Radiological Research of Medial and Lateral Arch Angles and Foot Length In Terms of Age, Gender and Side Differences

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 76 - 83, 29.01.2021

Güldal Doğruyol , Mehmet Çimen

Öz

Purpose: The present study aims to determine the differences of anthropometric data obtained by measuring the Medial and Lateral arch angles and foot length on direct radiographs of the foot according to age, gender and involved side and to investigate the relation between Medial and Lateral arch angles and foot length.
Material and Methods: In our study, Medial arch angle (MAA), Lateral arch angle (LAA), foot length (AU) were measured on 1324 weight-bearing lateral foot radiographs of a total of 662 people, including 370 females and 292 males aged 10–86 years. Those included in this study were divided into eight different age groups, 10–13, 14–17, 18–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69 and 70+ years, with those aged 10–17 years classified as adolescents and those aged 18–86 years classified as adults. The statistical analyses of adolescents and adults were made separately, in that bone development continues throughout adolescence. The study was conducted with 217 adolescents (101 female; 116 male) and 445 adults (269 female; 176 male).
Results: An analysis in terms of side revealed significant differences in AU measurements in adults. There was no statistically significant difference in adolescents. An analysis in terms of gender revealed significant differences in MAA and AU in adolescents; and in MAA, LAA and AU measurements in adults. An analysis in terms of age showed significant differences in AU in adolescents; and in MAA, LAA and AU measurements in adults. There was no significant correlation was found between angles and foot length in adolescents. However, a statistically significant correlation was found between foot length and angles on both the right and left side in adults.
Conclusion: The results derived from an examination of these parameters may contribute to the treatment and reconstruction processes of foot deformities in clinical practice, and also to anthropological and forensic medicine studies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

foot morphometry, Radiography, Medial arch angle, Lateral arch angle, Foot length

Medial ve Lateral Ark Açıları ile Ayak Uzunluğunun Yaş, Cinsiyet ve Taraf Farklılığı Açısından Radyolojik Olarak İncelenmesi

Öz

Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı; ayak direkt grafileri üzerinde Medial ark açısı ve Lateral ark açısı ile ayak uzunluğu ölçümleri yaparak elde edilen antropometrik değerlerin yaşa, cinsiyete ve tarafa bağlı olarak gösterdikleri farklılıkları belirlemek ve açıların ayak uzunluğu ile olan ilişkisini araştırmaktır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamızda 10-86 yaş arası 370 kadın, 292 erkek olmak üzere toplamda 662 bireye ait 1324 adet yüklü lateral ayak grafisi üzerinde retrospektif olarak Medial ark açısı (MAA), Lateral ark açısı (LAA), ayak uzunluğu (AU) ölçümleri yapıldı. Çalışmaya dahil edilen bireyler 10-13, 14-17, 18-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70+ olmak üzere 8 ayrı yaş grubuna ayrılarak, 10-17 yaş arası bireyler adolesan, 18-86 yaş arası bireyler de yetişkin olarak değerlendirildi. Adolesan bireyler 101 kadın 116 erkek olmak üzere toplamda 217 kişi iken, yetişkin bireyler 269 kadın ve 176 erkek olmak üzere toplamda 445 kişiydi.
Bulgular: Taraf yönünden yapılan değerlendirmelerde adolesan bireylerde farklılık tespit edilemedi, yetişkinlerde ise ayak uzunluğu ölçümlerinde anlamlı düzeyde farklılıklar bulundu. Cinsiyet yönünden yapılan değerlendirmelerde adolesan bireylerde MAA ve AU ölçümleri, yetişkinlerde ise MAA, LAA ve AU ölçümlerinde anlamlı düzeyde farklılıklar vardı. Yaş yönünden yapılan değerlendirmelerde adolesan bireylerde AU ölçümleri, yetişkinlerde MAA, LAA ve AU ölçümlerinde anlamlı düzeyde farklılıklar tespit etik. Adolesanlarda ayak uzunluğu ve açılar arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamazken, yetişkinlerde hem sağ hem de sol tarafta ayak uzunluğu ve açılar arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı aynı yönlü ilişki tespit edildi.
Sonuç: İncelenen parametrelerden elde edilen bu sonuçlar; klinikte ayak deformitelerinin tedavi edilmesi ve yeniden yapılandırılması süreçleri ile ayrıca antropoloji ve adli tıp çalışmalarına katkı sağlayabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ayak morfometrisi, Radyografi, Medial ark açısı, Lateral ark açısı, Ayak uzunluğu

Kaynakça

• Alkenani, N., Alaqil, M., Murshid, A. et al. (2017). Standardized radiological values of foot among Saudi population. Saudi Journal of Sports Medicine, 17.3 (2017): 144. https://dx.doi.org/ 10.4103/sjsm.sjsm_20_17
• Benirschke, S. K., Kramer, P. A. (2011). Variability in Foot Morphology. Orthopaedic Discoveries, University of Washington Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine, 2011, 26.
• Bourdet, C., Seringe, R., Adamsbaum, C., et al. (2013). Flatfoot in children and adolescents. Analysis of imaging findings and therapeutic implications. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research 99.1 (2013): 80-87. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2012.10.008
• Cebulski-Delebarre, A., Boutry, N., Szymanski, et al. (2016). Correlation between primary flat foot and lower extremity rotational misalignment in adults. Diagnostic and interventional imaging, 97(11), 1151-1157. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diii.2016.01.011
• Ceccarini, P., Rinonapoli, G., Gambaracci, G., et al. (2018). The arthroereisis procedure in adult flexible flatfoot grade IIA due to insufficiency of posterior tibial tendon. Foot and Ankle Surgery, 24(4), 359-364. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fas.2017.04.003
• Chiroma, S. M., Philip, J., Attah, O., et al. (2015). Comparison of the foot height, length, breadth and foot types between males and females Ga’anda people, Adamawa, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 14(8), 89-93. https://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0853-14818993
• Danborno, B., Elukpo, A. (2008). Sexual dimorphism in hand and foot length, indices, stature-ratio and relationship to height in Nigerians. The Internet Journal of Forensic Science, 3(1), 379-383. https://dx.doi.org/10.5580/379
• Eslami, M., Tanaka, C., Hinse, S., et al. (2009). Acute effect of orthoses on foot orientation and perceived comfort in individuals with pes cavus during standing. The Foot, 19(1), 1-6. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2008.06.004
• Gülçimen, B., Ülkü, S. (2008). İnsan Ayağı Biyomekaniğinin İncelenmesi. Uludağ University Journal of The Faculty of Engineering, 13(2).
• Hill, M., Naemi, R., Branthwaite, H., et al. (2017). The relationship between arch height and foot length: Implications for size grading. Applied ergonomics, 59, 243-250. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2016.08.012
• Igbigbi, P. S., Mutesasira, A. N. (2003). Calcaneal angle in Ugandans. Clinical Anatomy: The Official Journal of the American Association of Clinical Anatomists and the British Association of Clinical Anatomists 16.4 (2003): 328-330. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.10104
• Lautzenheiser, S. G., Kramer, P. A. (2013). Linear and angular measurements of the foot of modern humans: A test of Morton's foot types. The Anatomical Record, 296.10 (2013): 1526-1533. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.22764
• McPoil, T. G., Cornwall, M. W., Vicenzino, B., et al. (2008). Effect of using truncated versus total foot length to calculate the arch height ratio. The Foot, 18(4), 220-227. https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/j.foot.2008.06.002
• Moore, K. L., Dalley, A. F. (2013) Clinically oriented anatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Mootanah, R., Song, J., Lenhoff, M. W., et al. (2013). Foot type biomechanics part 2: are structure and anthropometrics related to function? Gait Posture, 2013;37(3):452–6. https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/j.gaitpost.2012.09.008
• Ozden, H., Balci, Y., Demirüstü, C., et al. (2005). Stature and sex estimate using foot and shoe dimensions. Forensic Science International, 147(2-3), 181-184. https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/j.forsciint.2004.09.072
• Sanli, S. G., Kizilkanat, E. D., Boyan, N., et al. (2005). Stature estimation based on hand length and foot length. Clinical Anatomy: The Official Journal of the American Association of Clinical Anatomists and the British Association of Clinical Anatomists, 18(8), 589-596. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.20146
• Sen, J., Ghosh, S. (2008). Estimation of stature from foot length and foot breadth among the Rajbanshi: an indigenous population of North Bengal. Forensic Science International, 181(1-3), 55-e1. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.08.009
• Shoukry, F. A., Aref Y. K., Sabry, A. A. E. (2012). Evaluation of the normal calcaneal angles in Egyptian population. Alexandria Journal of Medicine 48.2 (2012): 91-97. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajme.2011.07.001
• Sturbois-Nachef, N., Allart, E., Grauwin, M. Y., et al. (2019). Tibialis posterior transfer for foot drop due to central causes: Long-term hindfoot alignment. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research, 105(1), 153-158. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2018.11.013
• Torun, B. İ., Çay, N. (2017). Ayak Arkus Açısı ve Ayak Uzunluğu Arasındaki İlişki. KAFKAS: 172. (2018). https://dx.doi.org/10.5505/kjims.2018.81557
• Yücel, A. H., Özandaç, S., Kabakcı, A. G. Et al. (2017). Sağlıklı Bireylerde Ayak Antropometrik İndeks Değerlerinin Belirlenmesi. Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(2), 95-103.