Bitkilerin Stres Koşullarına Verdiği Moleküler Cevaplar

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 69 Sayı: 2, 97 - 110, 01.06.2012

İlker Büyük Semra Soydam Aydın Sümer Aras

Öz

Bitkiler sesil doğaları gereği yaşam döngüleri boyunca büyüme ve gelişmelerini olumsuz yönde etkileyecek birçok stres faktörü ile karşılaşırlar. Biyotik ve abiyotik kökenli olabilen bu stres faktörleri bitkilerde fizyolojik ve biyokimyasal zararlar oluşturarak, ürün nicelik ve niteliğini olumsuz yönde etkileyebilir. Bitkiler bu olumsuz etkileri azaltmak veya engellemek amacıyla moleküler savunma mekanizmalarına sahiptirler. Bu cevap mekanizmaları makromoleküllerin ve iyonların homeostasisi, koruyucu moleküllerin sentezi, reaktif oksijen türlerinin ROS oluşumu ve detoksifikasyon olmak üzere üç grupta toplanabilir. Makromoleküllerin ve iyonların homeostazisi bitkilerin dehidrasyona karşı olan temel cevap mekanizmalarından birisidir. Ayrıca, homeostazi; su iletimi ve iyon dengesinin kontrolünde rol oynayan aquaporinlerin ve iyon taşıma sistemlerin aktivasyonu ve inaktivasyonunu kapsar. Bitkilerde strese karşı verilen cevaplardan bir diğeri düşük moleküler ağırlıklı, çözünen maddeler veya ozmolitler, ısı şoku Heatshock ve LEA proteinleri geç embriyogenez bağımlı gibi koruyucu moleküllerin sentezine dayanmaktadır. Bu moleküller hücre içerisinde ozmotik ayarlayıcı ve ozmoprotektan olarak görev alırlar. Stres koşulları altında ROS sentezi ve detoksifikasyonundan sorumlu enzimatik ve enzimatik olmayan antioksidanların oluşumu strese karşı verilen moleküler cevaplardan sonuncusudur. Günümüzde en popüler çalışma sahalarından biri haline gelmiş olan biyoteknolojide, bitkilerin stres koşullarına karşı adaptasyonu ve dirençliliğinin arttırılması öncelikle bitkilerde stres etkilerinin net anlaşılmasına bağlıdır. Bu açıdan stres molekülerine ilişkin kaynak ve çalışmaların arttırılması faydalı olacaktır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Stres, homeostasis, reaktif oksijen türleri (ROS), detoksifikasyon

Molecular Responses of Plants to Stress Conditions

Öz

Plants encounter many stress factors which affect their growth and development throughout their lifecycles because of their sessile nature. These stress conditions which can be originated by biotic and abiotic factors can adversely affect the quantity and quality of the product with leading to physiological and biochemical damage to crops. Plants have molecular response mechanisms for protecting and reducing negative effects of stress factors and these mechanisms can be divided in three groups, including homeostasis of ions and macromolecules, synthesis of protective molecules and formation and detoxification of reactive oxygen species ROS . Homeostasis of macromolecules and ions is one of the response mechanisms of plants against dehydration and contains activation and inactivation of aquaporins and ion transport systems which play a role for controlling of water transmission and ion balance. The other stress response of plants is based on synthesis protective molecules such as low molecular weighted soluble substances or osmolites, heat shock HSP and LEA late embroyogenesis abundont proteins proteins. These molecules are participate in cell as an osmotic regulator and osmoprotectan. The last molecular responses of plants is the generation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants which are responsible for synthesis and detoxificaiton of ROS under stress condition. Today, in biotechnology which has become one of the most popular research area, improving koşullarına karşı adaptasyonu ve dirençliliğinin arttırılması öncelikle bitkilerde stres etkilerinin net anlaşılmasına bağlıdır. Bu açıdan stres molekülerine ilişkin kaynak ve çalışmaların arttırılması faydalı olacaktır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Stress, homeostasis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), detoxification

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