Spor Üzerinden Kimlikleri, Entegrasyonu ve Diasporaları Araştırmak: Alternatif Bir Yaklaşım

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 177 - 202, 31.01.2018

K. Onur Unutulmaz

https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.393018

Öz

Bu makale günümüz dünyasında büyük önem taşıyan üç konu üzerine yazılmış olan spor çalışmaları literatürü üzerine eleştirel bir değerlendirme sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu konular kimlikler, toplumsal entegrasyon, ve diasporalar ve ulus-ötesiciliktir. Bu konular üzerindeki spor çalışmaları literatürlerinin değerlendirilmesi bu çalışmanın öne süreceği kuramsal ve yöntemsel tartışma için gerekli analitik arka planı sağlayacaktır. Bu değerlendirmeden hareket ederek, çalışma spor sosyolojisi alanında gelecekte yapılacak çalışmalar için bir kuramsal ve yöntemsel yaklaşım önerisi geliştirmektedir. Bu yaklaşım yapılan literatür değerlendirmesinin yanı sıra Fransız sosyal bilimci Pierre Bourdieu’nün kuramsal çalışmalarına dayanmaktadır. Makale, sporun sosyal etkilerinin inceleneceği sosyal bilim çalışmaları için Bourdieu’nün özellikle ‘saha’ ve ‘sermaye’ kavramlarının oldukça zenginleştirici bir kuramsal bakış açısı yaratmada yararlı olacağını öne sürmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Spor ve Sosyal Bilimler, Sosyal Entegrasyonda Spor, Bourdieu, Saha, Sermaye

Studying Identities, Integration and Diasporas Through Sport: An Alternative Approach

Öz

This article aims to provide a critical review of the literature on sports studies in three major subject areas that are of great interest in today’s world. These are identities, social integration, and diasporas and transnationalism. A selective analysis of these literatures provides the necessary analytical background concerning the theoretical and methodological approaches to social role of sports. Building on this background, the paper puts forth a theoretical and methodological proposal on how to frame future studies on sociology of sports which is informed by the existing literature on sports as well as French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu’s theoretical work. It argues that some of the analytical and theoretical tools that are central to Bourdieu’s analysis, namely ‘the field’ and ‘capital’, would constitute very powerful tools as well as open up a potentially very enriching theoretical perspective. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sports and social sciences, Sport in social integration, Bourdieu, Field, Capital

Kaynakça

• Agergaard, S. and Sorensen, J.K. (2009), The dream of social mobility: ethnic minority players in Danish football clubs. Soccer & Society, 10 (6), 766 - 80.
• Andersson, T. (2009), Immigrant teams in Sweden and the case of Assyriska FF. Soccer & Society, 10 (3), 398 - 417.
• Archetti, E. P. (1994), Masculinity and football: The formation of national identity in Argentina, in Richard Giulianotti and John Williams (eds.), Game without Frontiers: Football, Identity and Modernity. Arena.
• Armstrong, G. (2002), 'Talking Up the Game: Football and the Reconstruction of Liberia, West Africa', Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power, 9 (4), 471 - 94.
• Back, L., Crabbe, T., and Solomos, J. (2001), The Changing Face of Football: Racism, Identity and Multiculture in the English Game. Oxford: Berg.
• Bandyopadhyay, K. (2003), Race, nation and sport: Footballing nationalism in colonial Calcutta, Soccer & Society, 4 (1), 1 - 19.
• --- (2008), The nation and its fragments': football and community in India, Soccer & Society, 9 (3), 377 - 93.
• --- (2009a), In search of an identity: the Muslims and football in colonial India, Soccer & Society, 10 (6), 843 - 65.
• --- (2009b), Introduction: minorities and the global game, Soccer & Society, 10 (6), 697-703.
• Barnard, H. (1990), Bourdieu and Ethnography: Reflexivity, Politics and Praxis, in Richard Harker, Cheleen Mahar, and Chris Wilkes (eds.), An introduction to the work of Pierre Bourdieu: the Practice Theory. Macmillan.
• Ben-Porat, A. (2012), From community to commodity: the commodification of football in Israel, Soccer & Society, 13 (3), 443-57.
• Birrell, S. and Donnelly, P. (2004), Reclaiming Goffman: Erving Goffman's Influence on the Sociology of Sport, in Richard Giulianotti (ed.), Sport and Modern Social Theorists. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Bocketti, C. P. (2008), Italian Immigrants, Brazilian Football and the Dilemma of National Identity, Journal of Latin American Studies, 40, 275-302.
• Bourdieu, P. (1977), Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• --- (1978), Sport and social class, Social Science Information, 17 (6), 819-40.
• --- (1990), The Logic of Practice. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
• --- (1993), The Field of Cultural Production: Essays on Art and Literature. New York: Columbia University Press.
• Bourdieu, P. and Wacquant, L. J. D. (1992), Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
• Bradley, J. M. (1996), Integration or assimilation? Scottish society, football and Irish immigrants, International Journal of the History of Sport, 13 (2), 61-79.
• Bradley, J. M. (2006), Sport and the Contestation of Ethnic Identity: Football and Irishness in Scotland, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 32 (7), 1189-208.
• Burdsey, D. (2004a), Obstacle race? 'Race', racism and the recruitment of British Asian professional footballers, Patterns of prejudice, 38 (3), 279-99.
• --- (2004b), 'One of the lads'? Dual ethnicity and assimilated ethnicities in the careers of British Asian professional footballers, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 27 (5), 757 - 79.
• --- (2006), ‘If I Ever Play Football, Dad, Can I Play for England or India?': British Asians, Sport and Diasporic National Identities, Sociology, 40 (1), 11-28.
• --- (2007), British Asians and Football: Culture, Identity, Exclusion (Routledge).
• --- (2008), Contested conceptions of identity, community and multiculturalism in the staging of alternative sport events: a case study of the Amsterdam World Cup football tournament', Leisure Studies, 27 (3), 259-77.
• Burgess, I., Edwards, A., and Skinner, J. (2003), Football Culture in an Australian School Setting: The Construction of Masculine Identity, Sport, Education and Society, 8 (2), 199 - 212.
• Coakley, J. (1990), Sport in Society 4th edn.; St Louis, Miss.: Times Mirror/ Mosby College.
• Cronin, M. and Mayall, D. (eds.) (1998), Sporting Nationalisms: Identity, Ethnicity, Immigration and Assimilation. London: Frank Cass. da Cunha, M. C. (1995), Children, Politics, and Culture: the Case of Brazilian Indians, in Sharon Stephens (ed.), Children and the Politics of Culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Gibbons, T. (2011), English national identity and the national football team: the view of contemporary English fans, Soccer & Society, 12 (6), 865-79.
• Giddens, A. (2001), Sociology. 4th ed.; Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
• Giulianotti, R. (ed.), (2004), Sport and Modern Social Theorists. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Gruneau, R. (1975), Sport, Social Differentiation and Social Inequality, in Donald W. Ball and John W. Loy (eds.), Sport and Social Order: Contributions to the Sociology of Sport. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
• Hall, K. (1995), 'There's a Time to Act English and a Time to Act Indian’: The Politics of Identity among British-Sikh Teenagers, in Sharon Stephens (ed.), Children and the Politics of Culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Hargreaves, J. (1986), Sport, Power and Culture: A Social and Historical Analysis of Pupular Sports in Britain. London: Polity.
• Hay, R. and Guoth, N. (2009), No single pattern: Australian migrant minorities and the round ball code in Victoria, Soccer & Society, 10 (6), 823 - 42.
• Hoberman, J. M. (1984), Sport and Political Identity. Heinemann.
• Ismond, P. (2003), Black and Asian Athletes in British Sport and Society: A Sporting Chance? London: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Jarvie, G. and Maguire, J. (1994), Sport and Leisure in Social Thought. London: Routledge.
• Johnson, R. (1993), Editor's Introduction: Pierre Bourdieu, in Pierre Bourdieu (ed.), The Field of Cultural Production. Cambridge: Polity.
• Koca, C., Matthew, A., and Giyasettin, D. (2009), The place and meaning of the field of PE in Turkish young people's lives: a study using Bourdieu's conceptual tools, Sport, Education and Society, 14 (1), 55-75.
• Lasch, C. (1979), The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations. New York: Warner Books.
• Lever, J. (1983), Soccer Madness. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
• Palmer, C. (2009), Soccer and the politics of identity for young Muslim refugee women in South Australia, Soccer & Society, 10 (1), 27 - 38.
• ParekhReport (2000), 'The future of multi-ethnic Britain: The Parekh Report', London.
• Roy, J. (2001), Football, European Integration, National Identity: The Case of FC Barcelona, European Community Studies Association (ESCA) Conference. Madison, Wisconsin.
• Rowe, D. (2004), Antonio Gramsci: Sport, Hegemony and the National-Popular, in Richard Giulianotti (ed.), Sport and Modern Social Theorists. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Sherry, E. and Strybosch, V. (2012), A kick in the right direction: longitudinal outcomes of the Australian Community Street Soccer Program, Soccer & Society, 13 (4), 495-509. Simmel, G. (1955), Conflict and the web of group-affiliations, trans. K. H. Wolf and R. Bendix. New York: The Free Press.
• Spaaij, R. (2008), Men Like Us, Boys Like Them: Violence, Masculinity, and Collective Identity in Football Hooliganism, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 32 (4), 369-92.
• Spracklen, K. (2003), Setting a Standard?: Measuring Progress in Tackling Racism and Promoting Social Inclusion in English Sport, in Adrian Ibbetson, Beccy Watson, and Maggie Ferguson (eds.), Sport, Leisure and Spcial Inclusion. Leisure Studies Association.
• Thorpe, H. (2010), Bourdieu, Gender Reflexivity, and Physical Culture: A Case of Masculinities in the Snowboarding Field, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 34 (2), 176-214.
• Tomlinson, A. (2004), Pierre Bourdieu and the Sociological Study of Sport: Habitus, Capital and Field, in Richard Giulianotti (ed.), Sport and Modern Social Theorists. Palgrave Macmillan.
• Ward, T. (2009), Sport and national identity, Soccer & Society, 10 (5), 518 - 31.
• Williams, J. (1994), 'Rangers is a black club': 'Race', identity and local football in England, in Richard Giulianotti and John Williams (eds.), Game without Frontiers: Football, Identity and Modernity. Arena.