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TÜRKİYE MEDİKAL TURİZM PAZARININ MEVCUT VE POTANSİYEL RAKİP ÜLKELER İLE KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 342 - 368, 15.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.58702/teyd.1419097

Öz

Sağlık insanoğlunun dünyada var olduğu günden beri en eski ve kuvvetli seyahat motivasyonlarından bir tanesidir. Turizmin modern insanın önemli bir gereksinimi olduğu son yüz yıl içerisinde de sağlık turizmi her geçen yıl artan bir talep görmektedir. Önemli bir sağlık turizmi türü olan medikal turizm, turist başına harcaması yüksek olan ve ülke ekonomisine önemli döviz girdisi sağlayan özelliğe sahiptir. Uluslararası turizmde 2021 ve 2022 yıllarında dünyada en çok ziyaret edilen dördüncü ülke olan Türkiye, kitle turizminde gösterdiği başarıyı medikal turizmde gösterememektedir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de medikal turizmin mevcut durumunu rakip ülkelerle karşılaştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç kapsamında elde edilecek bulgulara dayalı sonuç ve öneriler ortaya konulacaktır. Karşılaştırma, sağlık hizmetlerinin niteliği, maliyet etkinliği, erişim kolaylığı ve genel hasta memnuniyeti gibi değişkenleri kapsayacaktır. Çalışmada ayrıca, her bir ülkenin sağlık turistlerini çekmek için kullandığı pazarlama teknikleri incelenecek ve Türkiye'nin rekabet gücünü artırabileceği alanlar tespit edilecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Alp, G. (2021). Medikal turistler tarafından en çok tercih edilen medikal turizm destinasyonları ve karşılaştırmaları. Journal of Travel and Tourism Research, 19 (19), 47-79.
  • Altın, U., Bektaş, G., Antep, Z. and İrban, A. (2012). Sağlık turizmi ve uluslararası hastalar için Türkiye pazarı. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(3), 157-163.
  • Batı Akdeniz Kalkınma Ajansı (2013). Batı Akdeniz Kalkınma Ajansı sağlık turizmi sektör raporu. Retrieved December 23, 2023 from http://www.baka.org.tr/uploads/48947588121518SAGLiK-KATALOG-TURKCE-16MAYiS-3.pdf
  • Batakis, D., Sidiropoulos, S., Emmanouil-Kalos, A., Fouskas, T., Zopounidis, C. and Vozikis, A. (2023). Medical tourism in the region of Crete, Greece: Perspectives from healthcare providers. Hotel Managers, and Medical Tourists, Sustainability, 15, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416822
  • Béland, D. and Zarzeczny, A. (2018). Medical tourism and national health care systems: An institutionalist research agenda. Global Health, 14(68), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-018-0387-0
  • Bookimed (2023). Discover the best clinics and costs in 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2023 from https://us-uk.bookimed.com/clinics/
  • Brady, C. J. (2007). Offshore gambling: Medical outsourcing versus ERISA's fiduciary duty requirement. Washington and Lee Law Review, 64(3), 1073-1113.
  • Byung-Yun, C. (2020). Current tourism trends in South Korea: A SWOT analysis [Master Thesis]. Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Filología Inglesa. http://rua.ua.es/dspace/handle/10045/107806?locale=en
  • Collins, A., Medhekar, A. and Şanal, Z. G. (2022). A qualitative analysis of Turkish stakeholders perspective for improving medical tourism. International Journal of Tourism, 24(3), 487-500. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2516
  • Consultancy Asia (2023). Government to push Thailand as premier medical tourism centre. Retrieved December 30, 2023 from https://www.consultancy.asia/news/787/government-to-push-thailand-as-premier-medical-tourism-centre
  • Dewi, N. P. I and Ayuningtyas, D. (2019, August, 25). Analysis of marketing strategies on medical tourism programs in developing countries hospitals in Asia [Oral Presentation]. Proceedings of International Conference on Applied Science and Health, Mahidol, Thailand. 964–971.
  • Dinçer, Z. M., Çiftçi, A. M. and Karayılan, E. (2016). Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde medikal turizm: Türkiye’nin Tayland, Malezya ve Hindistan’a göre potansiyelinin değerlendirilmesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1, 34-60.
  • Dragičević, D. and Paleka, H. (2019). Health tourism market in Poland and Croatia – Financial effects and potentials. Tourism in Southern and Eastern Europe, 5, 219-232. https://doi.org/10.20867/tosee.05.5
  • Ebrahim, A. H. and Ganguli, S. (2019). A comparative analysis of medical tourism competitiveness of India, Thailand and Singapore. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 67(2), 102-115.
  • Enderwick, P. and Nagar, S. (2011). The competitive challenge of emerging markets: The case of medical tourism. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 6(4), 329-350. https://doi.org/10.1108/17468801111170347 European Foundation for the Development of Medicine and Education (2023). Projects of the fund medical tourism. Retrieved December 30, 2023 from https://www.euromed-f.com/en/projects/medical-tourism/
  • Fujita, M. and Sato, Y. (2022). The current condition and issues of medical tourism in Thailand: A study on the marketing management process. NUIS Journal of International Studies, 7, 41–52.
  • Future Market Insights (2023). Medical tourism outlook from 2023 to 2033. Retrieved December 30, 2023 from https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/medical-tourism-market
  • Global Data Report Store (2023). Medical tourism market trends and analysis by region, provider, service (medical treatment and wellness) and segment forecast to 2027. Retrieved December 30, 2023 from https://www.globaldata.com/store/report/medical-tourism-market-analysis/
  • Global Healthcare (2023). Facts and figures. Retrieved December 30, 2023 from https://www.globalhealthcareaccreditation.com/medical-tourism-statistics-and-facts
  • Gürleyen, B. and Çınar, F. (2021). Türkiye’nin medikal turizm SWOT analizi: COVID-19 örneği. Sağlık ve Sosyal Refah Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 51-60.
  • Hafizan, A. H., Mardiana, O., Syafiq, S. S., Jacinta, M. R., Sahar, B. M., Hanafiah, J. and Rosliza, A. M. (2018). Analysis of medical tourism policy: A case study of Thailand, Türkiye and India. International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences, 5(3), 17-31.
  • Hanefeld, J. and Smith, R. (2019). The upside of trade in health services. The British Medical Journal, 365(l2208), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l2208
  • Health Tourism (2023). Medical tourism. Retrieved December 30, 2023 from https://www.health-tourism.com/medical-tourism /
  • Health Türkiye (2023). Türkiye health system. Retrieved December 30, 2023 from https://www.healthturkiye.com/tukiye-health-system
  • HongFan, Z. M., Bittle, J., HerngChia, C., Leiyu, S. and Siou-Tang, H. (2023). The impact of JCI accreditation on the clinical, operational, and financial performance of Chinese private hospitals. Journal of Radiology and Clinical Imaging, 6, 138-145. https://doi.org/10.26502/jrci.2809081
  • Hopkins, L., Labonté, R., Runnels, V. and Packer, C. (2010). Medical tourism today: What is the state of existing knowledge?. Journal of Public Health Policy, 31(2), 185-198. https://doi.org/10.1057/jphp.2010.10
  • Horowitz, M. D., Rosensweig, J. A. and Jones, C. A. (2007). Medical tourism: Globalization of the healthcare marketplace. MedGenMed., 9(4), 33-39.
  • Hudson, S. and Li, X. R. (2012). Domestic medical tourism: A neglected dimension of medical tourism research. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 21(3), 227-246. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2011.615018
  • Joint Commission International (2023). JCI-accredited organizations. Retrieved December 30, 2023 from https://www.jointcommissioninternational.org/who-we-are/accredited-organizations/#sort=%40aoname%20ascending
  • Jose, R. and Sachdeva, S. (2010). Keeping an eye on future: Medical tourism. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 35(3), 376-378. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.69247
  • Kaewkamol, P. and Lim, G. (2021). Neo-Liberalism, the rise of the unelected and policymaking in Thailand: The case of the medical tourism industry. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 51(3), 447-468. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2020.1740294
  • Karakoç, S. (2017). Küresel sağlık turizmi: Biyoteknoloji ve Türkiye’nin durumu. Kimlik Yayınları.
  • Kılıçarslan, M. (2019). SWOT analysis of health tourism in Turkey. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 18(71), 1135-1145. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.467515
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COMPARISON OF TÜRKİYE'S MEDICAL TOURISM MARKET WITH EXISTING AND POTENTIAL COMPETITOR COUNTRIES

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 342 - 368, 15.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.58702/teyd.1419097

Öz

Health is one of the oldest and strongest travel motivations since the day humanity existed on Earth. In the last hundred years, in which tourism has become an essential requirement of modern man, health tourism has been in increasing demand every year. Medical tourism, a necessary type of health tourism, has a high expenditure per tourist and provides significant foreign currency inflows to the national economy. Türkiye, the fourth most visited country in the world in international tourism in 2021 and 2022, cannot show the same success in medical tourism. This study aims to compare the current state of medical tourism in Türkiye with that of competitor countries. Conclusions and recommendations based on the findings to be obtained within the scope of this purpose will be put forward. The comparison will encompass variables such as the caliber of healthcare services, cost-effectiveness, ease of access, and overall patient contentment. In addition, the study will examine the marketing techniques utilized by each country to attract medical tourists and pinpoint areas where Türkiye may enhance its competitive edge.

Kaynakça

  • Alp, G. (2021). Medikal turistler tarafından en çok tercih edilen medikal turizm destinasyonları ve karşılaştırmaları. Journal of Travel and Tourism Research, 19 (19), 47-79.
  • Altın, U., Bektaş, G., Antep, Z. and İrban, A. (2012). Sağlık turizmi ve uluslararası hastalar için Türkiye pazarı. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(3), 157-163.
  • Batı Akdeniz Kalkınma Ajansı (2013). Batı Akdeniz Kalkınma Ajansı sağlık turizmi sektör raporu. Retrieved December 23, 2023 from http://www.baka.org.tr/uploads/48947588121518SAGLiK-KATALOG-TURKCE-16MAYiS-3.pdf
  • Batakis, D., Sidiropoulos, S., Emmanouil-Kalos, A., Fouskas, T., Zopounidis, C. and Vozikis, A. (2023). Medical tourism in the region of Crete, Greece: Perspectives from healthcare providers. Hotel Managers, and Medical Tourists, Sustainability, 15, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416822
  • Béland, D. and Zarzeczny, A. (2018). Medical tourism and national health care systems: An institutionalist research agenda. Global Health, 14(68), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-018-0387-0
  • Bookimed (2023). Discover the best clinics and costs in 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2023 from https://us-uk.bookimed.com/clinics/
  • Brady, C. J. (2007). Offshore gambling: Medical outsourcing versus ERISA's fiduciary duty requirement. Washington and Lee Law Review, 64(3), 1073-1113.
  • Byung-Yun, C. (2020). Current tourism trends in South Korea: A SWOT analysis [Master Thesis]. Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Filología Inglesa. http://rua.ua.es/dspace/handle/10045/107806?locale=en
  • Collins, A., Medhekar, A. and Şanal, Z. G. (2022). A qualitative analysis of Turkish stakeholders perspective for improving medical tourism. International Journal of Tourism, 24(3), 487-500. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2516
  • Consultancy Asia (2023). Government to push Thailand as premier medical tourism centre. Retrieved December 30, 2023 from https://www.consultancy.asia/news/787/government-to-push-thailand-as-premier-medical-tourism-centre
  • Dewi, N. P. I and Ayuningtyas, D. (2019, August, 25). Analysis of marketing strategies on medical tourism programs in developing countries hospitals in Asia [Oral Presentation]. Proceedings of International Conference on Applied Science and Health, Mahidol, Thailand. 964–971.
  • Dinçer, Z. M., Çiftçi, A. M. and Karayılan, E. (2016). Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde medikal turizm: Türkiye’nin Tayland, Malezya ve Hindistan’a göre potansiyelinin değerlendirilmesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1, 34-60.
  • Dragičević, D. and Paleka, H. (2019). Health tourism market in Poland and Croatia – Financial effects and potentials. Tourism in Southern and Eastern Europe, 5, 219-232. https://doi.org/10.20867/tosee.05.5
  • Ebrahim, A. H. and Ganguli, S. (2019). A comparative analysis of medical tourism competitiveness of India, Thailand and Singapore. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 67(2), 102-115.
  • Enderwick, P. and Nagar, S. (2011). The competitive challenge of emerging markets: The case of medical tourism. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 6(4), 329-350. https://doi.org/10.1108/17468801111170347 European Foundation for the Development of Medicine and Education (2023). Projects of the fund medical tourism. Retrieved December 30, 2023 from https://www.euromed-f.com/en/projects/medical-tourism/
  • Fujita, M. and Sato, Y. (2022). The current condition and issues of medical tourism in Thailand: A study on the marketing management process. NUIS Journal of International Studies, 7, 41–52.
  • Future Market Insights (2023). Medical tourism outlook from 2023 to 2033. Retrieved December 30, 2023 from https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/medical-tourism-market
  • Global Data Report Store (2023). Medical tourism market trends and analysis by region, provider, service (medical treatment and wellness) and segment forecast to 2027. Retrieved December 30, 2023 from https://www.globaldata.com/store/report/medical-tourism-market-analysis/
  • Global Healthcare (2023). Facts and figures. Retrieved December 30, 2023 from https://www.globalhealthcareaccreditation.com/medical-tourism-statistics-and-facts
  • Gürleyen, B. and Çınar, F. (2021). Türkiye’nin medikal turizm SWOT analizi: COVID-19 örneği. Sağlık ve Sosyal Refah Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 51-60.
  • Hafizan, A. H., Mardiana, O., Syafiq, S. S., Jacinta, M. R., Sahar, B. M., Hanafiah, J. and Rosliza, A. M. (2018). Analysis of medical tourism policy: A case study of Thailand, Türkiye and India. International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences, 5(3), 17-31.
  • Hanefeld, J. and Smith, R. (2019). The upside of trade in health services. The British Medical Journal, 365(l2208), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l2208
  • Health Tourism (2023). Medical tourism. Retrieved December 30, 2023 from https://www.health-tourism.com/medical-tourism /
  • Health Türkiye (2023). Türkiye health system. Retrieved December 30, 2023 from https://www.healthturkiye.com/tukiye-health-system
  • HongFan, Z. M., Bittle, J., HerngChia, C., Leiyu, S. and Siou-Tang, H. (2023). The impact of JCI accreditation on the clinical, operational, and financial performance of Chinese private hospitals. Journal of Radiology and Clinical Imaging, 6, 138-145. https://doi.org/10.26502/jrci.2809081
  • Hopkins, L., Labonté, R., Runnels, V. and Packer, C. (2010). Medical tourism today: What is the state of existing knowledge?. Journal of Public Health Policy, 31(2), 185-198. https://doi.org/10.1057/jphp.2010.10
  • Horowitz, M. D., Rosensweig, J. A. and Jones, C. A. (2007). Medical tourism: Globalization of the healthcare marketplace. MedGenMed., 9(4), 33-39.
  • Hudson, S. and Li, X. R. (2012). Domestic medical tourism: A neglected dimension of medical tourism research. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 21(3), 227-246. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2011.615018
  • Joint Commission International (2023). JCI-accredited organizations. Retrieved December 30, 2023 from https://www.jointcommissioninternational.org/who-we-are/accredited-organizations/#sort=%40aoname%20ascending
  • Jose, R. and Sachdeva, S. (2010). Keeping an eye on future: Medical tourism. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 35(3), 376-378. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.69247
  • Kaewkamol, P. and Lim, G. (2021). Neo-Liberalism, the rise of the unelected and policymaking in Thailand: The case of the medical tourism industry. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 51(3), 447-468. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2020.1740294
  • Karakoç, S. (2017). Küresel sağlık turizmi: Biyoteknoloji ve Türkiye’nin durumu. Kimlik Yayınları.
  • Kılıçarslan, M. (2019). SWOT analysis of health tourism in Turkey. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 18(71), 1135-1145. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.467515
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  • Kyoung-Lee, K. and Byung-Ro, S. (2023). Analyzing a new model of medical tourism policy: Target country-specific models and marketing strategies. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 52(10), 2090–2098. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v52i10.13847
  • Lemonia, A. and Fragkiadakis, G. F. (2022). The involvement of in vitro fertilization in the development of medical tourism in Greece: Study of the cost and quality of services offered in comparison with other countries. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 15(3), 1933-1942.
  • Levary, R. R. (2011). Multiple-criteria approach to ranking medical tourism destinations. Thunderbird Int'l Bus Rev, 53, 529-537. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.20430
  • Lunt, N., Smith, R. D., Exworthy, M., Green, S. T., Horsfall, D. G. and Mannion, R. (2011). Medical tourism: Treatments, markets and health system implications: A scoping review. OECD Publications Service.
  • Market Data Forecast (2023). Europe medical tourism market research report – segmented by treatment type, country (UK, France, Spain, Germany, Italy, Russia, Sweden, Denmark, Switzerland, Netherlands, Turkey, Czech Republic and Rest of Europe) - industry analysis on size, share, COVID-19 impact, trends and growth forecast (2023 to 2028). Retrieved December 30, 2023 from https://www.marketdataforecast.com/market-reports/europe-medical-tourism-market
  • Mayakul, T., Kiattisin, S. and Prasad, R. (2018). A sustainable medical tourism framework based on the enterprise architecture design: The case in Thailand. Journal of Green Engineering, 8(3), 359–388. https://doi.org/10.13052/jge1904-4720.838
  • Med Refund (2023). Private treatment in Poland: Costs, treatments, clinics. Retrieved December 30, 2023 from https://medrefund.co.uk/private-treatment-abroad/poland-costs-treatments-clinics/
  • Media Market (2023). Medical tourism statistics: Exploring the global landscape of cross-border healthcare seekers. Retrieved December 30, 2023 from https://media.market.us/medical-tourism-statistics/
  • Medical Tourism (2023). International medical treatment prices. Retrieved December 30, 2023 from https://www.medicaltourism.com/compare-prices
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  • Sarıaydın, İ. (2023). Medikal turizmde paydaşların rolleri ve SWOT analizi. ENTIS-Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(2), 64–83.
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  • Yılmaz, B. (2018). Türkiye’nin medikal turizmde ekonomik performansı: Bir karşılaştırma [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Yiğit, A. and Demirbaş, M. B. (2020). Türkiye’de medikal turizmin gelişimine etki eden faktörlerin SWOT-AHP yöntemi ile tespit edilmesine yönelik bir araştırma. Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(22), 173-192.
  • Zhang, L. and Lin, Q. (2018, October, 13-14). A multidimensional analysis of medical tourism in Shandong Province-based on SWOT analysis. In Z. Chen (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2018 ınternational conference on social science and education reform (ICSSER 2018) (p. 259-262). 1st Ed., Atlantis Press.
  • Zhong, L., Deng, B., Morrison, A. M., Coca-Stefaniak, J. A. and Yang, L. (2021). Medical, health and wellness tourism research—A review of the literature (1970–2020) and research agenda. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010875
Toplam 74 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası İktisat (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Alper Ateş 0000-0002-4347-7306

Halil Sunar 0000-0002-5131-4056

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 15 Haziran 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Ocak 2024
Kabul Tarihi 20 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Ateş, A., & Sunar, H. (2024). COMPARISON OF TÜRKİYE’S MEDICAL TOURISM MARKET WITH EXISTING AND POTENTIAL COMPETITOR COUNTRIES. Toplum Ekonomi Ve Yönetim Dergisi, 5(2), 342-368. https://doi.org/10.58702/teyd.1419097
AMA Ateş A, Sunar H. COMPARISON OF TÜRKİYE’S MEDICAL TOURISM MARKET WITH EXISTING AND POTENTIAL COMPETITOR COUNTRIES. TEYD. Haziran 2024;5(2):342-368. doi:10.58702/teyd.1419097
Chicago Ateş, Alper, ve Halil Sunar. “COMPARISON OF TÜRKİYE’S MEDICAL TOURISM MARKET WITH EXISTING AND POTENTIAL COMPETITOR COUNTRIES”. Toplum Ekonomi Ve Yönetim Dergisi 5, sy. 2 (Haziran 2024): 342-68. https://doi.org/10.58702/teyd.1419097.
EndNote Ateş A, Sunar H (01 Haziran 2024) COMPARISON OF TÜRKİYE’S MEDICAL TOURISM MARKET WITH EXISTING AND POTENTIAL COMPETITOR COUNTRIES. Toplum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Dergisi 5 2 342–368.
IEEE A. Ateş ve H. Sunar, “COMPARISON OF TÜRKİYE’S MEDICAL TOURISM MARKET WITH EXISTING AND POTENTIAL COMPETITOR COUNTRIES”, TEYD, c. 5, sy. 2, ss. 342–368, 2024, doi: 10.58702/teyd.1419097.
ISNAD Ateş, Alper - Sunar, Halil. “COMPARISON OF TÜRKİYE’S MEDICAL TOURISM MARKET WITH EXISTING AND POTENTIAL COMPETITOR COUNTRIES”. Toplum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Dergisi 5/2 (Haziran 2024), 342-368. https://doi.org/10.58702/teyd.1419097.
JAMA Ateş A, Sunar H. COMPARISON OF TÜRKİYE’S MEDICAL TOURISM MARKET WITH EXISTING AND POTENTIAL COMPETITOR COUNTRIES. TEYD. 2024;5:342–368.
MLA Ateş, Alper ve Halil Sunar. “COMPARISON OF TÜRKİYE’S MEDICAL TOURISM MARKET WITH EXISTING AND POTENTIAL COMPETITOR COUNTRIES”. Toplum Ekonomi Ve Yönetim Dergisi, c. 5, sy. 2, 2024, ss. 342-68, doi:10.58702/teyd.1419097.
Vancouver Ateş A, Sunar H. COMPARISON OF TÜRKİYE’S MEDICAL TOURISM MARKET WITH EXISTING AND POTENTIAL COMPETITOR COUNTRIES. TEYD. 2024;5(2):342-68.