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Karabük Demir Çelik Fabrikası etrafından toplanan beş biyomonitor liken türünün ağır metal akümülasyonu ve karşılaştırmalı analizi

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 69 Sayı: 4, 179 - 192, 01.12.2012

Öz

Amaç: Beş biyomonitor liken türünün Evernia prunastri, Hypogymnia physodes, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Ramalina pollinaria, Usnea hirta ağır metal biriktirebilme yetisini incelemek amacıyla Karabük Demir Çelik fabrikası ile Yenice Ormanı arasındaki 10 istasyondan farklı beş liken türüne ait 10 örnek araştırılmıştır.Yöntem: Beş biyomonitor liken örneğinin her biri Karabük Demir Çelik fabrikası ile Yenice Ormanı arasındaki alandan her beş km’de bir alınmıştır. Çalışılan beş farklı liken türüne ait 10 liken örneğinde Atomik Absorpsiyon Spektrofotometre AAS cihazı kullanılarak sekiz ağır metal; Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb ve Zn analiz edilmiştir.Bulgular:Karabük toplanan Demir beş Çelik etrafından örneğinde atmosferdeki iz elementlerin akümülasyon kapasitesi karşılaştırılmıştır. İstasyon 1, 2, 7 ve 10 insan yoğunluğunun ve trafiğin fazla olduğu şehir merkezine en yakın olan yerdir. Atomik Absorpsiyon Spektrofotometresi ile yapılan analiz sonuçlarına göre, Zn elementi için P. furfuracea liken türünde istasyon yedi 40,628 µg/g ve 10 53,802 µg/g ’da çalışılan diğer liken örneklerine göre daha fazla ağır metal akümülasyonu olduğu gözlenmiştir. Sekizinci istasyonda H. physodes 4,56 µg/g ve E. prunastri 4,65 µg/g liken türlerinde Cr konsantrasyonu benzer miktarlarda tespit edilmiştir.Sonuç: Çalışmamızın sonuçları açığa çıkarmıştır ki; Evernia prunastri, Hypogymnia physodes, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Ramalina pollinaria ve Usnea hirta liken türleri incelenen tüm elementleri ciddi oranda biriktirme eğilimi gösterdiğini açığa çıkarmıştır. Bu çalışma ile seçilen liken türlerinin ağır metal biriktirebilmede ne kadar önemli oldukları gösterilmiştir

Kaynakça

  • Forman-Richard TT, Alexander LE. Roads and their major ecological effects. Annu Rev Ecol S, 1998; : 207-31.
  • Wolterbeek B. Biomonitoring of trace element air pollution: principles, possibilities and perspectives. Environ Pollut, 2002; 120: 11-21.
  • Çiçek A, Koparal AS, Çatak S, Uğur S. The level of some heavy metals and nutritional elements in the samples from soils and trace levels growing in the vicinity of Seyitomer Thermal Power Plant in Kutahya (Turkey). In: Topcu S, et al., eds. Air Quality Management at Urban, Regional and Global Scales, Istanbul, Turkey, 2001: 157-62.
  • Aras S, Cansaran-Duman D, Kanlıtepe Ç, Başaran E. Comparative analysis of bioindicator and genotoxicity indicator capacity of lichens exposed to air pollution. In: Moldoveanu AM, ed. Air pollution new developments, InTech, Romania, Moldoveanu AM, 4-9, 2011: 205-26.
  • Conti ME, Cecchetti G. Biological monitoring: lichens as bioindicators of air pollution assessment–a review. Environ Pollut, 2001; 114: 471-92.
  • Kircher G, Daillant Q. The potential of lichens as long term bioindicators of natural and artificial radionuclides. Environ Pollut, 2002; 120: 145-50.
  • Pirintsos SA, Loppi S. Biomonitoring atmospheric pollution: the challenge of times in environmental policy on air quality. Environ Pollut, 2008;151: 71.
  • Garty J. Biomonitoring atmospheric heavy metals with lichens: theory and application, Crit Rev Plant Sci, 2001; 20-4: 309-71.
  • Carignan J, Simonetti A, Gariepy C. Dispersal of atmospheric lead in North eastern North America as recorded by epiphytic lichens. Atmos Environ, ; 36: 3759-66.
  • Purvis OW, Chimonides PJ, Jones GC, Mikhailova IN, Sipro B, Weiss DJ, Williamson B.J. Lichen biomonitoring near Karabash smelter town, Ural Mountains, Russia, one of the most polluted areas in world. Proc R Soc Lond, 2004; 271: 221-26
  • Bargagli-Pertrucci G. Studi sulla flora microscopia della regione boracifera dellaToscana. La vegetazione cirittogamica nella regione boracifera. Giorn Bot Ital, 1915; 22: 409-11.
  • Upreti DK, Pandey V. Determination of heavy metals in lichens growing on different ecological habitats in Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica. Spectros Lett, 2000; 33-3: 435-44.
  • Pandey V, Upreti DK, Pathak R, Pal A. Heavy metal accumulation in lichens from the Hetauda Industrial area Narayani zone, Mahwanpur district Nepal. Environ Monit Assess, 2002; 73: 221-28.
  • Bajpai R, Upreti DK, Mishra SK. Pollution monitoring with the help of lichen transplant technique (LTT) at some residential sites of Lucknow. J Environ Biol, ; 25-2: 191-95. Saxena S, Upreti DK, Sharma N. Heavy metal accumulation in lichens growing in north side of Lucknow city, India. J Environ Biol, 2007; 28-1: 51.
  • Shukla V, Upreti DK. Physiological response of lichen P. hispidula (Ach.) Essl. to the urban environment of Pauri and Srinagar (Garhwal), Himalaya. Environ Pollut, 2007; 150-3: 295-99.
  • Shukla V, Upreti DK. Effect of metallic pollutions on the physiology of lichen, P. subcinerea Stirton in Garhwal Himalayas. Environ Monit Assess, 2008; : 237-43.
  • Bajpai R, Upreti DK, Dwivedi SK. Arsenic accmulation in lichens of Mandav monuments, Dhar district, Madhya Pradesh. Environ Monit Assess, ; 159: 437-42. Bajpai R, Upreti DK, Dwivedi SK. Passive monitoring of atmospheric heavy metals in a historical city of central India by Lepraria lobificans Nyl. Environ Monit Assess, 2010; 166-1/4: 477-84.
  • Cercasov V, Pantelica V, Sa la gean M, Caniglia G, Scarlat A. Comparative study of the suitability of three lichen species to trace-element air monitoring. Environ Pollut, 2002; 119: 129-39.
  • Bergamaschi L, Rizzio E, Giaveri G, Loppi S, Gallorini M. Comparison between the accumulation capacity of four lichen species transplanted to a urban site. Environ Pollut, 2007; 148: 468-76.
  • Aslan A, Çicek A, Yazici K, Karagöz Y, Turan M, Akkuş F et al. The assessment of lichens as bioindicator of heavy metal pollution from motor vehicles activites. African J Agri Res, 2011; 6-7: 1698-1706.
  • Aslan A, Apaydin G, Yazici K, Cengiz E, Atlıkçı V, Tıraşoğlu E. Analysis of trace element concentrations of some lichens of Turkey. Asi J Chem, 2010; 22: 389-400.
  • Çiçek A, Koparal A, Aslan A, Yazıcı K. Accumulation of heavy metals from motor vehicles in transplanted lichens in an urban area. Comm Soil Sci Pl Anal, ; 39: 168-76. Yazıcı K, Aslan A. Distribution of epiphytic lichens and air pollution in the city of Trabzon, Turkey. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 2006; 77-6: 45.
  • Aslan A, Budak G, Tıraşoğlu E, Karabulut A. Determination of elements in some lichens growing in Giresun and Ordu province (Turkey) using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. J Quan Spect Rad Tran, 2006; 97-1: 10-9.
  • Aslan A, Budak G, Karabulut A. The amounts Fe, Ba, Sr, K, Ca and Ti in some lichens growing in Erzurum province (Turkey). J Quan Spect Rad Tran, 2004; 4: 423-31.
  • Aslan A, Budak G, Tirasoglu E. Analysis of elements in some lichens by radioisotope X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Fresenius Environ Bull, 2004; 13-8: 7.
  • Uluözlü ÖD, Kınalıoğlu K, Tüzen M, Soylak M. Trace metal levels in lichen samples from roadsides in East Black Sea Region, Turkey. Biomed Environ Sci, ; 20: 203-7. Kınalıoğlu K, Bayrak Özbucak T, Kutbay HG, Hüseyinova R, Bilgin A, Demirayak A. Biomonitoring of trace elements with lichens in Samsun City, Turkey. Ekoloji, 2010; 19-75: 64-70.
  • Öztetik E, Çicek A. Effects of urban air pollutants on elemental accumulation and identification of oxidative stress biomarkers in the transplanted lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea. Environ Toxicol Chem, 2011; 30-7: 1629-36.
  • Cansaran-Duman D, Atakol O, Atasoy I, Kahya D, Aras S, Beyaztaş T. Heavy metal accumulation in Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf from the Karabük Iron-steel Factory in Karabük, Turkey. Z Naturforsch C, 2009; 9/10-64c: 717-23.
  • Ward NI. Multi element contamination of British motor way environments. In: Vernet JP, eds. Heavy Metals in the Environment. International Conference. Geneva, CEP, Edinburgh, 279–282. Berry WL, Wallace A. Toxicity: The concept and relationship to the close response curve. J Plant Nutr, 1981; 3: 13-9.
  • Loppi S, Chiti F, Corsini A, Bernardi L. Lichen biomonitoring of trace metals in the Pistoria area (Italy). Environ Monit Assess, 1994; 29: 17-7.
  • Fernandez MA, Martinez L, Segarea M, Garcia JC, Espella F. Behavior of heavy metals in the combustion gases of urban waste incinerators. Environ Sci Technol, 1992; 26: 1040-7.
  • Ardeleanu A, Loranger S, Kennedy G, Gareau L, Zayed J. Emission rates and physicochemical characteristics of Mn particules emitted by vehicles using Metylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl (MMT) as an Octan Improver. Water, Air and Soil Pollut, 1999; 115: 411-27.
  • Fahselt W, WaT W, Matt B. Trace element patterns in lichens following uranium mine closures. Bryologist, 1995; 98: 228-34.
  • Branquinho C, Brown DH, Catarino F. The cellular locations of Cu in lichens and its effects on membrane integrity and chlorophyll fluorescence. Environ Exp Bot, 1997; 38: 165-79.
  • Nieboer E, Ahmed HM, Puckett KJ, Richardson DHS. Heavy metal content of lichens in relation to distance from Ni smelter in Sudbury Ontarion. Lichenologist, 1972; 5: 292-04.
  • Zschau T, Getty, Y Ameron, A Zambrano, TH Nas III. Historical and current atmospheric deposition to the epilithic lichen Xanthoparmelia in Maricopa County, Arizona. Environ Pollut, 2003; 125: 21-30.
  • Mendil D, Tüzen M, Yazıcı K, Soylak M. Heavy metals in lichens from roadsidesand an industrial zone in Trabzon, Turkey. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 2005; : 190-4.
  • Loppi S, Pirintsos S A, De Dominicis V. Soil contribution to the elemental composition of epiphytic lichens (Tuscany, Central Italy). Environ Monit Assess, 1999; 58: 121-31.
  • Loppi S, Putorti E, Pirintsos S A, Dominicis V De. Accumulation of heavy metals in epiphytic lichens near a municipal waste incinerator (Central Italy). Environ Monit Assess, 2000; 61: 361-71.
  • Riget F, Asmund G, Aostrup P. The use of lichen (Cetraria nivalis) and moss (Rhacomitrium lanuginosum) as monitors for atmospheric deposition in Greenland. Sci Total Environ, 2000; : 137-48.
  • Jeran Z, Racimovic R, Batic F. Lichens as integrating air pollution monitors. Environ Pollut, 2002; 120: 13.
  • Tuzen M. A Comparison of sample preparation procedures for the determination of heavy metals in lichen samples by GFAAS. Anal Lett, 2002; (10): 1667-76.
  • Pandey V, Upreti D K, Pathak R, Pal A. Heavy metal accumulation in lichens from the Hetauda industrial area Narayani zone Makwanpur district, Nepal. Environ Monit Assess, 2002; 73: 221-28.
  • Divrikli U, Soylak M, Elci L, Doğan M. Trace heavy metal levels in street dust samples from Yozgat city center, Turkey. J Trace Micropropobe Techniques, ; 21(2): 351-61. Allen-Gil S M, Ford J, Lasorsa B K, Monetti M. Heavy metal contamination in the Taimyr Peninsula, Siberian Arctic. Sci Total Environ, 2003; 301: 38.
  • Pignata ML, Gudino GL, Wannaz ED, Pla RR, Gonzalez CM, Carreras HA, Orellana L. Atmospheric quality and distribution of heavy metals in Argentina employing Tillandsia capillaris as a biomonitor. Environ Pollut, 2002; 120: 59-8.
  • Wannaz ED, Carreras HA, Perez CA, Pignata ML. Assessment of heavy metal accumulation in two species of Tillandsia in relation to atmospheric emission sources in Argentina. Sci Total Environ, ; 361: 267-78. Pignata ML, Gonzalez CM, Wannaz ED, Carreras HA, Gudino GL, Martinez MS. Biomonitoring of air quality employing in situ Ramalina celastri in Argentina. Int J Environ Pollut, 2004; 22: 409-29.
  • Bermudez GMA, Rodriguez JH, Pignata ML. Comparison of the air pollution biomonitoring ability of three Tillandsia species and the lichen Ramalina celastri in Argentina. Environ Res, 2009; : 6-14.
  • Mendil D, Çelik F, Tuzen M, Soylak M. Assessment of trace metal levels in some moss and lichen samples collected from near the motorway in Turkey. J Haz Mat, 2009; 166: 1344-50.

Heavy metal accumulation of five biomonitor lichen species in the vicinity of Iron-steel plant in Karabük, Turkey and their comparative analysis

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 69 Sayı: 4, 179 - 192, 01.12.2012

Öz

Objective: To investigate the suitability of five biomonitor lichen species Evernia prunastri, Hypogymnia physodes, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Ramalina pollinaria and Usnea hirta that were collected from Yenice Forest to the Karabük Iron and Steel Factory in Karabük, Turkey, from 10 sites. Method: Each of the five biomonitor lichen species was collected from every 5 kms starting from Yenice forest to iron steel factory. Accumulation of eight heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in examined lichen species were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer AAS . Results: We have compared the capacity of five biomonitor lichen species to accumulate trace elements from the atmosphere which were collected from around the Karabük Iron and Steel Factory in Karabük, Turkey. Sites 1, 2, 7 and 10 were in the central parts of the city where human activities and density of traffic are very intense. Analytical studies by AAS demonstrated that the heavy metal accumulation capacity of P. furfuracea was significantly higher than other examined lichen species at sites 7 40.628 µg/g and 10 53.802 µg/g by considering Zn accumulation. At the site no 8, Cr concentrations of H. physodes 4.56 µg/g and E. prunastri 4.65 µg/g were observed at similar levels. Conclusion: Our results revealed that, Evernia prunastri, Hypogymnia physodes, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Ramalina pollinaria and Usnea hirta lichen species showed severe accumulation of all elements. This study demonstrated the importance of heavy metal accumulation in the selected lichen species.

Kaynakça

  • Forman-Richard TT, Alexander LE. Roads and their major ecological effects. Annu Rev Ecol S, 1998; : 207-31.
  • Wolterbeek B. Biomonitoring of trace element air pollution: principles, possibilities and perspectives. Environ Pollut, 2002; 120: 11-21.
  • Çiçek A, Koparal AS, Çatak S, Uğur S. The level of some heavy metals and nutritional elements in the samples from soils and trace levels growing in the vicinity of Seyitomer Thermal Power Plant in Kutahya (Turkey). In: Topcu S, et al., eds. Air Quality Management at Urban, Regional and Global Scales, Istanbul, Turkey, 2001: 157-62.
  • Aras S, Cansaran-Duman D, Kanlıtepe Ç, Başaran E. Comparative analysis of bioindicator and genotoxicity indicator capacity of lichens exposed to air pollution. In: Moldoveanu AM, ed. Air pollution new developments, InTech, Romania, Moldoveanu AM, 4-9, 2011: 205-26.
  • Conti ME, Cecchetti G. Biological monitoring: lichens as bioindicators of air pollution assessment–a review. Environ Pollut, 2001; 114: 471-92.
  • Kircher G, Daillant Q. The potential of lichens as long term bioindicators of natural and artificial radionuclides. Environ Pollut, 2002; 120: 145-50.
  • Pirintsos SA, Loppi S. Biomonitoring atmospheric pollution: the challenge of times in environmental policy on air quality. Environ Pollut, 2008;151: 71.
  • Garty J. Biomonitoring atmospheric heavy metals with lichens: theory and application, Crit Rev Plant Sci, 2001; 20-4: 309-71.
  • Carignan J, Simonetti A, Gariepy C. Dispersal of atmospheric lead in North eastern North America as recorded by epiphytic lichens. Atmos Environ, ; 36: 3759-66.
  • Purvis OW, Chimonides PJ, Jones GC, Mikhailova IN, Sipro B, Weiss DJ, Williamson B.J. Lichen biomonitoring near Karabash smelter town, Ural Mountains, Russia, one of the most polluted areas in world. Proc R Soc Lond, 2004; 271: 221-26
  • Bargagli-Pertrucci G. Studi sulla flora microscopia della regione boracifera dellaToscana. La vegetazione cirittogamica nella regione boracifera. Giorn Bot Ital, 1915; 22: 409-11.
  • Upreti DK, Pandey V. Determination of heavy metals in lichens growing on different ecological habitats in Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica. Spectros Lett, 2000; 33-3: 435-44.
  • Pandey V, Upreti DK, Pathak R, Pal A. Heavy metal accumulation in lichens from the Hetauda Industrial area Narayani zone, Mahwanpur district Nepal. Environ Monit Assess, 2002; 73: 221-28.
  • Bajpai R, Upreti DK, Mishra SK. Pollution monitoring with the help of lichen transplant technique (LTT) at some residential sites of Lucknow. J Environ Biol, ; 25-2: 191-95. Saxena S, Upreti DK, Sharma N. Heavy metal accumulation in lichens growing in north side of Lucknow city, India. J Environ Biol, 2007; 28-1: 51.
  • Shukla V, Upreti DK. Physiological response of lichen P. hispidula (Ach.) Essl. to the urban environment of Pauri and Srinagar (Garhwal), Himalaya. Environ Pollut, 2007; 150-3: 295-99.
  • Shukla V, Upreti DK. Effect of metallic pollutions on the physiology of lichen, P. subcinerea Stirton in Garhwal Himalayas. Environ Monit Assess, 2008; : 237-43.
  • Bajpai R, Upreti DK, Dwivedi SK. Arsenic accmulation in lichens of Mandav monuments, Dhar district, Madhya Pradesh. Environ Monit Assess, ; 159: 437-42. Bajpai R, Upreti DK, Dwivedi SK. Passive monitoring of atmospheric heavy metals in a historical city of central India by Lepraria lobificans Nyl. Environ Monit Assess, 2010; 166-1/4: 477-84.
  • Cercasov V, Pantelica V, Sa la gean M, Caniglia G, Scarlat A. Comparative study of the suitability of three lichen species to trace-element air monitoring. Environ Pollut, 2002; 119: 129-39.
  • Bergamaschi L, Rizzio E, Giaveri G, Loppi S, Gallorini M. Comparison between the accumulation capacity of four lichen species transplanted to a urban site. Environ Pollut, 2007; 148: 468-76.
  • Aslan A, Çicek A, Yazici K, Karagöz Y, Turan M, Akkuş F et al. The assessment of lichens as bioindicator of heavy metal pollution from motor vehicles activites. African J Agri Res, 2011; 6-7: 1698-1706.
  • Aslan A, Apaydin G, Yazici K, Cengiz E, Atlıkçı V, Tıraşoğlu E. Analysis of trace element concentrations of some lichens of Turkey. Asi J Chem, 2010; 22: 389-400.
  • Çiçek A, Koparal A, Aslan A, Yazıcı K. Accumulation of heavy metals from motor vehicles in transplanted lichens in an urban area. Comm Soil Sci Pl Anal, ; 39: 168-76. Yazıcı K, Aslan A. Distribution of epiphytic lichens and air pollution in the city of Trabzon, Turkey. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 2006; 77-6: 45.
  • Aslan A, Budak G, Tıraşoğlu E, Karabulut A. Determination of elements in some lichens growing in Giresun and Ordu province (Turkey) using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. J Quan Spect Rad Tran, 2006; 97-1: 10-9.
  • Aslan A, Budak G, Karabulut A. The amounts Fe, Ba, Sr, K, Ca and Ti in some lichens growing in Erzurum province (Turkey). J Quan Spect Rad Tran, 2004; 4: 423-31.
  • Aslan A, Budak G, Tirasoglu E. Analysis of elements in some lichens by radioisotope X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Fresenius Environ Bull, 2004; 13-8: 7.
  • Uluözlü ÖD, Kınalıoğlu K, Tüzen M, Soylak M. Trace metal levels in lichen samples from roadsides in East Black Sea Region, Turkey. Biomed Environ Sci, ; 20: 203-7. Kınalıoğlu K, Bayrak Özbucak T, Kutbay HG, Hüseyinova R, Bilgin A, Demirayak A. Biomonitoring of trace elements with lichens in Samsun City, Turkey. Ekoloji, 2010; 19-75: 64-70.
  • Öztetik E, Çicek A. Effects of urban air pollutants on elemental accumulation and identification of oxidative stress biomarkers in the transplanted lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea. Environ Toxicol Chem, 2011; 30-7: 1629-36.
  • Cansaran-Duman D, Atakol O, Atasoy I, Kahya D, Aras S, Beyaztaş T. Heavy metal accumulation in Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf from the Karabük Iron-steel Factory in Karabük, Turkey. Z Naturforsch C, 2009; 9/10-64c: 717-23.
  • Ward NI. Multi element contamination of British motor way environments. In: Vernet JP, eds. Heavy Metals in the Environment. International Conference. Geneva, CEP, Edinburgh, 279–282. Berry WL, Wallace A. Toxicity: The concept and relationship to the close response curve. J Plant Nutr, 1981; 3: 13-9.
  • Loppi S, Chiti F, Corsini A, Bernardi L. Lichen biomonitoring of trace metals in the Pistoria area (Italy). Environ Monit Assess, 1994; 29: 17-7.
  • Fernandez MA, Martinez L, Segarea M, Garcia JC, Espella F. Behavior of heavy metals in the combustion gases of urban waste incinerators. Environ Sci Technol, 1992; 26: 1040-7.
  • Ardeleanu A, Loranger S, Kennedy G, Gareau L, Zayed J. Emission rates and physicochemical characteristics of Mn particules emitted by vehicles using Metylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl (MMT) as an Octan Improver. Water, Air and Soil Pollut, 1999; 115: 411-27.
  • Fahselt W, WaT W, Matt B. Trace element patterns in lichens following uranium mine closures. Bryologist, 1995; 98: 228-34.
  • Branquinho C, Brown DH, Catarino F. The cellular locations of Cu in lichens and its effects on membrane integrity and chlorophyll fluorescence. Environ Exp Bot, 1997; 38: 165-79.
  • Nieboer E, Ahmed HM, Puckett KJ, Richardson DHS. Heavy metal content of lichens in relation to distance from Ni smelter in Sudbury Ontarion. Lichenologist, 1972; 5: 292-04.
  • Zschau T, Getty, Y Ameron, A Zambrano, TH Nas III. Historical and current atmospheric deposition to the epilithic lichen Xanthoparmelia in Maricopa County, Arizona. Environ Pollut, 2003; 125: 21-30.
  • Mendil D, Tüzen M, Yazıcı K, Soylak M. Heavy metals in lichens from roadsidesand an industrial zone in Trabzon, Turkey. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 2005; : 190-4.
  • Loppi S, Pirintsos S A, De Dominicis V. Soil contribution to the elemental composition of epiphytic lichens (Tuscany, Central Italy). Environ Monit Assess, 1999; 58: 121-31.
  • Loppi S, Putorti E, Pirintsos S A, Dominicis V De. Accumulation of heavy metals in epiphytic lichens near a municipal waste incinerator (Central Italy). Environ Monit Assess, 2000; 61: 361-71.
  • Riget F, Asmund G, Aostrup P. The use of lichen (Cetraria nivalis) and moss (Rhacomitrium lanuginosum) as monitors for atmospheric deposition in Greenland. Sci Total Environ, 2000; : 137-48.
  • Jeran Z, Racimovic R, Batic F. Lichens as integrating air pollution monitors. Environ Pollut, 2002; 120: 13.
  • Tuzen M. A Comparison of sample preparation procedures for the determination of heavy metals in lichen samples by GFAAS. Anal Lett, 2002; (10): 1667-76.
  • Pandey V, Upreti D K, Pathak R, Pal A. Heavy metal accumulation in lichens from the Hetauda industrial area Narayani zone Makwanpur district, Nepal. Environ Monit Assess, 2002; 73: 221-28.
  • Divrikli U, Soylak M, Elci L, Doğan M. Trace heavy metal levels in street dust samples from Yozgat city center, Turkey. J Trace Micropropobe Techniques, ; 21(2): 351-61. Allen-Gil S M, Ford J, Lasorsa B K, Monetti M. Heavy metal contamination in the Taimyr Peninsula, Siberian Arctic. Sci Total Environ, 2003; 301: 38.
  • Pignata ML, Gudino GL, Wannaz ED, Pla RR, Gonzalez CM, Carreras HA, Orellana L. Atmospheric quality and distribution of heavy metals in Argentina employing Tillandsia capillaris as a biomonitor. Environ Pollut, 2002; 120: 59-8.
  • Wannaz ED, Carreras HA, Perez CA, Pignata ML. Assessment of heavy metal accumulation in two species of Tillandsia in relation to atmospheric emission sources in Argentina. Sci Total Environ, ; 361: 267-78. Pignata ML, Gonzalez CM, Wannaz ED, Carreras HA, Gudino GL, Martinez MS. Biomonitoring of air quality employing in situ Ramalina celastri in Argentina. Int J Environ Pollut, 2004; 22: 409-29.
  • Bermudez GMA, Rodriguez JH, Pignata ML. Comparison of the air pollution biomonitoring ability of three Tillandsia species and the lichen Ramalina celastri in Argentina. Environ Res, 2009; : 6-14.
  • Mendil D, Çelik F, Tuzen M, Soylak M. Assessment of trace metal levels in some moss and lichen samples collected from near the motorway in Turkey. J Haz Mat, 2009; 166: 1344-50.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Demet Cansaran-duman Bu kişi benim

Sümer Aras Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2012
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012 Cilt: 69 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Cansaran-duman, D., & Aras, S. (2012). Karabük Demir Çelik Fabrikası etrafından toplanan beş biyomonitor liken türünün ağır metal akümülasyonu ve karşılaştırmalı analizi. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 69(4), 179-192.
AMA Cansaran-duman D, Aras S. Karabük Demir Çelik Fabrikası etrafından toplanan beş biyomonitor liken türünün ağır metal akümülasyonu ve karşılaştırmalı analizi. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. Aralık 2012;69(4):179-192.
Chicago Cansaran-duman, Demet, ve Sümer Aras. “Karabük Demir Çelik Fabrikası etrafından Toplanan Beş Biyomonitor Liken türünün ağır Metal akümülasyonu Ve karşılaştırmalı Analizi”. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 69, sy. 4 (Aralık 2012): 179-92.
EndNote Cansaran-duman D, Aras S (01 Aralık 2012) Karabük Demir Çelik Fabrikası etrafından toplanan beş biyomonitor liken türünün ağır metal akümülasyonu ve karşılaştırmalı analizi. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 69 4 179–192.
IEEE D. Cansaran-duman ve S. Aras, “Karabük Demir Çelik Fabrikası etrafından toplanan beş biyomonitor liken türünün ağır metal akümülasyonu ve karşılaştırmalı analizi”, Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg, c. 69, sy. 4, ss. 179–192, 2012.
ISNAD Cansaran-duman, Demet - Aras, Sümer. “Karabük Demir Çelik Fabrikası etrafından Toplanan Beş Biyomonitor Liken türünün ağır Metal akümülasyonu Ve karşılaştırmalı Analizi”. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 69/4 (Aralık 2012), 179-192.
JAMA Cansaran-duman D, Aras S. Karabük Demir Çelik Fabrikası etrafından toplanan beş biyomonitor liken türünün ağır metal akümülasyonu ve karşılaştırmalı analizi. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2012;69:179–192.
MLA Cansaran-duman, Demet ve Sümer Aras. “Karabük Demir Çelik Fabrikası etrafından Toplanan Beş Biyomonitor Liken türünün ağır Metal akümülasyonu Ve karşılaştırmalı Analizi”. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, c. 69, sy. 4, 2012, ss. 179-92.
Vancouver Cansaran-duman D, Aras S. Karabük Demir Çelik Fabrikası etrafından toplanan beş biyomonitor liken türünün ağır metal akümülasyonu ve karşılaştırmalı analizi. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2012;69(4):179-92.