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Arcanobacterium haemolyticum: Genel Özellikleri, İnfeksiyonları, Laboratuvar Tanı Ve Tedavisi

Yıl 2000, Cilt: 57 Sayı: 1, 39 - 54, 01.04.2000

Selçuk Kılıç

Öz

Üst solunum yolu infeksiyonları içinde en sık karşılaşılan klinik tablo olan akut farenjitin etiyolojisinde farklı mikroorganizma grupları rol oynamaktadır 1-3 . Akut farenjit sıklıkla Rhinovirus, Adenovirus, Epstein-Barr virus EBV , Coxsackie virus gibi viral etkenler tarafından meydana gelmesine rağmen, rutin mikrobiyolojik incelemede boğaz kültürlerinde grup A β-hemolitik streptokok GABHS dışındaki etkenler aranmamaktadır 1-5 . GABHS dışındaki B, C, G grubu β-hemolitik streptokoklar, Corynebacterium diph - teriae, Neisseriae gonorrhoeae, Francisella tu - larensis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae ve Haemophilus influenzae i s e klinisyenin özel isteğine göre aranmaktadır 1-5 .

Kaynakça

  • 1-Georgitis WJ. Nasopharyngitis, pharyngitis, and tonsillitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am Feb 1993; 13:109-118.
  • 2-Mandel HJ. Pharyngeal infections. Postgrad Med 1985;77:187-199.
  • 3-Carroll K, Reimer L. Microbiology and laboratory diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infections. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:442-448.
  • 4-Huovinen P, Lahtonen R, Ziegler T et al. Pharyngitis in adults:The presence and coexistence of viruses and bacterial organisms. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110:612-616.
  • 5-Putto A. Febrile exudative tonsillitis: viral or streptococcal? Pediatrics 1987; 80:6-12.
  • 6-Ylikoski J, Karjalainen J. Acute tonsillitis in young men: Etiological agents and their differentiation. Scand J Infec Dis 1989;21:169-174.
  • 7-Cimolai N, Elford W, Bryan L, Anand C, Berger P. Do the β−hemolytic non-group A streptococci cause pharyngitis? Rev Infect Dis 1988;10;587-600.
  • 8-Gerber M, Randolph M, Nancy J, et al. Community-wide outbreak of group G streptococcal pharyngitis. Pediatrics 1991;87:598-603.
  • 9-Komaroff AL, Aranson MD, Pass TM, Ervin CT, Branch WT, Schachter J. Serologic evidence of Chlamydial and Mycoplasmal pharyngitis in adults. Science 1983;222:927-928.
  • 10-Thom DH, Grayston T, Wang S, Kuo C, Altman J. C. pneumoniae strain TWAR, M. pneumoniae, and viral infections in acute respiratory disease in a university student health clinic population. Am J Epidemiol 1990;132: 248-56.
  • 11-Kain KC, Noble MA, Barteluk RL, Tubessing RH. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection: confused with scarlet fever and diphtheria[Abstract]. J Emerg Med 1991;9(1-2):33-35.
  • 12-Carlson P. A. haemolyticum infections. Academic Dissertation. Helsinki University Press, 1995;1-34.
  • 13-Nyman M. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum; clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. Doctoral Dissertation. Lund University Press, 1997;1-52.
  • 14-Waagner D. A.haemolyticum: Biology of the organism and diseases in man. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991;10: 991-999.
  • 15-Banck G, Nyman M. Tonsillitis and rash associated with Corynebacterium haemolyticum. J Infect Dis 1986;154:1037-1040.
  • 16-Miller R, Brancato F, Holmes K. Corynebacterium haemolyticum as a cause of pharyngitis and scarlatiniform rash in young adult. Ann Intern Med 1986; 105:867-7-872.
  • 17-Karpathios T, Drakonaki S, Zervoudaki A, et al. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum in children with presumed streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis or scarlet fever. J Pediatrics 1992;121:735-737.
  • 18-Kovacth AL, Schuit KE, Michaels RH. C. haemolyticum peritonsiller abcess mimicking diphteria. JAMA.1983;249:1757-1758.
  • 19-Fell HWK, Nagington J, Naylor GRE. Corynebacterium haemolyticum infections in Cambridge shire. J Hyg Camb 1977;79:269-274.
  • 20-Hermann G. The laboratory recognition of Corynebacterium haemolyticum. Am J Med Tech 1961;27:61-66.
  • 21-Altmann G, Bogokovsky B. Brain abcess due to Corynebacterium haemolyticum. Lancet 1973;1:378-379.
  • 22-Claridge JE, Spiegel CA. Corynebacterium and miscellaneous irreguller Gram positive rods, Erysepelothrix and Gardnerella. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH (eds). Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 6th edition. Washington D.C.: American Society for Microbiology Press, 1995: 357-378.
  • 23-Collins MD, Cummings C. Genus Arcanobacterium. In Sneath PH, Mair NS, Sharpe ME, Holt JG (Ed.): Bergey’s Manual of Systemic Bacterology. Baltimore: Willams & Wilkins,1986: 1288.
  • 24-Coyle MB, Lipsky BA. Coryneform bacteria in infectious diseases; clinical and laboratory aspects. Clin Microbiol Rev 1990;3:227-246.
  • 25-Ryan WJ. Throat infection and rash associated with an usual Corynebacterium. Lancet. 1972;23:1345-46.
  • 26-Green S, LaPeter K. Pseudodiphteritic membranous pharyngitis caused by Corynebacterium haemolyticum. JAMA 1981;245:2330-2331.
  • 27-Cholasta E, Richards G, Waagner E, Holland J. An opportunistic infection with Corynebacterium pyogenes producing empyema. Am J Clin Pathol 1969;53:167-170.
  • 28-Cummings L, Wu W, Larson A, Gavin S, Fine J, Coyle M. Effects of media, atmosphere and incubation time on colonial morphology of A.haemolyticum. J Clin Microbiol 1993;31:3223-3226.
  • 29-Brenwald NP, Teare EL, Mountfort LK, Tettmar RE. Selective medium for isolating A.haemolyticum. J Clin Pathol 1990;43:610.
  • 30-Mackenzie A, Fuite L, Chan F et al. Incidence and pathogenicity of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum during a 2- year study in Ottawa. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:177-181.
  • 31-Selander B, Ljung A. Corynebacterium haemolyticum as a cause of non-streptococcal pharyngitis. J Infect Dis 1986;154:1041.
  • 32-Carlson P, Lounatmaa K, Kontiainen S. Biotypes of A.haemolyticum. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:1654-1657.
  • 33-Wat LL, Fleming CA, Hodge DS, Krishnan C. Selective medium for isolation of A.haemolyticum and S.pyogenes. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1991; 10:443-446.
  • 34-Nyman M, Banck G, Thore M. Penicillin tolerance in A.haemolyticum. J Infect. Dis 1990; 161:261-265.
  • 35-Richards G. Isolation of Corynebacterium haemolyticum. Lancet.1973;1:662.
  • 36-Cambier M, Jansens M, Wauters G. Isolation of A.haemolyticum from patients with pharyngitis in Belgium. Acta Clin Belg 1992;47:303-307.
  • 37-Carlson P, Kontiainen S, Renkonen OV. A.haemolyticum and streptococcal pharyngitis. Scand J Infect Dis 1994;26:283-287.
  • 38-Lammler CH, Blobel H. Comparative studies on A.pyogenes and A.haemolyticum. Med Microbiol Immunol 1988;177:109-114.
  • 39-Lammler CH, Blobel H. Serological recognition of A.pyogenes and A.haemolyticum in serum soft agar. Zbl Bakt Hyg A.1988;267:528-530.
  • 40-Carlson P, Kontiainen S. Alpha-mannosidase: a rapid test for identification of A.haemolyticum. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:854-855.
  • 41-Carlson P, Kontiainen S. Evaluation of a commercial kit in the identification A.haemolyticum and A.pyogenes. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994;13: 507-509.
  • 42-Von Graevenitz A. Alpha mannosidase in A.haemolyticum [Letters]. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:2883.
  • 43-Nyman M, Kishore R, Strömberg S, Forsgren A. Antibody response to A.haemolyticum infection in humans. J Infect Dis 1997;175:1515-1518.
  • 44-Cuevas WA, Songer JG. A . h a e m o l y t i c u m phospholipase D is genetically and functionally similar to Corynebacterium pyogenes phospholipase D. Infect Immun 1993;61:4310-4316.
  • 45-Österlund A. Are penicillin treatment failures in A.haemolyticum pharyngotonsillitis caused by intracellulary residing bacteria? Scand J Infect Dis 1995;27:131-134.
  • 46-Gaston D, Zurowski S. A.haemolyticum pharyngitis and exhanthem. Arch Dermatol 1996;132:61-64.
  • 47-Ceilley R. Foot ulceration and vertabral osteomyelitis with Corynebacterium haemolyticum. Arch. Dermatol.1977;113:646-647.
  • 48-Ritter E, Kaschner A, Becker C, Boost E, Wirsing von könig CH, Finger H. Isolation of A.haemolyticum from an infected wound. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1993;12:473-474.
  • 49-Esteban J, Zapardiel J, Soriano F. Two cases of soft-tissue infection caused by A.haemolyticum. Clin Infect Dis 1994;18:835-836.
  • 50-Montgomery J. The aerobic bacteriology of infected skin lesion in children of the Eastern Highlands Province [Abstract]. P.N.G. Med. J.1985;28.93-103.
  • 51-Dobinski S, Noosselt T, Rucker A, Maerker J, Mack D. Three cases of A. haemolyticum associated with abscess formation and cellulitis.Eur J Microbiol Infect Dis 1999;18(11):804-6.
  • 52-Hoosen AA, Rasool MN, Roux L. Post-traumatic ankle joint infection with A.haemolyticum: a case report. J Infect Dis 1990;162:780-781.
  • 53-Alos JI, Barros C, Garces JL. Endocarditis caused by A.haemolyticum. Eur J Microbiol Infect Dis 1995;12: 1085-8.
  • 54-Jobanputra RS, Swain CP. Septicaemia due to C.haemolyticum. J Clin Pathol 1975;28:798-800.
  • 55-Worthington MG, Daly BDT, Smith FE. Corynebacterium haemolyticum endocarditis on a native valve. South Med J 1985;78:1261-1262.
  • 56-Pranatharthı H, Molinarı J. C. haemolyticum bacteremia with neurologic complication in an intravenous drug addict. Am J Med 1987; 82: 638-640.
  • 57-Givner LB. A.haemolyticum sepsis and Epstein-Barr virus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992; 11:417-418.
  • 58-Goudswaard J, Merwe W, Sylus P, Doorn H. Corynebacterium haemolyticum septicemia in a girl with mononucleosis infectiosa. Scand J Infect Dis 1988; 20: 339-340.
  • 59-Dethy M, Hantson P, Van Bosterhaut B, Swine C, Sassine A. Septicemie a A.haemolyticum [Abstract]. Acta Clin Belg 1986;41:115-118.
  • 60-Washington JAII, Martin WJ, Spiekerman RE. Brain abcess with C. haemolyticum. Am J Clin Pathol 1971;56: 212-215.
  • 61-Cook F, Cabral D, Reed D, Bond J, Henderson A. Intracranial complications of sphenoidal sinus inflammation [Abstract]. Med J Aus 1981;1:366.
  • 62-Waller KS, Johnsons J, Wood B. Cavitary pneumonia due to A.haemolyticum. Am J Dis Child 1991;145:209-210.
  • 63-Lammler CH, Blobel H. Tentative identification of A.pyogenes with antisera against grup G streptococci. Zbl Bakt Hyg A 1986;262:357-360.
  • 64-Freney J, Duperron T, Courtier C et al. Evaluation of API Coryne in comparison with conventional methods for identifying coryneform bacteria. J Clin Microbiol 1991;29:38-41.
  • 65-Gavin SE, Leonard R, Brielsden A, Coyle M. Evaluation of Rapid Coryne identification system for Corynebacterium species and other coryneforms. J Clin Microbiol 1992;30:1692-1695.
  • 66-Bernard KA, Bellefeuille M, Ewan EP. Cellular fatty acid composition as an adjunct to the identification of asporogenous, aerobic Gram-positive rods. J Clin Microbiol 1991;29:83-89.
  • 67-Kampfer P. Differentiation of Coryneform spp., Listeria spp., and related organisms by using fluorogenic substrates. J Clin Microbiol.1992;30:1067- 1071.
  • 68-Carlson P, Kontiainen S, Renkonen OV. Antimicrobial susceptibility of A.haemolyticum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994;38:142-143.
  • 69-Carlson P, Korpela J, Walder M, Nyman M. Antimicrobial susceptibilities and A.haemolyticum blood isolates. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1999;12:915-17.
  • 70-French G, Abdulla Y, Heatcock R, Cameron J. Vancomycin resistance in south London. Lancet. 1992;339: 818-819.
  • 71-Coman G, Panzaru C, Dahorea C. The isolation of A.haemolyticum from pharyngeal exudate of children [Abstract]. Bacteriol Virusol Parasitol Epidemiol (Romania) 1996;41:141-144.
  • 72-Arıkan S, Ergüven S, Günalp A. Isolation, in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility and penicillin tolerance of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum in a Turkish university hospital. Zbl Bakt 1997;286:487-493.
  • 73-Cohen R, Estranjin E, Lecompte MD et al. Bacterial epidemiology of pharyngitis in pediatric private practice [Abstract]. Presse Med (France). 1994;23:753-757.
  • 74-Sturm AW, Jamil B, McAdam KP, Parveen S, Chiang T, Hussain R. Microbial colonizers in leprosy skin ulcers and intensity of inflammation [Abstract].Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 1996;64(3):274-81.

Arcanobacterium haemolyticum: General Charecteristics, Infections, Laboratory Diagnosis And Therapy

Yıl 2000, Cilt: 57 Sayı: 1, 39 - 54, 01.04.2000

Selçuk Kılıç

Öz

Kaynakça

  • 1-Georgitis WJ. Nasopharyngitis, pharyngitis, and tonsillitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am Feb 1993; 13:109-118.
  • 2-Mandel HJ. Pharyngeal infections. Postgrad Med 1985;77:187-199.
  • 3-Carroll K, Reimer L. Microbiology and laboratory diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infections. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:442-448.
  • 4-Huovinen P, Lahtonen R, Ziegler T et al. Pharyngitis in adults:The presence and coexistence of viruses and bacterial organisms. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110:612-616.
  • 5-Putto A. Febrile exudative tonsillitis: viral or streptococcal? Pediatrics 1987; 80:6-12.
  • 6-Ylikoski J, Karjalainen J. Acute tonsillitis in young men: Etiological agents and their differentiation. Scand J Infec Dis 1989;21:169-174.
  • 7-Cimolai N, Elford W, Bryan L, Anand C, Berger P. Do the β−hemolytic non-group A streptococci cause pharyngitis? Rev Infect Dis 1988;10;587-600.
  • 8-Gerber M, Randolph M, Nancy J, et al. Community-wide outbreak of group G streptococcal pharyngitis. Pediatrics 1991;87:598-603.
  • 9-Komaroff AL, Aranson MD, Pass TM, Ervin CT, Branch WT, Schachter J. Serologic evidence of Chlamydial and Mycoplasmal pharyngitis in adults. Science 1983;222:927-928.
  • 10-Thom DH, Grayston T, Wang S, Kuo C, Altman J. C. pneumoniae strain TWAR, M. pneumoniae, and viral infections in acute respiratory disease in a university student health clinic population. Am J Epidemiol 1990;132: 248-56.
  • 11-Kain KC, Noble MA, Barteluk RL, Tubessing RH. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection: confused with scarlet fever and diphtheria[Abstract]. J Emerg Med 1991;9(1-2):33-35.
  • 12-Carlson P. A. haemolyticum infections. Academic Dissertation. Helsinki University Press, 1995;1-34.
  • 13-Nyman M. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum; clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. Doctoral Dissertation. Lund University Press, 1997;1-52.
  • 14-Waagner D. A.haemolyticum: Biology of the organism and diseases in man. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991;10: 991-999.
  • 15-Banck G, Nyman M. Tonsillitis and rash associated with Corynebacterium haemolyticum. J Infect Dis 1986;154:1037-1040.
  • 16-Miller R, Brancato F, Holmes K. Corynebacterium haemolyticum as a cause of pharyngitis and scarlatiniform rash in young adult. Ann Intern Med 1986; 105:867-7-872.
  • 17-Karpathios T, Drakonaki S, Zervoudaki A, et al. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum in children with presumed streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis or scarlet fever. J Pediatrics 1992;121:735-737.
  • 18-Kovacth AL, Schuit KE, Michaels RH. C. haemolyticum peritonsiller abcess mimicking diphteria. JAMA.1983;249:1757-1758.
  • 19-Fell HWK, Nagington J, Naylor GRE. Corynebacterium haemolyticum infections in Cambridge shire. J Hyg Camb 1977;79:269-274.
  • 20-Hermann G. The laboratory recognition of Corynebacterium haemolyticum. Am J Med Tech 1961;27:61-66.
  • 21-Altmann G, Bogokovsky B. Brain abcess due to Corynebacterium haemolyticum. Lancet 1973;1:378-379.
  • 22-Claridge JE, Spiegel CA. Corynebacterium and miscellaneous irreguller Gram positive rods, Erysepelothrix and Gardnerella. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH (eds). Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 6th edition. Washington D.C.: American Society for Microbiology Press, 1995: 357-378.
  • 23-Collins MD, Cummings C. Genus Arcanobacterium. In Sneath PH, Mair NS, Sharpe ME, Holt JG (Ed.): Bergey’s Manual of Systemic Bacterology. Baltimore: Willams & Wilkins,1986: 1288.
  • 24-Coyle MB, Lipsky BA. Coryneform bacteria in infectious diseases; clinical and laboratory aspects. Clin Microbiol Rev 1990;3:227-246.
  • 25-Ryan WJ. Throat infection and rash associated with an usual Corynebacterium. Lancet. 1972;23:1345-46.
  • 26-Green S, LaPeter K. Pseudodiphteritic membranous pharyngitis caused by Corynebacterium haemolyticum. JAMA 1981;245:2330-2331.
  • 27-Cholasta E, Richards G, Waagner E, Holland J. An opportunistic infection with Corynebacterium pyogenes producing empyema. Am J Clin Pathol 1969;53:167-170.
  • 28-Cummings L, Wu W, Larson A, Gavin S, Fine J, Coyle M. Effects of media, atmosphere and incubation time on colonial morphology of A.haemolyticum. J Clin Microbiol 1993;31:3223-3226.
  • 29-Brenwald NP, Teare EL, Mountfort LK, Tettmar RE. Selective medium for isolating A.haemolyticum. J Clin Pathol 1990;43:610.
  • 30-Mackenzie A, Fuite L, Chan F et al. Incidence and pathogenicity of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum during a 2- year study in Ottawa. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:177-181.
  • 31-Selander B, Ljung A. Corynebacterium haemolyticum as a cause of non-streptococcal pharyngitis. J Infect Dis 1986;154:1041.
  • 32-Carlson P, Lounatmaa K, Kontiainen S. Biotypes of A.haemolyticum. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:1654-1657.
  • 33-Wat LL, Fleming CA, Hodge DS, Krishnan C. Selective medium for isolation of A.haemolyticum and S.pyogenes. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1991; 10:443-446.
  • 34-Nyman M, Banck G, Thore M. Penicillin tolerance in A.haemolyticum. J Infect. Dis 1990; 161:261-265.
  • 35-Richards G. Isolation of Corynebacterium haemolyticum. Lancet.1973;1:662.
  • 36-Cambier M, Jansens M, Wauters G. Isolation of A.haemolyticum from patients with pharyngitis in Belgium. Acta Clin Belg 1992;47:303-307.
  • 37-Carlson P, Kontiainen S, Renkonen OV. A.haemolyticum and streptococcal pharyngitis. Scand J Infect Dis 1994;26:283-287.
  • 38-Lammler CH, Blobel H. Comparative studies on A.pyogenes and A.haemolyticum. Med Microbiol Immunol 1988;177:109-114.
  • 39-Lammler CH, Blobel H. Serological recognition of A.pyogenes and A.haemolyticum in serum soft agar. Zbl Bakt Hyg A.1988;267:528-530.
  • 40-Carlson P, Kontiainen S. Alpha-mannosidase: a rapid test for identification of A.haemolyticum. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:854-855.
  • 41-Carlson P, Kontiainen S. Evaluation of a commercial kit in the identification A.haemolyticum and A.pyogenes. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994;13: 507-509.
  • 42-Von Graevenitz A. Alpha mannosidase in A.haemolyticum [Letters]. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:2883.
  • 43-Nyman M, Kishore R, Strömberg S, Forsgren A. Antibody response to A.haemolyticum infection in humans. J Infect Dis 1997;175:1515-1518.
  • 44-Cuevas WA, Songer JG. A . h a e m o l y t i c u m phospholipase D is genetically and functionally similar to Corynebacterium pyogenes phospholipase D. Infect Immun 1993;61:4310-4316.
  • 45-Österlund A. Are penicillin treatment failures in A.haemolyticum pharyngotonsillitis caused by intracellulary residing bacteria? Scand J Infect Dis 1995;27:131-134.
  • 46-Gaston D, Zurowski S. A.haemolyticum pharyngitis and exhanthem. Arch Dermatol 1996;132:61-64.
  • 47-Ceilley R. Foot ulceration and vertabral osteomyelitis with Corynebacterium haemolyticum. Arch. Dermatol.1977;113:646-647.
  • 48-Ritter E, Kaschner A, Becker C, Boost E, Wirsing von könig CH, Finger H. Isolation of A.haemolyticum from an infected wound. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1993;12:473-474.
  • 49-Esteban J, Zapardiel J, Soriano F. Two cases of soft-tissue infection caused by A.haemolyticum. Clin Infect Dis 1994;18:835-836.
  • 50-Montgomery J. The aerobic bacteriology of infected skin lesion in children of the Eastern Highlands Province [Abstract]. P.N.G. Med. J.1985;28.93-103.
  • 51-Dobinski S, Noosselt T, Rucker A, Maerker J, Mack D. Three cases of A. haemolyticum associated with abscess formation and cellulitis.Eur J Microbiol Infect Dis 1999;18(11):804-6.
  • 52-Hoosen AA, Rasool MN, Roux L. Post-traumatic ankle joint infection with A.haemolyticum: a case report. J Infect Dis 1990;162:780-781.
  • 53-Alos JI, Barros C, Garces JL. Endocarditis caused by A.haemolyticum. Eur J Microbiol Infect Dis 1995;12: 1085-8.
  • 54-Jobanputra RS, Swain CP. Septicaemia due to C.haemolyticum. J Clin Pathol 1975;28:798-800.
  • 55-Worthington MG, Daly BDT, Smith FE. Corynebacterium haemolyticum endocarditis on a native valve. South Med J 1985;78:1261-1262.
  • 56-Pranatharthı H, Molinarı J. C. haemolyticum bacteremia with neurologic complication in an intravenous drug addict. Am J Med 1987; 82: 638-640.
  • 57-Givner LB. A.haemolyticum sepsis and Epstein-Barr virus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992; 11:417-418.
  • 58-Goudswaard J, Merwe W, Sylus P, Doorn H. Corynebacterium haemolyticum septicemia in a girl with mononucleosis infectiosa. Scand J Infect Dis 1988; 20: 339-340.
  • 59-Dethy M, Hantson P, Van Bosterhaut B, Swine C, Sassine A. Septicemie a A.haemolyticum [Abstract]. Acta Clin Belg 1986;41:115-118.
  • 60-Washington JAII, Martin WJ, Spiekerman RE. Brain abcess with C. haemolyticum. Am J Clin Pathol 1971;56: 212-215.
  • 61-Cook F, Cabral D, Reed D, Bond J, Henderson A. Intracranial complications of sphenoidal sinus inflammation [Abstract]. Med J Aus 1981;1:366.
  • 62-Waller KS, Johnsons J, Wood B. Cavitary pneumonia due to A.haemolyticum. Am J Dis Child 1991;145:209-210.
  • 63-Lammler CH, Blobel H. Tentative identification of A.pyogenes with antisera against grup G streptococci. Zbl Bakt Hyg A 1986;262:357-360.
  • 64-Freney J, Duperron T, Courtier C et al. Evaluation of API Coryne in comparison with conventional methods for identifying coryneform bacteria. J Clin Microbiol 1991;29:38-41.
  • 65-Gavin SE, Leonard R, Brielsden A, Coyle M. Evaluation of Rapid Coryne identification system for Corynebacterium species and other coryneforms. J Clin Microbiol 1992;30:1692-1695.
  • 66-Bernard KA, Bellefeuille M, Ewan EP. Cellular fatty acid composition as an adjunct to the identification of asporogenous, aerobic Gram-positive rods. J Clin Microbiol 1991;29:83-89.
  • 67-Kampfer P. Differentiation of Coryneform spp., Listeria spp., and related organisms by using fluorogenic substrates. J Clin Microbiol.1992;30:1067- 1071.
  • 68-Carlson P, Kontiainen S, Renkonen OV. Antimicrobial susceptibility of A.haemolyticum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994;38:142-143.
  • 69-Carlson P, Korpela J, Walder M, Nyman M. Antimicrobial susceptibilities and A.haemolyticum blood isolates. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1999;12:915-17.
  • 70-French G, Abdulla Y, Heatcock R, Cameron J. Vancomycin resistance in south London. Lancet. 1992;339: 818-819.
  • 71-Coman G, Panzaru C, Dahorea C. The isolation of A.haemolyticum from pharyngeal exudate of children [Abstract]. Bacteriol Virusol Parasitol Epidemiol (Romania) 1996;41:141-144.
  • 72-Arıkan S, Ergüven S, Günalp A. Isolation, in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility and penicillin tolerance of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum in a Turkish university hospital. Zbl Bakt 1997;286:487-493.
  • 73-Cohen R, Estranjin E, Lecompte MD et al. Bacterial epidemiology of pharyngitis in pediatric private practice [Abstract]. Presse Med (France). 1994;23:753-757.
  • 74-Sturm AW, Jamil B, McAdam KP, Parveen S, Chiang T, Hussain R. Microbial colonizers in leprosy skin ulcers and intensity of inflammation [Abstract].Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 1996;64(3):274-81.
Toplam 74 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Selçuk Kılıç Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2000
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2000 Cilt: 57 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kılıç, S. (2000). Arcanobacterium haemolyticum: Genel Özellikleri, İnfeksiyonları, Laboratuvar Tanı Ve Tedavisi. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 57(1), 39-54.
AMA Kılıç S. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum: Genel Özellikleri, İnfeksiyonları, Laboratuvar Tanı Ve Tedavisi. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. Nisan 2000;57(1):39-54.
Chicago Kılıç, Selçuk. “Arcanobacterium Haemolyticum: Genel Özellikleri, İnfeksiyonları, Laboratuvar Tanı Ve Tedavisi”. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 57, sy. 1 (Nisan 2000): 39-54.
EndNote Kılıç S (01 Nisan 2000) Arcanobacterium haemolyticum: Genel Özellikleri, İnfeksiyonları, Laboratuvar Tanı Ve Tedavisi. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 57 1 39–54.
IEEE S. Kılıç, “Arcanobacterium haemolyticum: Genel Özellikleri, İnfeksiyonları, Laboratuvar Tanı Ve Tedavisi”, Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg, c. 57, sy. 1, ss. 39–54, 2000.
ISNAD Kılıç, Selçuk. “Arcanobacterium Haemolyticum: Genel Özellikleri, İnfeksiyonları, Laboratuvar Tanı Ve Tedavisi”. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 57/1 (Nisan 2000), 39-54.
JAMA Kılıç S. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum: Genel Özellikleri, İnfeksiyonları, Laboratuvar Tanı Ve Tedavisi. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2000;57:39–54.
MLA Kılıç, Selçuk. “Arcanobacterium Haemolyticum: Genel Özellikleri, İnfeksiyonları, Laboratuvar Tanı Ve Tedavisi”. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, c. 57, sy. 1, 2000, ss. 39-54.
Vancouver Kılıç S. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum: Genel Özellikleri, İnfeksiyonları, Laboratuvar Tanı Ve Tedavisi. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2000;57(1):39-54.