Assessment of Human Capital Performance for E-7 and G-7 Countries Based on Topsis Method

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 793 - 812, 25.07.2024

Simla Güzel , Dilek Murat

Öz

Human capital, which is defined as an investment in human beings, is important in terms of economic development. In the changing and developing world, it is seen as an important tool for economic growth as well as social development. For this reason, the subject of human capital is an area that attracts the attention of academics. In this study, the performances of E-7 and G-7 countries on human capital have been tried to be measured. In this context, the variables that are thought to affect human capital for countries were evaluated using the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) technique. In addition, Spearman's rank correlation analysis was applied to determine the relationship between TOPSIS an HDI (Human Development Index) rankings. From the analysis results, it was determined that the country with the highest human capital performance was the USA, and the lowest country was India. In addition, as a result of investigating the relationship between the ranking made by the TOPSIS method and the ranking of HDI, it was determined that the rankings overlapped with each other in accordance with the expectation. In other words, it has been concluded that the human development of countries with high human capital performance is also successful.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Human Capital, HDI, E-7 and G-7 Countries, TOPSIS

E-7 VE G-7 ÜLKELERİNİN BEŞERİ SERMAYE PERFORMANSINI TOPSIS YÖNTEMİ İLE DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Öz

İnsana yapılan yatırım olarak tanımlanan beşeri sermaye, ekonomik kalkınma açısından önem taşımaktadır. Değişen ve gelişen dünyada, beşeri sermaye ekonomik büyüme yanında ekonomik gelişme için de önemli bir araç olarak görülmektedir. Bu nedenle beşeri sermaye konusu akademisyenlerin ilgisini çeken bir alandır. Bu çalışmada, E-7 ve G-7 ülkelerinin beşeri sermaye üzerindeki performansları ölçülmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu kapsamda ülkeler için beşeri sermayeyi etkilediği düşünülen değişkenler TOPSIS tekniği kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca TOPSIS ve İGE (İnsani Gelişmişlik Endeksi) sıralamaları arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek için Spearman'ın Sıralama Korelasyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Analizden elde edilen sonuçlara göre; beşeri sermaye performansı en yüksek olan ülkenin ABD, en düşük olduğu ülkenin ise Hindistan olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca TOPSIS yöntemi ile yapılan beşeri sermaye sıralaması ile İGE sıralaması arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi sonucunda, sıralamaların beklendiği gibi birbiriyle örtüştüğü tespit edilmiştir. Diğer bir deyişle, insan sermayesi performansı yüksek olan ülkelerin insani gelişiminin de başarılı olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Beşeri Sermaye, İGE, E7 ve G7 Ülkeleri

Kaynakça

• Acemoglu D. (2012). What does human capital do? A review of Goldin and Katz’s The race between education and technology[J]. Journal of Economic Literature, 50 (2), 426-463.
• Amany, E. & Ayomikun, I. (2021). Crowdwork as an elevator of human capital. A sustainable human development perspective. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems, 33(2), 103-136.
• Anyanwu, J. C. & Erhijakpor, A. E. O. (2009). Health expenditures and health outcomes in Africa. African Development Review, 21(2), 400-433.
• Barua S. (2021). Human capital, economic growth, and sustainable development goals: An evaluation of emerging economies. In: Shahbaz M., Mubarik M.S., Mahmood T. (Eds.) The Dynamics of Intellectual Capital in Current Era. Singapore: Springer.
• Barro, R.J. & Lee, J.W. (1996). International measures of schooling years and schooling quality. The American Economic Review, 86 (2), 218-223.
• Bloom, D. E & Canning, D. (2003). Health as human capital and its impact on economic performance. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance. 28 (2), 304-315.
• Blundell, R., Dearden, L., Meghir, C. & Sianesi, B. (1999). Human capital investment: the returns from education and training to the individual, the firm and the economy. Fiscal Studies, 20 (1), 1-23.
• Benhabib, J. & Spiegel, M. M. (1994). The role of human capital in economic development evidence from aggregate cross-country data. Journal of Monetary Economics, 34 (2).143-173.
• Baker, A. (2008). The group of seven. New Political Economy, 13 (1), 103-115.
• Balcerzak, A.P. & Pietrzak, M.P. (2016). TOPSIS analysis of changes of quality of human capital in european union countries. In I. Simberova, O. Zizlavsky & F. Milichovsky (Eds.). ICEM 2016 International Scientific Conference Economics and Management. Smart and Efficient Economy: Preparation for Future Innovative Economy (80-85). 21 International Scientific Conference. Proceedings of Selected Papers. Brno.
• Chiu, W.H. (1998). Income inequality, human capital accumulation and economic performance. The Economic Journal, 108 (446), 44–59.
• Chou, Y.-C., Yen, H.-Y., Dang, V. T. & Sun, C.-C. (2019). Assessing the human resource in science and technology for Asian Countries: Application of fuzzy ahp and fuzzy topsis. Symmetry, 11 (251), 1-16.
• Dakhli, M. & Clercq, D. D. (2004). Human capital, social capital, and innovation: a multi-country study. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 16 (2), 107-128.
• Dilek, Ş. (2018). G7 zirvesinde çatırdayan batı ittifakı. SETA Perspektif, 202, 1-5.
• Fleisher, B. M.; Haizhen, L., & Zhao, M. Q. (2008). Human capital, economic growth, and regional inequality in China. IZA Discussion Papers, No. 3576, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn, http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2008071112.
• Gamerschlag, R. & Moeller, K. (2011). The positive effects of human capital reporting. Corporate Reputation Review, 14(2), 145–155.
• Hung, Chia C., Chen & Liang H. (2009). A fuzzy topsis decision making model with entropy weight under intuitionistic fuzzy environment, Proceedings of the International Multi Conference of Engineers and Computer Scientists, Vol. 1, IMECS 2009, March 18 - 20, Hong Kong.
• Hwang, C.L.& Yoon, K. (1981). Multiple attribute decision making: methods and applications: a state-of-the-art survey. New York: Springer-Verlag
• Jahanshahloo, G. R., Lotfi, F. H., & Izadikhah, M. (2006). An algorithmic method to extend topsis for decision-making problems with interval data. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 175 (2), 1375-1384.
• Karbasian, M., Khayambashi, B. & Tavakoli, M. M. (2016). Performance evaluation of education system with human capital approach by data envelopment analysis and topsis-with a case study. International Journal of Management in Education, 10 (4), 414-432.
• Kowal, J., & Roztocki, N. (2013). Information and communication technology management for global competitiveness and economic growth in emerging economies. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 57, 1–12.
• Lee, J.-W., (2001). Education for technology readiness: prospects for developing countries. Journal of Human Development 2 (1), 115–151.
• Lee, J.-W., & Francisco, R. (2012). Human capital accumulation in emerging Asia, 1970–2030. Japan and the World Economy, 24 (2), 76–86.
• Lund Vinding, A. (2006). Absorptive capacity and innovative performance: A human capital approach. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 15(4-5), 507-517.
• Masca, M. (2019). A comparison of Turkey’s human capital stock with some selected mena countries by topsis method. International Journal of Business and Economic Affairs, 4 (1), 21-30.
• Masum, A. K. M., Karim, A.N.M. R,. Bin Al Abid, F., Islam, S. & Anas, M. (2019). A New hybrid ahp-topsis method for ranking human capital indicators by normalized decision matrix. Journal of Computer Science, 15 (12), 1746-1751.
• Matei, A. & Ceche, R. (2018). Assessment of human capital and development. Contributions from Structural Funds, Proceedings of the 5-th ACADEMOS Conference, 226-231.
• Mehrotra, S. (2005). Human capital or human development? Search for a knowledge paradigm for education and development. Economic and Political Weekly, 40(4), 300-306.
• Nafukho, F. M., Hairston, N., & Brooks, K. (2004). Human capital theory: Implications for human resource development. Human Resource Development International, 7 (4), 545-551.
• Pietrzak, M. B. & Balcerzak, A. P (2016). Quality of Human Capital and Total Factor Productivity in New EU Member States. In T. Loster & T. Pavelka (Eds.), The 10th International Days of Statistics and Economics Conference Proceedings. September 8-10, 2016. Prague: Libuse Macakova, Melandrium, 1492-1501.
• PWC (2015). The World in 2050 Will the shift in globaleconomic power continue?. Retrieved 28.03.2023, from https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/the-economy/assets/world-in-2050-february-2015.pdf.
• Sarwar, A., Khan, M. A., Sarwar, Z. & Khan, W. (2021). Financial development, human capital and its impact on economic growth of emerging countries, Asian Journal of Economics and Banking, 5 (1), 86-100.
• Schultz, T. W. (1993). The economic importance of human capital in modernization. Education Economics, 1(1),13-19.
• Sieng, L.W. &Yussof, I. (2015). Comparative study of Malaysia human capital with selected ASEAN and developed countries: A fuzzy topsis method. Malaysia Journal of Society and Space, 11 (6), 11- 22.
• Tavakoli, M. M., Esfahani, A. N. & Shirouyehzad, H. (2013). Ranking organisational units with a human capital management approach using fuzzy topsis: A case study. International Journal of Services and Operations Management, 16 (2), 205 – 224.
• Tsaurai, K. (2018). Investigating the determinants of human capital development in emerging markets. International Journal of Education Economics and Development, 9 (2), 172- 181.
• UNDP (2019). Human Development Reports, Retrieved 20.02.2023, from http://hdr.undp.org/en/ content/human-development-index-hdi.
• Wang, Y. M., & Elhag, T. M. S. (2006). Fuzzy topsıs method based on alpha level sets with an application to bridge risk assessment. Expert Systems with Applications, 31 (2), 309-319.
• Wibowo, M.G. (2019). Human capital relation with welfare in Indonesia and Asean Countries. Economics Development Analysis Journal, 8 (1), 81-93.
• World Economic Forum (2015). The Human Capital Report 2015, Retrieved 18.02.2023, from https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Human_Capital_Report_2015.pdf.
• World Bank. (2020). The Human Capital Index 2020 Update: Human Capital in the Time of COVID-19. World Bank, Washington, DC. Retrieved 16.03.2023, from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/34432 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO
• Zapata-Cantu, L. (2021). Boosting innovation in emerging markets: the moderating role of human capital. International Journal of Emerging Markets,16 (3), 604-624.