyao, C. and Yemane W. R. (2015). Military spending and economic growth in the Middle East countries: bootstrap panel causality test. Defence and Peace Economics, 26(4), 443–456.
  • Sezgin, S. (2000). Defence expenditure and economic growth in Turkey and Greece: a cointegratıon analysis. Muğla Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 1 (1), 191-202.
  • Shahid, A. and Saba, İ. (2015). Economic growth and military expenditure linkages: a panel data analysis. International Economic Policy, 2(23), 48-72.
  • Smith, P. R. (1980). Military expenditure and investment in OECD 1954–1973. Journal of Comparative Economics, 4(1), 19–32.
  • Stroup, M. D. and Heckelman, J. C. (2001). Size of the military sector and economic growth: a panel data analysis of Africa and Latin America. Journal of Applied Economics, 4(2), 329-360.
  • White, H. (1980). A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity. Econometrica, 48(4), 817-838.
  • Wijeweera, A. and Matthew, J. W., (2011). Military spending and economic growth in South Asia: A panel data analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 22(5), 545-554.
  • Yang, A., William J.F, Trumbull, N., Yang, C., W. and Huang, B.-N., (2011). On the relationship between military expenditure, threat and economic growth: A nonlinear approach. Defence and Peace Economics, 22(4), 449-457.
  • Yıldırım, J., Sezgin, S. and Öcal, N. (2005). Military expenditure and economic growth in Middle Eastern countries: A dynamic panel data analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 16(4), 283–295.
  • Middle East and North Africa, Overwiev, http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/mena/overview#1 (10.08.2018).

Orta Doğu ve Kuzey Afrika Ülkelerinde Savunma Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme

Yıl 2019, , 187 - 211, 31.01.2019
https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.528018

Öz

Ekonomik olarak çeşitli bir bölge olan Orta Doğu ve Kuzey Afrika (MENA), ekonomik gelişmenin çeşitli aşamalarında olan ve son derece farklı doğal kaynaklara ev sahipliği yapan, ortak bir mirasa sahip ülkeler ile nitelenir. Bölgedeki ülkelerin büyük çoğunluğu askeri veya sivil çatışmalar yaşamıştır. Bunlar olağanüstü sayıda insanın acı çektiği ve ekonomik kayıplar ile sonuçlanan çatışmalardı ve bölge ulusları birçok gelişme fırsatını heba etti. Bunlar olağanüstü sayıda insanın acı çektiği ve ekonomik kayıplar ile sonuçlanan çatışmalardı ve bölge ulusları birçok gelişme fırsatını heba etmiştir. Nitekim ulusal bütçelerin önemli bir kısmı, askeri harcamalar için kullanılmaktadır. Askeri harcamalar ekonomi için hem fayda hem de maliyet oluşturur.
Bu çalışmada Orta Doğu ve Kuzey Afrika ülkelerindeki askeri harcamalar ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki 1990-2017 dönemi için panel ekonometrik modeller kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, altyapının ekonomik büyüme üzerinde olumsuz ve oldukça önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğu bulunmaktadır. Katsayı -0.068’dir, bu da askeri harcamanın  bir puanlık  artmasının, ekonomik büyümede yaklaşık 0.06 puanlık bir azalmaya yol açtığı anlamına gelir.

Kaynakça

  • Agostino, G. d’, Dunne, J. P. & Pieroni, L. (2013). Military Expenditure, Endogeneity and Economic Growth, MPRA Paper No. 45640.
  • AlJarrah, M. (2005). Defense spending and economic growth in an oil-rich country the case of Saudi Arabia. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, XLIII(2), 151-166.
  • Anwar., A, M, Rafique Z. & Joiya,S. A. (2012). Defense spending-economic growth nexus: a case study of Pakistan. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 50(2), 163-182.
  • Apanisile, O., Olalekan,T. & Okunlola,C. (2014). An empirical analysis of effects of military spending on economic growth in Nigeria: a bound testing approach to co-integration 1989-2013. Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law, 6, 117-130.
  • Behr, A. (2003). An comparison of dynamic panel data estimators: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to the investment function, Economic Research Centre of Deutsche Bundesbank. Discussion Paper 05/03. 1-34.
  • Benoit, E. (1973). Growth and defence in developing countries, economic development and cultural change. Chicago Journal, 26, 271-280.
  • Blundell, R. & Bond S. (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 87, 115-143.
  • Ciocchini, F. J. (2006). Dynamic panel data a brief survey of estimation methods. Documentos De Trabajo, 7, 1-17.
  • DeRouen, K. J., (2000). The guns–growth relationship in Israel. Journal of Peace Research, 37(1), 69–83.
  • Dunne, J. P. and Nikolaidou, E. (2011). Defence spending and economic growth in the EU15. Working paper.
  • Dunne, J. P. (2012). Military spending, growth, development and conflict. Defence and Peace Economics, 23(6), 549-557.
  • Dunne, J.P. and Tian, N. (2013). Military expenditure, economic growth and heterogeneity. Availableat:http://saldru.com.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11090/611/2013_95.pdf?sequence=1.
  • Farzanegan, M. R. (2012). Military spending and economic growth: the case of Iran. Joint Discussion Paper Series in Economics, No. 23-2012.
  • Günlük Senesen, G. (2004). The role of defence on external indebtedness: An assessment of Turkey. Defence and Peace Economics, 15(2), 145-156.
  • Halıcıoğlu, F.(2004). Defense spending and economic growth in Turkey: an empirical application of new macroeconomic theory. Review of Middle East Economics and Finance, 2(3), 193-201.
  • Hansen, B.E. (2001). The new econometrics of structural change: dating breaks in U.S. labour productivity. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(4), 117-128.
  • Haseeb, M. (2014). Defense expenditure and economıc growth: a case study of Pakistan (Master thesis, Master of Economics Universiti Utara Malaysia)
  • Hassan, M., Kabir, M., Rahman W. and Aminur H. (2003). Defense expenditure and economic growth in the SAARC countries. The Journal of Political, Social and Economic Studies, 28(3), 275-293.
  • Hirnissa M. T., Habibullah, M. S. and Bahorom, A. H. (2016). Military expenditures and economic growth in selected developing countries: causality analysis using panel error-correction approach. JER Serials Publications, 13(5), 2113-2130.
  • Islam, M. O. (2015). The relation between military expenditure & economic growth in developing countries: evidence from a panel of 41 developing countries. IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance, 6(4), 57-65.
  • James H. L. and Ashfaq Ishaq (1987) Military burden security needs and economic growth in the Middle East. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 31(1), 106–138.
  • Joshua A. and Glick,R. (2006). Military expenditure, threats and growth. Journal International Trade & Economic Development, 15(2), 129-155.
  • Judson, R.A. and Owen A.L. (1999). Estimating dynamic panel data models: a guide for macroeconomists. Economic Letters, 65, 9-15.
  • Kiviet, J.F. (1995). On bias, inconsistency and efficiency of various estimators in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 53-78.
  • Korkmaz, S. (2015). The effect of military spending on economic growth and unemployment in mediterranean countries. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(1), 273-280.
  • Künü, S., Hopoğlu,S. and Bozma G. (2016). Conflict, defense spending and economic growth in the middle east: A panel data analysis, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 6(1), 80-86.
  • Lebovic, J.H. and Ishaq, A. (1987). Military burden, security needs, and economic growth in the Middle East. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 31(1), 106-138
  • Khalid, M., A. Munadhil, A.,J. and Razaq, A. (2015). The impact of military spending on economic growth: evidence from the US economy. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 6(7), 183-190.
  • Pan, C.-I., Tsangyao, C. and Yemane W. R. (2015). Military spending and economic growth in the Middle East countries: bootstrap panel causality test. Defence and Peace Economics, 26(4), 443–456.
  • Sezgin, S. (2000). Defence expenditure and economic growth in Turkey and Greece: a cointegratıon analysis. Muğla Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 1 (1), 191-202.
  • Shahid, A. and Saba, İ. (2015). Economic growth and military expenditure linkages: a panel data analysis. International Economic Policy, 2(23), 48-72.
  • Smith, P. R. (1980). Military expenditure and investment in OECD 1954–1973. Journal of Comparative Economics, 4(1), 19–32.
  • Stroup, M. D. and Heckelman, J. C. (2001). Size of the military sector and economic growth: a panel data analysis of Africa and Latin America. Journal of Applied Economics, 4(2), 329-360.
  • White, H. (1980). A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity. Econometrica, 48(4), 817-838.
  • Wijeweera, A. and Matthew, J. W., (2011). Military spending and economic growth in South Asia: A panel data analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 22(5), 545-554.
  • Yang, A., William J.F, Trumbull, N., Yang, C., W. and Huang, B.-N., (2011). On the relationship between military expenditure, threat and economic growth: A nonlinear approach. Defence and Peace Economics, 22(4), 449-457.
  • Yıldırım, J., Sezgin, S. and Öcal, N. (2005). Military expenditure and economic growth in Middle Eastern countries: A dynamic panel data analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 16(4), 283–295.
  • Middle East and North Africa, Overwiev, http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/mena/overview#1 (10.08.2018).
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

İşin Çetin Bu kişi benim

Simla Güzel

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019

Kaynak Göster

APA Çetin, İ., & Güzel, S. (2019). MILITARY EXPENDITURES AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICAN COUNTRIES. TESAM Akademi Dergisi, 6(1), 187-211. https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.528018
AMA Çetin İ, Güzel S. MILITARY EXPENDITURES AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICAN COUNTRIES. TESAM Akademi Dergisi. Ocak 2019;6(1):187-211. doi:10.30626/tesamakademi.528018
Chicago Çetin, İşin, ve Simla Güzel. “MILITARY EXPENDITURES AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICAN COUNTRIES”. TESAM Akademi Dergisi 6, sy. 1 (Ocak 2019): 187-211. https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.528018.
EndNote Çetin İ, Güzel S (01 Ocak 2019) MILITARY EXPENDITURES AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICAN COUNTRIES. TESAM Akademi Dergisi 6 1 187–211.
IEEE İ. Çetin ve S. Güzel, “MILITARY EXPENDITURES AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICAN COUNTRIES”, TESAM Akademi Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 1, ss. 187–211, 2019, doi: 10.30626/tesamakademi.528018.
ISNAD Çetin, İşin - Güzel, Simla. “MILITARY EXPENDITURES AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICAN COUNTRIES”. TESAM Akademi Dergisi 6/1 (Ocak 2019), 187-211. https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.528018.
JAMA Çetin İ, Güzel S. MILITARY EXPENDITURES AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICAN COUNTRIES. TESAM Akademi Dergisi. 2019;6:187–211.
MLA Çetin, İşin ve Simla Güzel. “MILITARY EXPENDITURES AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICAN COUNTRIES”. TESAM Akademi Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 1, 2019, ss. 187-11, doi:10.30626/tesamakademi.528018.
Vancouver Çetin İ, Güzel S. MILITARY EXPENDITURES AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICAN COUNTRIES. TESAM Akademi Dergisi. 2019;6(1):187-211.