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POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS in THE POLARIZATION of IRAQI POLITICS (2003-2006)

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 81 - 102, 09.02.2022
https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.897121

Öz

A new political structuring took place in Iraq after 2003. During this period, sub-national political movements came to the fore along with the United States (USA). Institutions of the Iraqi state after Saddam Hussein were formed in 2003-2005. This structure does not make Iraq successful today. However, in the 2005 elections, a large part of Iraqi society cast their votes for sub-national parties. The study aims to analyze the reasons behind the social support of ethnic parties which do not allow Iraq to be a successful state. For this purpose, political psychological concepts were used to understand the Iraqi society within the conditions of the period. The data reflecting the political psychological attitudes of Iraqis were collected and the reasons for social polarization and support for ethnic parties were analyzed. In this study, it was concluded that when a new situation arises in a country and sub-national groups feel threatened, they tend to polarize and reflect it on their political behavior.

Kaynakça

  • Abdullah, C. (2011). Eı-Irak Beyn El-Tahrir and El-Tedmir: İhtilal El-Irak Bidun Muafaka Meclis El-Emn. London: Dar el-Hikme.
  • Abdullah, T. A. J. (2006). Dictatorship, Imperialism and Chaos: Iraq since 1989. New York: Zed Books.
  • Allawi, A. A. (2007). The Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Arı, T. (2004). Geçmişten günümüze Orta Doğu siyaset, savaş ve diplomasi. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
  • Batatu, H. (1989). The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq’s Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of Its Communists, Ba’thists and Free Officers. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
  • BBC News. (2004, 16 March). National Survey of Iraq February 2004. Accessed: 22.06.2020, http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2004/03_march/16/iraq_polls.shtml.
  • Bowen, Jr. S. W. (2009). Hard Lessons: The Iraq Reconstruction Experience. Washington, D.C.: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
  • Cole, J. R. I. (2006). The Ayatollahs and Democracy in Iraq. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
  • Çetin, H. (2010). Korku Siyaseti ve Siyaset Korkusu. İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Çevik, A. (2010). Politik Psikoloji. Ankara: Dost Kitabevi.
  • Diamond, L. (2005). Squandered Victory: The American Occupation and the Bungled Effort to Bring Democracy to Iraq. New York: Times Books.
  • Dodge, T. and International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2012). Iraq: From War to a New Authoritarianism. London: Routledge.
  • Geertz, C. (1996) “Primordial Ties”, In J. Hutchinson and A. Smith (Eds). Ethnicity (pp. 40-45). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Georgis, M. (2017). Nation and Identity Construction in Modern Iraq: (Re)Inserting the Assyrians, In Hamdon, Evelyn et al. (Eds.), Unsettling Colonial Modernity in Islamicate Contexts (pp. 67-87). Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Haddad, F. (2014). Sectarian Relations and Sunni Identity in Post-Civil War Iraq, In Laurence Potter (Eds.), Sectarian Politics in the Persian Gulf (pp. 67-115). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Haddad, F. (2011). Sectarianism in Iraq: Antagonistic Visions of Unity. New York: Columbia University Press. Hasasu, C. (2014). Türkmenlerin 14 Temmuz Travması. Accessed: 15.10.2020, http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/al-jazeera-ozel/turkmenlerin-14-temmuz-travmasi.
  • Hazır, T. (2020). Tanıkların Gözüyle 14 Temmuz 1959 Kerkük Katliamı (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Anabilim Dalı, Niğde).
  • Inanç, Z. and Özel, Ç. (2006). Dünya Basınında Irak (2003-2005), İstanbul: Doz Basım Yayın.
  • Inglehart, R., Moaddel, M. and Tessler, M. (2006). Xenophobia and In-Group Solidarity in Iraq: A Natural Experiment on the Impact of Insecurity, Perspectives on Politics, 4(3), 495-505.
  • International Republican Institute (a). (2005). Survey of Iraqi Public Opinion April 11-April 20, 2005. Accessed: 20.10.2020, https://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2005-05-05-Iraq- Poll-April-April.pdf.
  • International Republican Institute (b). (2005). Survey of Iraqi Public Opinion November 1-November 11, 2005. Accessed: 20.10.2020, https://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2005-11- 23-Iraq%20poll%20Nov%20Nov.pdf. CNN International Website. (2006). Iraq officials: Shiite-led alliance wins election. Accessed: 10.06.2020, https://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/01/20/iraq.main/index.html. Kedourie, E. (1988). Anti-Shiism in Iraq under the Monarchy, Middle Eastern Studies, 24(2), 249–253.
  • Kurubaş, E. (2008). Etnik Sorunlar: Ulus-Devlet ve Etnik Gruplar Arasındaki Varoluşsal İlişki, Doğu Batı: Düşünce Dergisi, 44, 11-41.
  • Lemieux, M. (2011). Iraq’s conflicted transition to democracy: analyzing elections in a violent society, In David Gillies (Eds), Elections in Dangerous Places: Democracy and the Paradoxes of Peacebuilding (pp. 32-53), Montreal: McGill-Queen’s Press.
  • Marr, P. (2012). The Modern History of Iraq. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Musings on Iraq website. (2014). How Faults with Iraq’s Constitution Undermines the Country “Interview with Constitutional Scholar Zaid Al-Ali”. Accessed: 30.07.2020, http://musingsoniraq.blogspot.com/2014/02/how- faults-with- iraqs- constitution.html.
  • Neal, G. and Williams, K. (2010). Ethnic Conflict: A Systematic Approach to Cases of Conflict. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
  • Record, J. (Fall 2007). Back to the Weinberger-Powell Doctrine?, Strategic Studies Quarterly, 1(1), 79-95. Thompson, M. (2015). How Disbanding the Iraqi Army Fueled ISIS, Time. Accessed: 03.06.2021, https://time.com/3900753/isis-iraq-syria-army-united-states-military/.
  • Tripp, C . (2007). A History of Iraq. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Varshney, A. (2009). Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict, In C. Boix and S. C. Stokes (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics (pp. 274-297), Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Volkan, V. D. (2005). Körü körüne inanç: kriz ve terör dönemlerinde geniş gruplar ve liderleri. İstanbul: Okuyan Us.
  • Volkan,V. D. (2014). Psychoanalysis, International Relations, and Diplomacy: A Sourcebook on Large-Group Psychology, London: Karnac.
  • Volkan, V. D. and Harris, M. (1995). The psychodynamics of ethnic terrorism, International Journal on Group Rights, 3(2), 145-159.
  • Musıngs on Iraq Website. (2013). Sunni Identity Politics in Iraq after 2003. Accessed: 05.05.2020, http://musingsoniraq.blogspot.com.tr/2013/12/sunni- identity-politics- in-iraq-after.html.
  • Zubaida, S. (2004). Contested Nations: Iraq and the Assyrians, Nations and Nationalism, 6(3), 363-382.

Irak Siyasetinin Kutuplaşmasında Politik Psikolojik Faktörler (2003-2006)

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 81 - 102, 09.02.2022
https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.897121

Öz

Saddam Hüseyin rejimi sonrası Irak’ta geçiş döneminde yeni bir siyasi yapılanma oluştu. Demokratikleşmeye geçiş sürecinde, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) tarafından ulus-altı siyasi hareketler ön plana çıkarıldı. Saddam Hüseyin sonrası devlet kurumları 2003-2005 yılları arasında geçiş sürecinde inşa edildi. Söz konusu dönemde oluşan yapılanmanın Irak’ı başarılı kılmadığı günümüzde anlaşılmaktadır. Irak istikrarsız bir ülke olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Terör örgütlerinin faaliyetleri ve toplumsal ayaklanmalar Irak’ın istikrarsız bir ülke olduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak, Irak toplumunun büyük bir çoğunluğu 2005 yılında yapılan ilk seçimde ülkeyi başarısızlığa götüren söz konusu ulus-altı siyasi partilere oy vermiştir. Bu çalışmada, Irak Devleti’ni başarılı kılmayan ulus-altı siyasi partilere verilen toplumsal desteğin sebepleri irdelenmiştir. Vamık Volkan, belli koşullarda ulus-altı grupların kutuplaştığı
ve kendi geniş grup kimliği doğrultusunda hareket ettiğini çalışmalarıyla ortaya koymuştur. Bu doğrultuda, politik psikolojik kavramlara başvurularak Irak toplumu dönemin şartları içinde anlamaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada, Iraklıların politik psikolojik tutumlarını ölçecek veriler toplanmıştır. Ardından toplumsal kutuplaşma ve ulus-altı partilere desteğin nedenleri analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada, bir ülkede yeni bir durum ortaya çıktığında ve bu durum ulus-altı gruplarda tehdit hissi uyandırdığında, ulusaltı grupların bu durumu politik davranışlarına yansıttıkları sonucuna varılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Abdullah, C. (2011). Eı-Irak Beyn El-Tahrir and El-Tedmir: İhtilal El-Irak Bidun Muafaka Meclis El-Emn. London: Dar el-Hikme.
  • Abdullah, T. A. J. (2006). Dictatorship, Imperialism and Chaos: Iraq since 1989. New York: Zed Books.
  • Allawi, A. A. (2007). The Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Arı, T. (2004). Geçmişten günümüze Orta Doğu siyaset, savaş ve diplomasi. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
  • Batatu, H. (1989). The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq’s Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of Its Communists, Ba’thists and Free Officers. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
  • BBC News. (2004, 16 March). National Survey of Iraq February 2004. Accessed: 22.06.2020, http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2004/03_march/16/iraq_polls.shtml.
  • Bowen, Jr. S. W. (2009). Hard Lessons: The Iraq Reconstruction Experience. Washington, D.C.: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
  • Cole, J. R. I. (2006). The Ayatollahs and Democracy in Iraq. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
  • Çetin, H. (2010). Korku Siyaseti ve Siyaset Korkusu. İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Çevik, A. (2010). Politik Psikoloji. Ankara: Dost Kitabevi.
  • Diamond, L. (2005). Squandered Victory: The American Occupation and the Bungled Effort to Bring Democracy to Iraq. New York: Times Books.
  • Dodge, T. and International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2012). Iraq: From War to a New Authoritarianism. London: Routledge.
  • Geertz, C. (1996) “Primordial Ties”, In J. Hutchinson and A. Smith (Eds). Ethnicity (pp. 40-45). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Georgis, M. (2017). Nation and Identity Construction in Modern Iraq: (Re)Inserting the Assyrians, In Hamdon, Evelyn et al. (Eds.), Unsettling Colonial Modernity in Islamicate Contexts (pp. 67-87). Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Haddad, F. (2014). Sectarian Relations and Sunni Identity in Post-Civil War Iraq, In Laurence Potter (Eds.), Sectarian Politics in the Persian Gulf (pp. 67-115). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Haddad, F. (2011). Sectarianism in Iraq: Antagonistic Visions of Unity. New York: Columbia University Press. Hasasu, C. (2014). Türkmenlerin 14 Temmuz Travması. Accessed: 15.10.2020, http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/al-jazeera-ozel/turkmenlerin-14-temmuz-travmasi.
  • Hazır, T. (2020). Tanıkların Gözüyle 14 Temmuz 1959 Kerkük Katliamı (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Anabilim Dalı, Niğde).
  • Inanç, Z. and Özel, Ç. (2006). Dünya Basınında Irak (2003-2005), İstanbul: Doz Basım Yayın.
  • Inglehart, R., Moaddel, M. and Tessler, M. (2006). Xenophobia and In-Group Solidarity in Iraq: A Natural Experiment on the Impact of Insecurity, Perspectives on Politics, 4(3), 495-505.
  • International Republican Institute (a). (2005). Survey of Iraqi Public Opinion April 11-April 20, 2005. Accessed: 20.10.2020, https://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2005-05-05-Iraq- Poll-April-April.pdf.
  • International Republican Institute (b). (2005). Survey of Iraqi Public Opinion November 1-November 11, 2005. Accessed: 20.10.2020, https://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2005-11- 23-Iraq%20poll%20Nov%20Nov.pdf. CNN International Website. (2006). Iraq officials: Shiite-led alliance wins election. Accessed: 10.06.2020, https://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/01/20/iraq.main/index.html. Kedourie, E. (1988). Anti-Shiism in Iraq under the Monarchy, Middle Eastern Studies, 24(2), 249–253.
  • Kurubaş, E. (2008). Etnik Sorunlar: Ulus-Devlet ve Etnik Gruplar Arasındaki Varoluşsal İlişki, Doğu Batı: Düşünce Dergisi, 44, 11-41.
  • Lemieux, M. (2011). Iraq’s conflicted transition to democracy: analyzing elections in a violent society, In David Gillies (Eds), Elections in Dangerous Places: Democracy and the Paradoxes of Peacebuilding (pp. 32-53), Montreal: McGill-Queen’s Press.
  • Marr, P. (2012). The Modern History of Iraq. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Musings on Iraq website. (2014). How Faults with Iraq’s Constitution Undermines the Country “Interview with Constitutional Scholar Zaid Al-Ali”. Accessed: 30.07.2020, http://musingsoniraq.blogspot.com/2014/02/how- faults-with- iraqs- constitution.html.
  • Neal, G. and Williams, K. (2010). Ethnic Conflict: A Systematic Approach to Cases of Conflict. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
  • Record, J. (Fall 2007). Back to the Weinberger-Powell Doctrine?, Strategic Studies Quarterly, 1(1), 79-95. Thompson, M. (2015). How Disbanding the Iraqi Army Fueled ISIS, Time. Accessed: 03.06.2021, https://time.com/3900753/isis-iraq-syria-army-united-states-military/.
  • Tripp, C . (2007). A History of Iraq. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Varshney, A. (2009). Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict, In C. Boix and S. C. Stokes (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics (pp. 274-297), Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Volkan, V. D. (2005). Körü körüne inanç: kriz ve terör dönemlerinde geniş gruplar ve liderleri. İstanbul: Okuyan Us.
  • Volkan,V. D. (2014). Psychoanalysis, International Relations, and Diplomacy: A Sourcebook on Large-Group Psychology, London: Karnac.
  • Volkan, V. D. and Harris, M. (1995). The psychodynamics of ethnic terrorism, International Journal on Group Rights, 3(2), 145-159.
  • Musıngs on Iraq Website. (2013). Sunni Identity Politics in Iraq after 2003. Accessed: 05.05.2020, http://musingsoniraq.blogspot.com.tr/2013/12/sunni- identity-politics- in-iraq-after.html.
  • Zubaida, S. (2004). Contested Nations: Iraq and the Assyrians, Nations and Nationalism, 6(3), 363-382.
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Emin Salihi 0000-0003-0074-0407

Itri Atay 0000-0002-3570-7458

Yayımlanma Tarihi 9 Şubat 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Salihi, E., & Atay, I. (2022). POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS in THE POLARIZATION of IRAQI POLITICS (2003-2006). TESAM Akademi Dergisi, 9(1), 81-102. https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.897121
AMA Salihi E, Atay I. POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS in THE POLARIZATION of IRAQI POLITICS (2003-2006). TESAM Akademi Dergisi. Şubat 2022;9(1):81-102. doi:10.30626/tesamakademi.897121
Chicago Salihi, Emin, ve Itri Atay. “POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS in THE POLARIZATION of IRAQI POLITICS (2003-2006)”. TESAM Akademi Dergisi 9, sy. 1 (Şubat 2022): 81-102. https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.897121.
EndNote Salihi E, Atay I (01 Şubat 2022) POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS in THE POLARIZATION of IRAQI POLITICS (2003-2006). TESAM Akademi Dergisi 9 1 81–102.
IEEE E. Salihi ve I. Atay, “POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS in THE POLARIZATION of IRAQI POLITICS (2003-2006)”, TESAM Akademi Dergisi, c. 9, sy. 1, ss. 81–102, 2022, doi: 10.30626/tesamakademi.897121.
ISNAD Salihi, Emin - Atay, Itri. “POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS in THE POLARIZATION of IRAQI POLITICS (2003-2006)”. TESAM Akademi Dergisi 9/1 (Şubat 2022), 81-102. https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.897121.
JAMA Salihi E, Atay I. POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS in THE POLARIZATION of IRAQI POLITICS (2003-2006). TESAM Akademi Dergisi. 2022;9:81–102.
MLA Salihi, Emin ve Itri Atay. “POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS in THE POLARIZATION of IRAQI POLITICS (2003-2006)”. TESAM Akademi Dergisi, c. 9, sy. 1, 2022, ss. 81-102, doi:10.30626/tesamakademi.897121.
Vancouver Salihi E, Atay I. POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS in THE POLARIZATION of IRAQI POLITICS (2003-2006). TESAM Akademi Dergisi. 2022;9(1):81-102.