Biyosorpsiyon, Adsorpsiyon, Fitoremediasyon Yöntemleri ve Uygulamaları

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 69 Sayı: 4, 235 - 253, 01.12.2012

Rasim Hamutoğlu Adnan Berk Dinçsoy Demet Cansaran-duman Sümer Aras

Öz

Çevre kirliliği günümüzde önemli bir sorun teşkil etmektedir. Çevre kirleticilerine maruz kalmış alanlarda kullanılan remediasyon tekniği genellikle yüksek maliyetli olmaktadır. Endüstriyel atıklardan metallerin uzaklaştırılması için fiziksel ve kimyasal yöntemlerin yerine biyolojik moleküllerin kullanımı, alternatif ve oldukça etkili yöntemdir. Metal gideriminde biyolojik moleküllerin kullanıldığı uygulamalar arasında biyosorpsiyon, adsorbsiyon ve fitoremediasyon yöntemleri yer almaktadır. Biyosorpsiyon, sulu ortamlardan metal iyonlarının biyokütle tarafından alınmasıdır. Biyosorbent yüzeyinde tutulacak çözünmüş maddelerin biyokütle etrafını saran çözücü sıvı film içerisinden geçmesi gerekmektedir. Biyosorpsiyon şartlarının gerçekleşebilmesi için bazı optimal koşulların oluşması gerekmektedir. Biyosorpsiyon yöntemi metal iyonu türü, biyokütle türü ve miktarı, konsantrasyon, sıcaklık, çözelti pH’sı gibi fizikokimyasal faktörlerden etkilenmektedir. Adsorpsiyon, moleküllerin temas ettikleri yüzeydeki çekme kuvvetlerine göre o yüzeyle birleşmesidir. Fitoremediasyon, biyolojik materyallerden biri olan bitki kullanılarak yapılan çevreyi ıslah etme teknolojisidir. Günümüzde fitoremediasyon teknolojisi yoluyla bitki materyali kullanılarak metal ile kirlenmiş alanlardaki organik ve inorganik maddeler temizlenebilmektedir. Fitoremediasyon tekniğinin en önemli avantajları arasında yerinde arıtım sağlaması ve bu teknikte ekstra enerjiye gereksinim olmamasıdır. Ayrıca fitoremediasyon tekniği doğal kaynaklara zarar vermez ve kamuoyu tarafından yüksek kabul görür. Bu avantajların yanında fitoremediasyon tekniği su, toprak ve sedimentte sadece sığ bölgelerde arıtıma olanak verir. Fitoremediasyon tekniğinin bir diğer dezavantajı ise çok ağır düzeylerde kirlenmiş alanlarda bitkilerin kısa sürede etkinliğini gösterememesidir. Bu nedenle fitoremediasyon tekniği ancak düşük düzeylerde kirlenmiş alanlarda kullanılabilir. Bitki kullanılarak topraklardan alınan metal alma işleminde amaç, toprak tarafından tutulmuş halde bulunan metallerin daha kontrol edilebilir ve taşınabilir forma dönüştürülmesidir. Böylelikle, biyolojik materyaller bakteri, mantar, liken ve bitki kullanılarak maliyeti düşük ve yapılabilmesi kolay olan fitoremediasyon yöntemleri sayesinde metal kirliliğinin giderilmesi sağlanmış olacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biyosorpsiyon, Adsorpsiyon, Fitoremediasyon

Biosorption, adsorption, phytoremediation methods and applications

Öz

Environmental pollution poses a significant problem in the world. Remediation techniques used in areas exposed to metal pollution has a high cost. The use of biological molecules rather than physical and chemical methods for the removal of metals from industrial waste is an alternative and very effective method. Applications of biological molecules for the removal of metals include biosorption, adsorption and phytoremediation methods. Biosorption, is the uptake of metal ions from aqueous environments by the biomass. Dissolved substances on the surface of biosorbent biomass should pass through the film of its surrounding liquid solvent. Biosorption condition is required to some optimal conditions for process. Biosorption method is affected by physicochemical factors such as the metal ion type, amount and type of biomass, concentration, temperature and pH of the solution. Adsorption is unite with surface that molecules to the surface come into contact by pulling forces. Phytoremediation is an environmental of reclamation technology by using plants biological materials. Today, organic and inorganic sustances in the polluted areas that contaminated with metals could be cleaned by using plant biological materials through the phytoremediation technology. The most important advantages of phytoremediation technique is that it provides appropriate/custom treatment in the same areas and this tecnique does not require extra energy. In addition, phytoremediation technique does not damage natural resources and it is highly accepted by the general public. Addition to these advantages, phytoremediation technique allows only the purification water, soil and sediment in shallow areas. Another disadvantage of phytoremediation tecnique does not show the effectiveness of plants in too heavy levels contaminated areas as soon as possible. For this reason, phytoremediation technique can only be used in the areas with low levels of contamination. Thus, the biological materials bacteria, fungi, lichens and plants will be achieved through these methods, which can be made a cost-effective and easy, for removal of metal pollution. By these methods, which are cost effective and easily manipulated, because of the usage of the biological materials, the removal of metal pollution becomes possible.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biosorption, Adsorption, Phytoremediation

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