Yeniden önem kazanan arboviral enfeksiyon etkeni: Zika virüs

Öz

Zika virüs ZIKV , ilk olarak 1947 yılında Uganda’da bir Rhesus maymunundan izole edilen Flavivirus cinsine ait bir arbovirüs artropod kaynaklı virüs ’tür. Bulaş, çoğunlukla Culicidae ailesi ve Aedes cinsi çoğunlukla Aedes aegypti sivrisinekler tarafından olmaktadır. Insan-dışı primatlar ve muhtemelen kemirgenler rezervuar olarak rol oynamaktadır. Semptomlar ateş, makulopapüler döküntü, eklem ağrısı ve konjoktivit sivrisinek ısırığı sonrası genellikle üç ila 12 gün sonra kuluçka döneminden sonra görülür. Asemptomatik vakalar sıktır. Son yıllarda, virolojik çalışmalar hastalığın Afrika, Asya ve Pasifik Okyanusya’da tanımlandığını göstermektedir. 2013 yılı sonunda başlayan büyük bir salgında Batı Pasifik adaları etkilenmiştir. 2015 yılında, Brezilya yerel sağlık yetkilileri, ZIKV salgını sırasında aynı anda mikrosefalili doğan bebeklerin sayısında bir artış olduğunu gözlemledi. Ön tanılar hastaların klinik özellikleri, seyahat yerleri ve tarihleri ile onların aktivitelerine dayanmaktadır. ZIKV laboratuvar tanısı, genellikle serum veya plazmada virüsü, viral nükleik asiti ya da virüs spesifik immünoglobulin M ve nötralize edici antikorları tespit etmek yoluyla gerçekleştirilir. Ne yazık ki, ZIKV enfeksiyonu için belirli bir tedavi veya aşı bulunmamaktadır. Tedavisi semptomatik olarak yapılmaktadır. Enfeksiyona karşı korunma, sivrisinek ısırmasından korunmaya ve sivrisineklerin salgın bölgelerinde eradike edilmesine dayanır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Arbovirüs, Zika virüs, vektör kaynaklı enfeksiyon, sivrisinek, Aedes

An re-emerging arboviral infectious agent: Zika virus

Öz

Zika virus ZIKV , is an arbovirus arthropod borne virus belonging to the Flavivirus genus that was first isolated from a Rhesus monkey in 1947 in Uganda. The transmission is mostly vectorial by mosquitoes of the Culicidae family and of the Aedes genus mostly Aedes aegypti . Non-human primates and possibly rodents play a role as reservoir. The symptoms fever, maculopapular rush, arthralgia and conjunctivitis appear after an incubation period after the mosquito bite and usually last three to 12 days. Asymptomatic cases are frequent. In recent years, virological studies have allowed identifying the virus in Africa, Asia, and Oceania, in the Pacific. Beginning at the end of 2013, a large outbreak affected the West Pacific islands. In 2015, Brazilian local health authorities also observed an increase in babies born with microcephaly at the same time of an outbreak of ZIKV. Preliminary diagnosis is based on the clinical features of patient, places and travel dates, and activities. Laboratory diagnosis of ZIKV is generally performed by testing serum or plasma to detect virus, viral nucleic acid, or virus-specific immunoglobulin M and neutralizing antibodies. Unfortunately, there is no specific treatment or vaccine for ZIKV infection. The treatment is symptomatic. Prevention against the infection relies on individual protection against mosquito bites and eradication of mosquitoes in outbreak areas

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Arbovirus, Zika virus, vector-borne infection, mosquito, Aedes

Kaynakça

1. 1. Loos S, Mallet HP, Leparc Goffart I, Gauthier V, Cardoso T, Herida M. Current Zika virus epidemiology and recent epidemics. Med Mal Infect, 2014; 44(7): 302-7.
2. 2. Editorial. Zika virus: a new global threat for 2016. Lancet, 2016 Jan 9; 387(10014): 96.
3. 3. CDC. Zika virus. http://www.cdc.gov/zika/index. html (Erişim: 22.02.2016).
4. 4. Higgs S. Zika virus: Emergence and emergency. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, 2016; 16(2): 75-6.
5. 5. Salvador FS, Fujita DM. Entry routes for Zika virus in Brazil after 2014 world cup: New possibilities. Travel Med Infect Dis, 2015 Nov 14. pii: S1477- 8939(15): 173-8.
6. 6. Dick GW, Kitchen SF, Haddow AJ. Zika virus. I. Isolations and serological specificity. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1952; 46(5): 509–20.
7. 7. Dick GW. Zika virus. II. Pathogenicity and physical properties. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1952; 46: 521–34.
8. 8. Darwish MA, Hoogstraal H, Roberts TJ, Ahmed IP, Omar F. A sero-epidemiological survey for certain arboviruses (Togaviridae) in Pakistan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1983; 77(4): 442-5.

9. 9. Fagbami AH. Zika virus infections in Nigeria: virological and seroepidemiological investigations in Oyo State. J Hyg (Lond), 1979; 83(2): 213–9.
10. 10. Grard G, Caron M, Mombo IM, Nkoghe D, Mboui Ondo S, et al. Zika virus in Gabon (Central Africa)--2007: a new threat from Aedes albopictus? PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2014 6; 8(2): e2681.
11. 11. Hayes EB. Zika virus outside Africa. Emerg Infect Dis, 2009; 15(9): 1347–50.
12. 12. Fagbami AH. Zika virus infections in Nigeria: virological and seroepide-miological investigations in Oyo State. J Hyg (Lond), 1979; 83(2): 213–9.
13. 13. Olson JG, Ksiazek TG, Suhandiman, Triwibowo. Zika virus, a cause of fever in Central Java, Indonesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1981; 75(3): 389-93.
14. 14. Kwong JC, Druce JD, Leder K. Zika virus infection acquired during brieftravel to Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2013; 89(3): 516–7.
15. 15. Duffy MR, Chen TH, Hancock WT, Powers AM, Kool JL, Lanciotti RS, et al. Zika virus outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia. N Engl J Med, 2009 11; 360(24): 2536-43.
16. 16. Grard G, Caron M, Mombo IM, Nkoghe D, Mboui Ondo S, Jiolle D, et al. Zika virus in Gabon (Central Africa)--2007: a new threat from Aedes albopictus? PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2014 Feb 6; 8(2): e2681.
17. 17. Cao-Lormeau VM, Roche C, Teissier A, Robin E, Berry AL, Mallet HP, et al. Zika virus, French polynesia, South pacific, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20(6):1085-6.
18. 18. ECDC Eurosurveillance editorial team. Resources and latest news about Zika virus disease. Euro Surveill, 2016; 21(5): pii=30128. (Erişim: 22.02.2016).
19. 19. Ministe´rio da Sau´de, Secretaria de Vigilancia em Sau´de. Monitoramento dos casos de dengue e febre de chikungunya ate a Semana Epidemiolo´gica 30, 2015. Bol Epidemiolo´gico 2015; 46(24)., http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/ images/pdf/2015/setembro/03/2015-029-SE-30. pdf. (Erişim: 22.02.2016).
20. 20. Dupont-Rouzeyrol M, O’Connor O, Calvez E, Daure`s M, John M, Grangeon JP, et al. Co-infection with zika and dengue viruses in 2 patients, New Caledonia, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis, 2015; 21(2): 381e2.
21. 21. Zanluca C, de Melo VC, Mosimann AL, dos Santos GI, dos Santos CN, Luz K. First report of autochthonous transmission of Zika virus in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 2015; 110(4): 569e72.
22. 22. PAHO. Epidemiological Alert: zika virus infection. May 7, 2015. http://www.paho.org/hq/index. php?option=com_docman&taskZdoc_download&It emidZ&gidZ30075&langZpt. (Erişim: 22.02.2016).
23. 23. Calvet GA, Filippis AM, Mendonça MC, Sequeira PC, Siqueira AM, Veloso VG, et al. First detection of autochthonous Zika virus transmission in a HIVinfected patient in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Clin Virol. 2016; 74: 1-3.
24. 24. Petersen EE, Staples JE, Meaney-Delman D, Fischer M, Ellington SR, Callaghan WM, et al. Interim Guidelines for Pregnant women during a Zika virus outbreak - United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2016 22; 65(2): 30-3.
25. 25. CDC. CDC health advisory: recognizing, managing, and reporting Zika virus infections in travelers returning from Central America, South America, the Caribbean and Mexico. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016. http://emergency.cdc.gov/han/ han00385.asp. (Erişim: 22.02.2016).
26. 26. ECDC. Rapid risk assessment. Zika virus epidemic in the Americas: potential association with microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Stockholm, Sweden: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; 2015. http://ecdc. europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/zikavirus-americas-association-with-microcephalyrapid-risk-assessment.pdf. (Erişim: 22.02.2016).