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İran ile Nükleer Müzakereler ve Türkiye’nin Avrupa’ya Uzanan Enerji Merkezi Rolü

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 349 - 374, 19.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.1087289

Öz

Türkiye’nin, Orta Asya ve Ortadoğu ülkelerinden Avrupa’ya uzanan bir enerji köprüsü olarak rolü son on yılların en tartışmalı gündemlerinden biri olmuştur. Hem Avrupa’nın enerji arz güvenliği hem de üretici ülkelerin karlı pazarlara ulaşımı bakımından Türkiye önemli bir fırsat sunmaya devam etmektedir. Türkiye’nin öncelikle kendi ihtiyaçlarını karşılayabilmek için üretici ülkelerle kurduğu enerji köprüleri, zamanla Avrupa pazarına ulaşacak Güney Enerji Koridorunun şekillenmesine sebep olmaktadır. 2020 yılı kapanırken faaliyete geçen TANAP ve Güney İtalya’ya uzanan TAP ile birlikte önce Azeri gazının Avrupa pazarına ulaşımında ilk adım atılmıştır. Son Ukrayna-Rusya çatışması ile birlikte enerji piyasalarında yaşanan çalkantı ve Rusya’nın güvenilir tedarikçi rolünün sarsılması alternatif tedarik yollarının önemini tekrar vurgulamaktadır. Nükleer müzakereler başarıya ulaştığı takdirde İran’ın yeniden doğalgaz piyasalarına dönüşü bu koridorun önemini artırıyor olacaktır. Üretiminin bir kısmını sıvılaştırılmış gaz olarak satmayı tercih edecek İran, botu hatları yoluyla Hindistan pazarına ve Avrupa’daki tüketicilere de ulaşmak isteyecektir. Dünyanın en büyük konvansiyonel rezervlerine sahip ülkesinin Avrupa pazarına ulaşması için Türkiye’nin coğrafi konumu eşsiz bir imkân sunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmadi, A. (2018). The impact of economic sanctions and the JCPOA on energy sector of Iran. Global Trade and Customs Journal, 13(5), 198-223.
  • Aslund, A. (2008). Russia energy and the European Union:Perspectives on Gazprom. Brussels: Speech: European Parliament.
  • Aslund, A. (2010). Gazprom: Challenged Giant in need of reform. Washington DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.
  • Balat, M. (2010). Security of energy supply in Turkey: Challenges and solutions. Energy Conversion and Management, 51, 1998-2011.
  • Belkin, P., Jim N. and Steven W. (2013). Europe’s energy security: Options and challenges to natural gas supply diversification. Washington DC: Congressional Research Service.
  • Bilgin, M. (2007). New prospects in the political economy of inner-Caspian hydrocarbons and Western energy corridor through Turkey. Energy Policy, 35, 6383-6394.
  • Bilgin, M. (2010). Turkey’s energy strategy: What difference does it make to become an energy corridor, hub, or center? UNISCI Discussion Papers, 23, 113-128.
  • British Petroleum. (2021). BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 69th Edition, https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf.
  • Butler, E. (2011). The Geopolitics of merger and acquisition in the Central European energy market. Geopolitics, 16(3), 626-654.
  • Carter, S. G. (2014). Iran, natural gas and Asia’s energy needs: A spoiler for sanctions? Middle East Policy, 21(1), 41-61.
  • Cleveland, W. L., ve Bunton, M. (2013). A history of the modern middle east (5 b.). Boulder: Westview Press. Cordesman, A. H. (2015). The Iran nuclear agreement and Iranian energy exports, the Iranian economy, and World energy markets. Center for Strategic and International Studies, 27.
  • Cornell, S. ve İsmailzade F. (2005). The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Implications for Azerbaijan in Starr. Frederick. C. ve Svante. E. (Ed), The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Oil window to the West. Washington DC: Central Asia-Caucasus Institute.
  • Cornot-Gandolphe, S., Appert, O., Dickel, R., Chabrelie, M. F., ve Rojey, A. (2003). The challenges of further cost reductions for new supply options (pipeline, LNG, GTL). 22nd World Gas Conference, 5, 1-17.
  • Damianova, K. K. (2015). Iran’s re-emergence on global energy markets: opportunities, challenges & implications. Londra: EUCERS Strategy Paper.
  • Dudlák, T. (2018). After the sanctions: Policy challenges in transition to a new political economy of the Iranian oil and gas sectors. Energy Policy, 121, 464-475.
  • Eikeland, P. O. (2011). The third international energy market package: New power relations among member states, EU institutions and non-state actors? Journal of Common Market Studies, 49(2), 243-263.
  • EPDK Enerji Piyasaları Denetleme Kurulu. (2020), Annual Natural Gas Sectoral Report. Ankara.
  • Erşen, E. ve Çelikpala M. (2019). Turkey and the changing energy geopolitics of Eurasia. Energy Policy, 128, 584-592.
  • Farzanegan, M. R. (2011). Oil revenue shocks and government spending behavior in Iran. Energy Economics (33), 1055-1069.
  • Franza, L. (2015). From South Stream to Turk Stream, Clingendael International Energy Program Paper: The Hague, Netherlands.
  • Gurbanov, I. (2015). Repercussions of Turkish Stream for the Southern Gas Corridor: Russia’s New Gas Strategy Repercussions of Turkish Stream for the Southern Gas Corridor: Russia’s New Gas Strategy, Natural Gas Europe 16.
  • Hasanov, M. (2015) Some remarks on economic benefits of TANAP for Turkey. Journal of Caspian Affairs, 124-127.
  • Ianchovichina, E., Shantayanan D., and Csilla L. (2016). Lifting economic sanctions on Iran: global effects and strategic responses. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 7549.
  • IEA International Energy Agency, (2020). Key World Energy Statistics 2020. Paris: International Energy Agency. Jervis, R. (2013). Getting to Yes with Iran. Foreign Affairs, February/January Issue.
  • Kakışım, C. (2020). Türkiye’nin bölgesel doğalgaz merkezine dönüşebilme potansiyeli. Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırlamalar Dergisi, 8(24), 255-280.
  • Karakurt, N., Çubukuoğlu, S. ve Akyener, O. (2016). Iran in the energy game while passing through the energy door. Energy Policy Turkey, 1, 20-31.
  • Karbuz, S. (2015). Yaptırımlar sonrası İran gazı, Petrotürk.
  • Katzman, K. ve Kerr, P. (2014). Achievements of and an outlook of sanctions on Iran. Washington DC: Congressional Research Service.
  • Kinzer, S. (2008). All the Shah’s men: An American coup and the roots of terror. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Kroenig, M. (2018). The return to the pressure track: The Trump administration and the Iran nuclear deal. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 29, 94-104.
  • Mattair, T. R. (2010). The United States and Iran: Diplomacy, sanctions and the war, Middle East Policy, (2), 52-61.
  • Müftüler-Baç, M. ve Başkan, D. (2011). The future of energy security for Europe: Turkey’s role as an energy corridor. Middle Eastern Studies, 47(2), 361-378.
  • Özdemir, V. Yavuz, H. B. (2015). The Trans-Anatolian Pipeline (TANAP) as a unique project in the Eurasian gas network: A comparative analysis, Utilities Policy, 37, 97-103.
  • Özdemir, V. ve Raszewski, S. (2016). State and Sub-State Oil Trade: The Turkey-KRG Deal. Middle East Policy, 23(1), 125-135.
  • Özkan, M. (2010). Turkey-Brazil involvement in Iranian nuclear issue: What is the big deal?. Strategic Analysis, 35(1), 26-30.
  • Pollack, K. M. (2004). The Persian puzzle: The conflict between Iran and America. New York: Random House.
  • Pradhan, S. K. (2020). Pipelines: Challenges many, progress slow. India’s quest for energy through oil and natural gas. Springer, Singapore, 2020, 151-174.
  • Rosner, K. (2006). Gazprom and the Russian State. London: GMB Publishing Ltd.
  • Rutland, P. (2008). Russia as an energy superpower. New Political Economy, 13(1), 203-210.
  • Selden, Z. (2020). Taming the bear: American liquified natural gas (LNG) Exports and the negation of Russian influence in Europe. Global Affairs, 6.2, 149-165.
  • Skalamera, M. (2016). Revisiting the Nabucco debacle: Myths and realities, Problems of Post Communism, 1-19.
  • Sopilko, N. Y., ve Illeritsky, N. I. (2019). Republic of Turkey gas complex development: Problems and prospects. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 9.1, 237-242.
  • Statista (2021). Erişim tarihi 17.01.2022, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1021735/share-russian-gas-imports-eu/.
  • Stegen, K. S. (2011). Deconstructing the “Energy Weapon”: Russia’s threat to Europe as a case study, Energy Policy, 39, 6505-6513.
  • Styan, D. (2006). France & Iraq: oil, arms and French policymaking in the Middle East. London; New York: I.B. Tauris.
  • Tekin, A. ve Walterova, I. (2007). Turkey’s geopolitical role: The energy angle. Middle East Policy, 14(1), 84-94.
  • Tekin, A., ve Williams, P. A. (2009). EU-Russian relations and Turkey’s role as an energy corridor. Europe-Asia Studies, 61(2), 337-356.
  • Truscott, P. (2009). The fourth energy corridor: The three phases of Nabucco. Whitehall Papers, 73(1), 32-46.
  • Umbach, F. (2010). Global energy security and the implications for EU, Energy Policy, 38, 1229-1240.
  • Umbach, F. (2015). Strategic perspectives of the EU’s Energy Union and the Southern Gas Corridor. Journal of Caspian Affairs, 1, 10-25.
  • US Energy Information Agency. (2016). International Energy Outlook 2016. Washington DC: 37-60
  • Williams, P. A. (2007). Market ycles, power politics and the latest north-south energy trade conflict. Third World Quarterly, 28(1), 45-58.
  • Winrow, G. W. (2013). The southern gas corridor and Turkey’s role as an energy transit state and energy Hub. Insight Turkey, 15(1), 145-163.
  • Winrow, G. W. (2016). The case of Turkey and Leviathan and gas politics in the Eastern Mediterranean. The Journal of Balkan and Middle Eastern Studies, 1-17.
  • Yergin, D. (2003). The prize: The epic quest for oil, money and power. New York: Free Press.
  • Yergin, D. (2012). The quest: Energy security and the remaking of the Modern World. London: Penguin Books.
  • Yorucu, V., ve Özay, M. (2018). Europe’s energy security and the southern energy corridor. The Southern Energy Corridor: Turkey’s Role in European Energy Security. Springer, Cham, 2018, 15-24.
  • Zhiznin, S. Z., ve Timokhov V. M. (2019). Economic and geopolitical aspects of the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline. Baltic Region, 11.3, 25-42.

Nuclear Negotiations with Iran and Turkey’s Role as an Energy Corridor Reaching Europe

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 349 - 374, 19.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.1087289

Öz

Turkey’s role as an energy conduit connecting Central Asia and the Middle East with European markets has been one of the most controversial topics of the last decades. Turkey offers a unique opportunity not only to the EU which seeks to diversify its energy suppliers but also to producer countries that need access to markets. The oil and gas pipelines that were first laid out to reach the national grid have become the backbone of the Southern Corridor reaching into European markets. TANAP, which started operations at the end of 2020, and TAP which will reach out to southern Italy from the Turkish border, were the first steps to bring Azeri gas into Europe. The latest Russia-Ukraine military confrontation and compromising the status of Russia as a reliable energy supplier underlines the importance of alternative supply routes once again. A probable entry of Iran into natural gas markets after the conclusion of nuclear negotiations will increase the significance of this corridor. Iran may prefer to sell some of its production in the form of liquified gas while the rest will be delivered through pipelines to India and to the European consumers. Turkey can be a valuable energy venue to the country with the largest proven conventional natural gas reserves in the world in terms of access to the markets.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmadi, A. (2018). The impact of economic sanctions and the JCPOA on energy sector of Iran. Global Trade and Customs Journal, 13(5), 198-223.
  • Aslund, A. (2008). Russia energy and the European Union:Perspectives on Gazprom. Brussels: Speech: European Parliament.
  • Aslund, A. (2010). Gazprom: Challenged Giant in need of reform. Washington DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.
  • Balat, M. (2010). Security of energy supply in Turkey: Challenges and solutions. Energy Conversion and Management, 51, 1998-2011.
  • Belkin, P., Jim N. and Steven W. (2013). Europe’s energy security: Options and challenges to natural gas supply diversification. Washington DC: Congressional Research Service.
  • Bilgin, M. (2007). New prospects in the political economy of inner-Caspian hydrocarbons and Western energy corridor through Turkey. Energy Policy, 35, 6383-6394.
  • Bilgin, M. (2010). Turkey’s energy strategy: What difference does it make to become an energy corridor, hub, or center? UNISCI Discussion Papers, 23, 113-128.
  • British Petroleum. (2021). BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 69th Edition, https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf.
  • Butler, E. (2011). The Geopolitics of merger and acquisition in the Central European energy market. Geopolitics, 16(3), 626-654.
  • Carter, S. G. (2014). Iran, natural gas and Asia’s energy needs: A spoiler for sanctions? Middle East Policy, 21(1), 41-61.
  • Cleveland, W. L., ve Bunton, M. (2013). A history of the modern middle east (5 b.). Boulder: Westview Press. Cordesman, A. H. (2015). The Iran nuclear agreement and Iranian energy exports, the Iranian economy, and World energy markets. Center for Strategic and International Studies, 27.
  • Cornell, S. ve İsmailzade F. (2005). The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Implications for Azerbaijan in Starr. Frederick. C. ve Svante. E. (Ed), The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Oil window to the West. Washington DC: Central Asia-Caucasus Institute.
  • Cornot-Gandolphe, S., Appert, O., Dickel, R., Chabrelie, M. F., ve Rojey, A. (2003). The challenges of further cost reductions for new supply options (pipeline, LNG, GTL). 22nd World Gas Conference, 5, 1-17.
  • Damianova, K. K. (2015). Iran’s re-emergence on global energy markets: opportunities, challenges & implications. Londra: EUCERS Strategy Paper.
  • Dudlák, T. (2018). After the sanctions: Policy challenges in transition to a new political economy of the Iranian oil and gas sectors. Energy Policy, 121, 464-475.
  • Eikeland, P. O. (2011). The third international energy market package: New power relations among member states, EU institutions and non-state actors? Journal of Common Market Studies, 49(2), 243-263.
  • EPDK Enerji Piyasaları Denetleme Kurulu. (2020), Annual Natural Gas Sectoral Report. Ankara.
  • Erşen, E. ve Çelikpala M. (2019). Turkey and the changing energy geopolitics of Eurasia. Energy Policy, 128, 584-592.
  • Farzanegan, M. R. (2011). Oil revenue shocks and government spending behavior in Iran. Energy Economics (33), 1055-1069.
  • Franza, L. (2015). From South Stream to Turk Stream, Clingendael International Energy Program Paper: The Hague, Netherlands.
  • Gurbanov, I. (2015). Repercussions of Turkish Stream for the Southern Gas Corridor: Russia’s New Gas Strategy Repercussions of Turkish Stream for the Southern Gas Corridor: Russia’s New Gas Strategy, Natural Gas Europe 16.
  • Hasanov, M. (2015) Some remarks on economic benefits of TANAP for Turkey. Journal of Caspian Affairs, 124-127.
  • Ianchovichina, E., Shantayanan D., and Csilla L. (2016). Lifting economic sanctions on Iran: global effects and strategic responses. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 7549.
  • IEA International Energy Agency, (2020). Key World Energy Statistics 2020. Paris: International Energy Agency. Jervis, R. (2013). Getting to Yes with Iran. Foreign Affairs, February/January Issue.
  • Kakışım, C. (2020). Türkiye’nin bölgesel doğalgaz merkezine dönüşebilme potansiyeli. Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırlamalar Dergisi, 8(24), 255-280.
  • Karakurt, N., Çubukuoğlu, S. ve Akyener, O. (2016). Iran in the energy game while passing through the energy door. Energy Policy Turkey, 1, 20-31.
  • Karbuz, S. (2015). Yaptırımlar sonrası İran gazı, Petrotürk.
  • Katzman, K. ve Kerr, P. (2014). Achievements of and an outlook of sanctions on Iran. Washington DC: Congressional Research Service.
  • Kinzer, S. (2008). All the Shah’s men: An American coup and the roots of terror. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Kroenig, M. (2018). The return to the pressure track: The Trump administration and the Iran nuclear deal. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 29, 94-104.
  • Mattair, T. R. (2010). The United States and Iran: Diplomacy, sanctions and the war, Middle East Policy, (2), 52-61.
  • Müftüler-Baç, M. ve Başkan, D. (2011). The future of energy security for Europe: Turkey’s role as an energy corridor. Middle Eastern Studies, 47(2), 361-378.
  • Özdemir, V. Yavuz, H. B. (2015). The Trans-Anatolian Pipeline (TANAP) as a unique project in the Eurasian gas network: A comparative analysis, Utilities Policy, 37, 97-103.
  • Özdemir, V. ve Raszewski, S. (2016). State and Sub-State Oil Trade: The Turkey-KRG Deal. Middle East Policy, 23(1), 125-135.
  • Özkan, M. (2010). Turkey-Brazil involvement in Iranian nuclear issue: What is the big deal?. Strategic Analysis, 35(1), 26-30.
  • Pollack, K. M. (2004). The Persian puzzle: The conflict between Iran and America. New York: Random House.
  • Pradhan, S. K. (2020). Pipelines: Challenges many, progress slow. India’s quest for energy through oil and natural gas. Springer, Singapore, 2020, 151-174.
  • Rosner, K. (2006). Gazprom and the Russian State. London: GMB Publishing Ltd.
  • Rutland, P. (2008). Russia as an energy superpower. New Political Economy, 13(1), 203-210.
  • Selden, Z. (2020). Taming the bear: American liquified natural gas (LNG) Exports and the negation of Russian influence in Europe. Global Affairs, 6.2, 149-165.
  • Skalamera, M. (2016). Revisiting the Nabucco debacle: Myths and realities, Problems of Post Communism, 1-19.
  • Sopilko, N. Y., ve Illeritsky, N. I. (2019). Republic of Turkey gas complex development: Problems and prospects. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 9.1, 237-242.
  • Statista (2021). Erişim tarihi 17.01.2022, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1021735/share-russian-gas-imports-eu/.
  • Stegen, K. S. (2011). Deconstructing the “Energy Weapon”: Russia’s threat to Europe as a case study, Energy Policy, 39, 6505-6513.
  • Styan, D. (2006). France & Iraq: oil, arms and French policymaking in the Middle East. London; New York: I.B. Tauris.
  • Tekin, A. ve Walterova, I. (2007). Turkey’s geopolitical role: The energy angle. Middle East Policy, 14(1), 84-94.
  • Tekin, A., ve Williams, P. A. (2009). EU-Russian relations and Turkey’s role as an energy corridor. Europe-Asia Studies, 61(2), 337-356.
  • Truscott, P. (2009). The fourth energy corridor: The three phases of Nabucco. Whitehall Papers, 73(1), 32-46.
  • Umbach, F. (2010). Global energy security and the implications for EU, Energy Policy, 38, 1229-1240.
  • Umbach, F. (2015). Strategic perspectives of the EU’s Energy Union and the Southern Gas Corridor. Journal of Caspian Affairs, 1, 10-25.
  • US Energy Information Agency. (2016). International Energy Outlook 2016. Washington DC: 37-60
  • Williams, P. A. (2007). Market ycles, power politics and the latest north-south energy trade conflict. Third World Quarterly, 28(1), 45-58.
  • Winrow, G. W. (2013). The southern gas corridor and Turkey’s role as an energy transit state and energy Hub. Insight Turkey, 15(1), 145-163.
  • Winrow, G. W. (2016). The case of Turkey and Leviathan and gas politics in the Eastern Mediterranean. The Journal of Balkan and Middle Eastern Studies, 1-17.
  • Yergin, D. (2003). The prize: The epic quest for oil, money and power. New York: Free Press.
  • Yergin, D. (2012). The quest: Energy security and the remaking of the Modern World. London: Penguin Books.
  • Yorucu, V., ve Özay, M. (2018). Europe’s energy security and the southern energy corridor. The Southern Energy Corridor: Turkey’s Role in European Energy Security. Springer, Cham, 2018, 15-24.
  • Zhiznin, S. Z., ve Timokhov V. M. (2019). Economic and geopolitical aspects of the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline. Baltic Region, 11.3, 25-42.
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Akif Bahadır Kaynak 0000-0003-0300-3728

Yayımlanma Tarihi 19 Ağustos 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kaynak, A. B. (2022). İran ile Nükleer Müzakereler ve Türkiye’nin Avrupa’ya Uzanan Enerji Merkezi Rolü. TESAM Akademi Dergisi, 9(2), 349-374. https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.1087289
AMA Kaynak AB. İran ile Nükleer Müzakereler ve Türkiye’nin Avrupa’ya Uzanan Enerji Merkezi Rolü. TESAM Akademi Dergisi. Ağustos 2022;9(2):349-374. doi:10.30626/tesamakademi.1087289
Chicago Kaynak, Akif Bahadır. “İran Ile Nükleer Müzakereler Ve Türkiye’nin Avrupa’ya Uzanan Enerji Merkezi Rolü”. TESAM Akademi Dergisi 9, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2022): 349-74. https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.1087289.
EndNote Kaynak AB (01 Ağustos 2022) İran ile Nükleer Müzakereler ve Türkiye’nin Avrupa’ya Uzanan Enerji Merkezi Rolü. TESAM Akademi Dergisi 9 2 349–374.
IEEE A. B. Kaynak, “İran ile Nükleer Müzakereler ve Türkiye’nin Avrupa’ya Uzanan Enerji Merkezi Rolü”, TESAM Akademi Dergisi, c. 9, sy. 2, ss. 349–374, 2022, doi: 10.30626/tesamakademi.1087289.
ISNAD Kaynak, Akif Bahadır. “İran Ile Nükleer Müzakereler Ve Türkiye’nin Avrupa’ya Uzanan Enerji Merkezi Rolü”. TESAM Akademi Dergisi 9/2 (Ağustos 2022), 349-374. https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.1087289.
JAMA Kaynak AB. İran ile Nükleer Müzakereler ve Türkiye’nin Avrupa’ya Uzanan Enerji Merkezi Rolü. TESAM Akademi Dergisi. 2022;9:349–374.
MLA Kaynak, Akif Bahadır. “İran Ile Nükleer Müzakereler Ve Türkiye’nin Avrupa’ya Uzanan Enerji Merkezi Rolü”. TESAM Akademi Dergisi, c. 9, sy. 2, 2022, ss. 349-74, doi:10.30626/tesamakademi.1087289.
Vancouver Kaynak AB. İran ile Nükleer Müzakereler ve Türkiye’nin Avrupa’ya Uzanan Enerji Merkezi Rolü. TESAM Akademi Dergisi. 2022;9(2):349-74.