CİLTTEN İZOLE EDİLEN STAFİLOKOKLARIN ANTİBİYOTİK DUYARLILIKLARI, -LAKTAMAZ AKTİVİTELERİ VE PLAZMİT DNA İÇERİKLERİ

Öz

Bu çalışmada, ciltten 18 adet Stafilokok bakteri izole edilmiştir. İzolatların 15°C’de üreme, 45°C’de üreme,%10 NaCl’de üreme, %15 NaCl’de üreme, fruktoz, trehaloz, mannoz, salisin, riboz, ksiloz, rafinoz, sükroz,laktoz, mannitol, maltoz ve galaktoz şekerlerini kullanma testleri yapılmıştır. İdentifikasyon sonuçları bunlarınStaphylococcus aureus 16 , Staphylococcus sp. 2 olduğunu göstermiştir. İzolatların penisilin-G, sefazolin,rifampisin, eritromisin, imipenen, siprofloksasin, tetrasiklin, kloramfenikol, vankomisin, sefuroksim, klindamisin,ampisilin, gentamisin, mezlosilin, trimsulfamet, amikasin antibiyotiklerine duyarlılık testleri yapılmıştır.Stafilokok izolatları arasında 12 izolatta β-laktamaz aktivitesi belirlenirken, iki izolatın zayıf β-laktamazaktivitesi gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Metisiline direnç incelendiğinde, ciltten izole edilen 10 izolatın %55.6 dirençliolduğu gözlenmiştir.İzolatların plazmit DNA analizlerinde, bir izolatta üç plazmit, beş izolatta iki plazmit, yedi izolatta da bir plazmitbelirlenirken, beş izolatta plazmit belirlenememiştir. Plazmit DNA’ların molekül ağırlıkları 0.6-4.3 kb arasında tespitedilmiştir

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Staphylococcus aureus, antibiyogram, β-laktamaz, plazmit DNA

DETERMINATION OF ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY, -LACTAMASE ACTIVITY AND PLASMID DNA’S OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM SKIN

Abstract

In this study, 18 Staphylococcus spp. were isolated from skin totally. Growth at 15°C, at 45°C, in 10% NaCl,in 15% NaCl and use of fructose, trehalose, mannose, salicin, ribose, xylose, raffinose, sucrose, lactose, mannitol,maltose ve galaktose sugar tests were evaluated on isolated Staphylococcus spp.Results of identification pointedout to 16 isolates of Staphylococcus aureusand 2 isolates of Staphylococcus sp.Sensivity tests of the strainsto penicillin-G, cephazoline, riphamycine, erithromycin, imipenem, ciprofloxacine, tetracycline, gentamycin,mezlocilline, trimetoprime-sulphametaxasale, amikacin antibiotics were carried out.β-lactamase activity was found in 12 strains of Staphylococcus spp. Two strains showed weak β-lactamaseactivity. When the resistance to methicilline was examined, 10 strains 55.6% were found resistant to methicilline.Plasmid DNA analyses of strains were identified as; three plasmids in one strain, two plasmids in five strainsand one plasmid in seven strains. No plasmids were determined in five strains. Molecular weights of the plasmidswere ranged between 0.6-4.3 kb

Keywords

• Staphylococcus aureus, antibiogram, β-lactamase, plasmid DNA

Kaynakça

1. Brumfitt W, Hamilton-Miller J. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. New England Journal of Medicine 1989; 320: 1188-96.
2. Hacıbektaşoğlu A, Eyigün CP, Özsoy, MF. Gıda Elleyicilerinde burun ve boğaz portörlüğü. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni 3. Akalın E. Hastane İnfeksiyonları. Ankara: 1. Baskı, Güneş Kitabevi, 1993.
3. Bilgehan H. Gram Olumlu Koklar. Klinik Mikrobiyolojik Tanı. Barış Yayınları Fakülteler Kitapevi, 2. Baskı İzmir, s 1995; 493-504.
4. Qadri SMH, Akhter J Qadri, SGM. Latex agglutination and hemagglutination tests for the rapid identification of methicillin sensitive and methicillin resistant. J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. and Immunol. 1991; 35: 65-71.
5. Chambers HF. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococci. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 1988; 1: 173-86.
6. Schito GC. The importance of the development of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2006; 12: 3-8.
7. Mulligan ME, Murray-Leisure KA, Ribrer BS, Standiford HC, John JF, Korvick JA, Kauffman CA, Yu VL. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, A consensus review of the microbiology, pathogenesis and epidemiology with implications for prevention and management. The American J. Medicine. 1993; 94: 313-29.
8. Sultan N, Türet S, İmer T. Metisiline dirençli Stafilokokların Stafilokokal protein A, bakteriosin, DNAaz ve Laktamazlarının incelenmesi. Mikrobiol. Bült. 1991; 25: 138-43

9. Kayaalp SO. Beta-Laktam antibiyotikler: penisilinler, infeksiyon tedavisinin farmakolojik esasları, Rasyonel Tedavi Yönünden Tıbbı Farmokoloji. 1. cilt. 7. Baskı. Güneş Kitabevi. 1994: 528-47.
10. Massidda O, Mingoia M, Fadda D, Whalen MB, Montanari MP, Varaldo PE. Analysis of the β-lactamase plasmid of borderline methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: Focus on bla complex genes and cadmium resistance determinants cadD and cadX. Plasmid. 2006; 55: 114-27.
11. Shuford JA, Piper KE, Hein M, Trampuz A, Steckelberg JM, Patel R. Lack of association of Staphylococcus aureustype A β-lactamase with cefazolin combined with antimicrobial spacer placement prosthetic joint infection treatment failure. Diagnostic Microbiol. Infection Disease. 2006; 54: 189-92.
12. Nishijima S, Sugimachi T, Higashida T, Asada Y, Okuda K, Murata K. An epidemiological study of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) isolated from medical staff, patiens and hospital environment in are word at our hospital. The Journal of Dermatology. 1992; 19: 356-61.
13. Tunç K, Genberov H. Ankara‘nın Havasında Yayılmış Mikroorganizmaların Tür Terkibi. G.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 1995; 8: 1-8.
14. Stevens DL, Janes C. Use of trhalose-mannitol-phosphatase agar to differentiate Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophticus from other coagulase-negative staphylococci. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1984; 20: 977-80.
15. Engn RHK, Vang C, Person A, Kiehn TE, Armstrong D. Species identification of coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolated from blood cultures. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1982; 15: 439-42.
16. Sneath, PHA, Characteristics differentiation the species and subspecies of the genus Staphylococcus Bergey’s Manual of Determinative bacteriology, PHA Sneath, NS, Mair, ME, Sharpe, JG Holt, Williams and Wilkins, 1,9 th Ed. Baltimore. Volume 1994; 544-50.
17. Behme RJ, Shuttleworth R, McNabb A, Colby WD, Identification of staphylococci with a self-educating system using fatty acid analysis and biochemical tests. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1996; 34: 3075-84.
18. Frank U, Lenz W, Damrath E, Kappstein I, Daschner FD. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureustreated with topical mupirocin (pseudomonic acid) in a children’s hospital. J. Hospital Infection. 1989; 13: 117-20.
19. Wilke A. Stafilokoklarda metisiline direnç mekanizmaları ve belirlenmesi. Ankem Dergisi. 1992; 6: 288-91.
20. Bacon AE, Jorgensen K., Wilson KH, Kauffman CA. Emergence of rosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusand therapy of colonized personel during a hospital-wide outbreak. Infect. Control. 1987; 8: 145-50.
21. Sambrook J, Fridsch EF, Maniatis T. Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual. Second Edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. USA. 1989; 125-40.
22. Livermore DM. Evolution of β-lactamase inhibitors. Intensive Care Med. 1994; 20: 10-3.
23. Kozarsky PE, Terry PM, Rimland D. Development of antibiotic resistance by Staphylococcus aureusin a single patient. The American J. Medicine. 1986; 80: 120812.
24. Rubin M, Hatharn JW, Marshall D, Gress J, Steiberg SM, Pizzo PA. Gram-positive infections and the use of vancomycin in 550 episodes of fever and neutropenia. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1988; 108: 30-5.
25. Tripodi MF, Attanasio V, Adinolfi LE, Floria A, Cione P, Cuccurullo S, Utili R, Ruggiero G. Prevalence of antibiotics resistance among clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphilococci. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.
26. Raviglione MC, Boyle JF, Mariuz P, Pablos-Memdez A, Cortes H, Merlo A. Ciprofloxacin-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusin an acute-care hospital. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1990; 34: 2050-4.
27. Nishijima S, Nakagawa M, Sugiyama T, Akamatsu H, Horis T, Kawabata S, Fujita M. Sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus, isolated fron skin infections in 1994, to 19 antimicrobial agents. J. Int. Med. Res. 1995; 25: 328-34.
28. Özakın C, Akalın H, Helvacı S. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Ana Bilim Dalı Bakteriyoloji Laboratuvarında 1994-1996 yılları arasında izole edilen Stafilokokların irdelenmesi. Editörler: Tumbay E. İnci R. Hilmioğlu S. 3. Antimikrobik kemoterapi günleri klinik-laboratuvar uygulamaları ve yenilikler, konferans-sempozyum metinleri ve serbest bildiri özetleri. İzmir Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi. İzmir. 1997; 319-20.
29. Shayegani M, Parsons LM, Waring AL, Donhowe J, Goering R, Archinal WA, Linden J. Molecular relatedness of Staphylococcus epidermidisisolates obtained during a platelet transfusion-associated episode of species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1991; 29: 2768-73.
30. Thurn JR, Crossley KB, Gerdts A, Baken L. Dynamics of coagulase-negative staphylococcal colonization in patients and employees in a surgical intensive care unit. J. Hos. Infec. 1992; 20: 247-55.