İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Bilimsel ve Teknolojik İstihbarat

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 621 - 647, 19.08.2022

Nigar Neşe Kemiksiz

https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.1164131

Öz

Bu çalışmada, bilimsel ve teknolojik istihbaratın İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında doğuşu, gelişimi ve savaşa etkileri incelenmiştir. İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda hem Mihver devletleri hem Müttefik güçler savaş alanında olduğu kadar araştırma laboratuarlarında da çarpışmıştır. Bu çerçevede, düşman ülkelerin bilimsel ve teknolojik kapasitelerinin, zayıf ve güçlü yönlerinin, yeni teknolojileri savaş alanına uyarlama, yeni saldırı ve savunma araçları geliştirme kabiliyetlerinin tespit edilmesi, savaşan tarafların ana hedeflerinden biri olmuştur. İkinci Dünya Savaşı’ndaki bilimsel ve teknolojik gelişmeler, istihbarat toplama araçları ile istihbarat analizlerinin niteliğini etkileyerek bilimsel ve teknolojik istihbaratın gelişiminde önemli rol oynamıştır. Bilimsel ve teknolojik istihbaratın gelişimi ise İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın seyrini ve sonuçlarını etkilemiştir. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yönteminden yararlanılarak bilimsel ve teknolojik istihbaratın gelişim süreci tarihsel perspektifte ele alınmış, bilimsel ve teknolojik istihbaratın savaşta nasıl bir rol oynadığı sorusunun cevaplanması amaçlanmıştır. Makalede, bilimsel ve teknolojik istihbaratın sadece İkinci Dünya Savaşı’ndaki gelişmeleri değil, savaş sonrasındaki gelişmeleri de etkilediği, özellikle Soğuk Savaşın ve ABD ile Sovyetler Birliği arasındaki silah yarışının başlaması üzerinde etkili olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İkinci Dünya Savaşı, Bilimsel ve Teknolojik İstihbarat, Bilimsel İstihbarat, Teknik İstihbarat, Reginald Victor Jones

Scientific and Technological Intelligence in the World War II

Öz

In this study, the origin, development, and effects of scientific and technological intelligence during the World War II are examined. In the World War II, both Axis Powers and the Allied Powers fought on the battlefield as well as in the research labs. In this context, one of the main objectives of the warring parties was to determine the scientific and technological capacities, weaknesses, and strengths of the enemy countries, their ability to adapt new technologies to the battlefield, and to develop new arms of offense and defense. Scientific and technological developments in the World War II played an important role in the development of scientific and technological intelligence by affecting the quality of intelligence gathering tools and intelligence analysis. The development of scientific and technological intelligence, on the other hand, affected the course and results of the World War II. In the study, the development process of scientific and technological intelligence was discussed in a historical perspective by using the qualitative research method, and it was aimed to answer the question of what role scientific and technological intelligence played in the war. In the article, it was concluded that scientific and technological intelligence not only affected the developments in the World War II but also the post-war developments, especially the Cold War, and triggered the starting of the armament race between the USA and the Soviet Union.

Anahtar Kelimeler

The World War II, Scientific and Technological Intelligence, Scientific Intelligence, Technical Intelligence, Reginald Victor Jones

Kaynakça

• Allen, G. ve Chan, T. (2017). Artificial intelligence and national security. Cambridge: Harvard Kennedy School Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs.
• Bleaney, B. (1998). Reginald Victor Jones (1911-97). Nature, 391(12), 644, February 1998. Retreived from https://www.nature.com/articles/35521
• Bowen, E. G. (1987). Radar days. Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing.
• Brown, L. (1999). Technical and military imperatives: A radar history of World War II. New York: Taylor and Francis Group.
• Central Intelligence Agency/CIA. (2008). Office of Scientific Intelligence: The original wizard of Langey. A symposium commemorating 60 Years of S&T intelligence analysis.
• Clark, R. M. (1975). Scientific and Technical Intelligence Analysis. Studies in Intelligence, 19 (Spring), 39-48.
• Collier, B. (2006). Hidden weapons. Allied secret or undercover services in World War II. Pen and Sword Military Classics.
• Cornwell, J. (2004). Hitler’s scientists: Science, war, and the devil’s pact. Penguin Books.
• Feiveson, H. A. (2018). Scientists against time: The role of scientists in World War II. Bloomington: Achway Publishing.
• Freedman, J. (2016). Strategic inventions of World War II. New York: Cavendish Square Publishing.
• Gimbel, J. (1986). U.S. policy and German scientists: The early Cold War. Political Science Quarterly, 101(3), 433-451.
• GlobalSecurity. Org. Peenemunde-1943. Erişim tarihi: 15.04.2022, https://globalsecurity.org/wmd/ops/peenemunde.htm
• Goodchild, J. M. (2013). R. V. Jones and the birth of scientific intelligence. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, University Of Exeter).
• Goodman, M. S. (2007). Spying on the nuclear bear. Anglo-American intelligence and the Soviet bomb. Stranford: Stranford University Press.
• Hartcup, G. (2000). The effect of science on the Second World War. Londra: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Hunt, L. (1985). U.S. coverup of Nazi scientists. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 41(4), 16-24.
• Johnson, B. (2004). The secret war. Pen and Sword Military Classics.
• Jones, R. V. (2009). Most secret war. Penguin UK.
• Lorber, A. (2015). Ready for battle: Technological intelligence on the battlefield. Lanham: Rowmen and Littlefield.
• Mahnken, T. G. (2002). Uncovering ways of war. US intelligence and foreign military innovation, 1918-1941. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
• Mahoney, L. J. (1981). A History of the War Department scientific intelligence mission (ALSOS), 1943-1945. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Kent State University).
• Özdağ, Ü. (2014). İstihbarat teorisi. Ankara: Kripto Kitaplar.
• Phelps, S. (2012). The Tizard Mission: The top-secret operation that changed the course of World War II. Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing.
• Price, A. (2017). Instruments of darkness: The history of electronic warfare, 1935-1945. Pen and Sword Books.
• Seren, M. (2017). Stratejik istihbarat ve ulusal güvenlik. Ankara: Orion Kitabevi.
• String Fixer1. Operation Alsos. Erişim tarihi: 13.04.2022, https://stringfixer.com/tr/Operation_Alsos
• String Fixer2. Russian Alsos. Erişim tarihi: 13.04.2022, https://stringfixer.com/tr/Russian_Alsos
• US Department of Defence/DoD. (2005). Dictionary of military and associated terms.
• Walton, C. (2006). British intelligence and threats to national security, c. 1941-1951. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, University of Cambridge).
• West, N. (2008). Historical dictionary of World War II intelligence. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press.
• West, N. (2012). Historical dictionary of signal intelligence. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press.
• Wikipedia. Operation Paperclip. Erişim tarihi: 16.04.2022, https://enwikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Paperclip.
• Wolfe, A. J. (2020). Spying in plain sight: Scientific diplomacy during the Cold War. Science History Institute, January 28, 2020. Retreived from https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/spying-in-plain-sight-scientific-diplomacy-during-the-cold-war
• Zimmerman, D. (1996). Top secret exchange. The Tizard Mission and the scientific war. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
• Zimmerman, D. (2010). Britain’s shield. Radar and the defeat of the Luftwaffe. Amberley Publishing.
• Zimmerman, D. J. (2021). Operation Paperclip. A deal with the devil. Defense Media Network. Retrieved from https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/strories/operation-paperclip-a-deal-with-the-devil-/