Does the Level of Altruism of University Students Create A Difference in Their Views on Gamete Donation and Surrogacy?

Öz

Purpose: In Turkey, whose population is predominantly Muslim and where gamete donation and surrogacy are not legal, few studies have so far been conducted to examine university students’ views on these practices. For this reason, it is crucial to determine whether the altruism levels of university students who are at reproductive age in Turkey create a difference in their views on gamete donation and the legalization of surrogacy. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. It was conducted in a Turkish university. A personal information form and the Altruism Inventory were administered to the participating students. A total of 3,979 students participated in the study. Results: More than half of the participants stated that surrogacy and gamete donation must be legal in Turkey. The mean altruism scores of those who advocated the legality of gamete donation in Turkey were similar to the mean scores of those who did not (p>0.05). On the other hand, the mean altruism scores of those who advocated the legality of surrogacy in Turkey were higher than the mean scores of those who did not (p<0.05).. Conclusion: Although people have the freedom to make their own decisions about reproduction, the characteristics of the community of which they are a member, their beliefs, educational background, gender, and sub-dimensions of the Altruism Inventory such as charitableness and sociality can influence their views.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gamete donation
• surrogacy
• altruism
• sperm donation
• oocyte donation.

Kaynakça

1. Akbaba, S. (1994). Grupla psikolojik danışmanın sosyal psikolojik bir kavram olan özgecilik üzerindeki etkisi [Unpublished doctoral dissertation], Atatürk University, Erzurum.
2. Akbaba, S. (2001). Özgecilik ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Atatürk Üniversitesi Erzincan Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 3 (2), 85-95.
3. Akyuz, A., Sever, N., Karasahin, E., Guvenc, G., & Cek, S. (2014). A survey on oocyte donation: Turkish fertile and infertile women’s opinions. International journal of fertility & sterility, 8(3), 289. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC4221516/
4. Ameh, N., Madugu, N. H., Odeku, T., Ogbe, M., & Oyefabi, A. M. (2020). A survey of community opinion and perceptions toward gamete donation in north central Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Medicine, 29(3), 471. DOİ: 10.4103/NJM.NJM_90_20
5. Areias, J. C. O. (2020). Motivations and attitudes of men towards male gamete donation: donate to whom and why?. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/129403/2/422626.pdf
6. Armuand, G., Skoog Svanberg, A., Lampic, C., Elenis, E., & Sydsjö, G. (2020). Attitudes among paediatric healthcare professionals in Sweden towards sperm donation to single women: a survey study. Fertility research and practice, 6, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40738-020-00078-z
7. Assisted Reproductive Treatment Applications and Assisted Reproductive Treatment Centers About regulations. Official Newspaper of Turkish Republic with the issue 29135 and dated 30 September 2014. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/09/20140930.htm
8. Bello, F. A., Akinajo, O. R., & Olayemi, O. (2014). In-vitro fertilization, gamete donation and surrogacy: Perceptions of women attending an infertility clinic in Ibadan, Nigeria. African journal of reproductive health, 18(2), 127-133. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263936175_In-vitro_Fertilization_ Gamete_ Donation_and_Surrogacy_Perceptions_of_Women_Attending_an_Infertility_Clinic_in_Ibadan_Nigeria

9. Berend, Z. (2020). 'Surrogates All Make that Choice to Help': Surrogacy in the Neoliberal Reproductive Market. Italian Sociological Review, 10(3), 537A-559. https://www.proquest.com/docview/2469848368?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopen view=true
10. Bhatanglikar, P., & Sharma, M. D. (2019). Awareness And Knowledge of Medical Students Regarding Surrogacy. Journal of Punjab Academy of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 19(2). DOİ: 10.5958/0974-083X.2020.00038.2
11. Chamsi-Pasha, H., & Albar, M.A. (2015). Assisted reproductive technology: Islamic Sunni perspective, Hum Fertil (Camb).2015;18:107-12. https://doi.org/10.3109/14647273.2014.997810
12. Eriksson, L. (2021). Outsourcing problems or regulating altruism? Parliamentary debates on domestic and cross-border surrogacy in Finland and Norway. European Journal of Women's Studies, 13505068211009936. https://doi.org/10.1177/13505068211009936
13. Fertility & Sterility, (2007) Chapter 8:Donation, volume 87, issue 4, supplement 1, s28-s32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.01.092
14. Flatscher-Thöni, M., Böttcher, B., Geser, W., Lampe, A., Werner-Felmayer, G., Voithofer, C., & Schusterschitz, C. (2020). Worlds apart or two sides of the same coin? Attitudes, meanings, and motives of potential oocyte and sperm donors in Austria. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics, 37(2), 287-296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-019-01683-8
15. Hogan, R. G., Hammarberg, K., Wang, A. Y., & Sullivan, E. A. (2021). ‘Battery hens’ or ‘nuggets of gold’: a qualitative study on the barriers and enablers for altruistic egg donation. Human Fertility, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/14647273.2021.1873430
16. Imrie, S., Jadva, V., & Golombok, S. (2019). Psychological well-being of identity-release egg donation parents with infants. Human Reproduction, 34(11), 2219-2227. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dez201
17. Kostić, J. O., Mitrović, M., & Panić, D. (2021). Egg Donatıon: Explorıng Attıtudes Of Students Towards Donatıon. TEME, 247-263. https://doi.org/10.22190/TEME191031047O
18. Lamba, N., & Jadva, V. (2018). Indian surrogates: their psychological well-being and experiences. In Cross-Cultural Comparisons on Surrogacy and Egg Donation (pp. 181-201). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78670-4_9
19. London, P., & Bower, R. K. (1968). Altruism, extraversion, and mental illness. The Journal of social psychology, 76(1), 19-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1968.9919819
20. Mustafa, A. G., Alzoubi, K. H., Khabour, O. F., & Alfaqih, M. A. (2018). Perspectives and attitudes of Jordanian medical and paramedical students toward surrogate pregnancy. International journal of women's health, 10, 617. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S184434
21. O’Reilly, D., Bowen, J. M., Perampaladas, K., Qureshi, R., Xie, F., & Hughes, E. (2017). Feasibility of an altruistic sperm donation program in Canada: results from a population-based model. Reproductive health, 14(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-016-0275-0
22. Ogunbode, O. O., & Obajimi, G. O. (2020). Assisted Reproductive Techniques and Gamete Donation; Knowledge, Attitude and Willingness to Participate Among Students in a Nigerian Tertiary Institution. Medical Journal of Zambia, 47(1), 8-15. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/mjz/article/view/195736
23. Parandavar, N., Badiyepeyma, Z., Kalani, N., Karimi, N., Abdollahifard, S., & Ramezanli, S. (2014). Survey of men's and women's attitudes to oocyte donation in Jahrom. Journal of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, 11.
24. Pennings, G. (2015). Central role of altruism in the recruitment of gamete donors. Monash bioethics review, 33(1), 78-88. DOI 10.1007/s40592-015-0019-x
25. Pennings, G., & Provoost, V. (2019). The attitude of female students towards sperm donation by their partner. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics, 36(7), 1431-1439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-019-01491-0
26. Sabatello, M. (2015). Regulating gamete donation in the U.S.: ethical, legal and social implications. Laws. 4:352–76. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws4030352
27. Şenol, D. K., Yilmaz, S. D., Bal, M. D., Beji, N. K., Çalişkan, S., & Urman, B. (2019). Views of Turkish people on oocyte and sperm donation. Cukurova Medical Journal, 44(1), 118-126. https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.438226
28. Vesali, S., Karimi, E., Mohammadi, M., & Samani, R. O. (2018). Attitude of law and medical students to oocyte donation. International journal of fertility & sterility, 12(2), 114. doi: 10.22074/ijfs.2018.5178
29. Walker, R., & Van Zyl, L. (2017) Altruism and Generosity. In: Towards a Professional Model of Surrogate Motherhood. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58658-2_3