Nanoteknolojiden nanogenotoksikolojiye: kobalt-krom nanopartiküllerinin genotoksik etkisi

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 70 Sayı: 1, 33 - 42, 01.03.2013

Zülal Atlı Şekeroğlu

Öz

Nanoteknoloji materyalleri nanometre seviyesinde ölçülebilecek düzeyde işleyen, pek çok araştırma alanını ya da disiplini birleştiren multidisipliner bir teknolojidir. Nanomateryaller; bilim, teknoloji, iletişim, elektronik, endüstri, eczacılık, tıp, çevre, tüketici ürünleri ve askeri alanlarda yaygın şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Son zamanlara kadar nanomateryallerin insan sağlığı ve çevre üzerinde toksik ya da tehlikeli etkilere sahip olup olmadıkları hakkında çok az şey bilinmekteydi. Ancak çeşitli çalışmalar bazı nanomateryallere örneğin nanopartiküllere maruz kalmanın insanlarda ve hayvanlarda bazı olumsuz etkilere yol açabileceğini göstermiştir. Son yıllarda nanotoksikoloji konusuna yapılan yayınların sayısındaki nanomateryallerin genotoksisitesi hakkında hala bir boşluk bulunmaktadır. Üstün mekanik özelliklere sahip metal nanopartiküller ve alaşımları, iskelet-kas sisteminin mekanik koşullarına kolaylıkla uyum gösterebilen malzemelerdir. Kobaltkrom alaşımları eklem protezi ve kemik yenileme malzemesi olarak ortopedik uygulamalarda, çene cerrahisinde dolgularda ve diş implantlarında, kalp damar cerrahisinde özellikle stent uygulamalarında yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadırlar. Metal nanopartiküllerin insan üzerindeki sitotoksisite ve genotoksisitesi ile ilgili çalışmalar, bazı metal nanopartiküllerin sitotoksik ve genotoksik etkilere sahip olduğu ve insanlar için tehlikeli olabileceklerini göstermiştir. Fakat kobalt krom nanopartiküllerin genotoksik etkileri hakkında az sayıda çalışma rapor edilmiştir. Bu çalışmalardan elde edilen bilgiler, kobalt-krom nanopartiküllerinin sitotoksik ve genotoksik etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Protezleri kobalt-kromdan yapılmış bulunan hastalarda, protezlerin aşınması sonucu oluşan kalıntıların DNA ve kromozom hasarına neden olduğu belirtilmiştir. Ayrıca kalça protezi uygulamasından sonra bu tip hastaların; mesane, üreter, böbrek ve prostat gibi üriner sistem kanserleri bakımından normal populasyona göre yüksek risk taşıdıkları da bulunmuştur. Nanopartiküllerin uzun dönem etkileri hakkındaki biyouyumluluk ve toksisite testlerinin sınırlı olmasından ve nanogenotoksisiteye odaklanan az sayıda araştırma bulunmasından dolayı, nanopartiküllerin hücrelerdeki özellikle genetik materyal üzerindeki etki mekanizmaları henüz detaylı olarak açıklığa kavuşturulamamıştır. Bu nedenle nanopartiküllerin epigenetik etkileri ve nanopartikül tarafından indüklenen genotoksik olayların mekanizmasını anlamak için, hücre döngüsü ve DNA onarımını kapsayan iyi tasarlanmış çalışmaların yapılması gerekmektedir. Bu sayede gelecekte nanomateryallerin biyouyumluluklarının sağlanması, sağlık için zararlı etkilerinin en aza indirilmesi ve bilinçli tasarımların yapılmasını sağlayacak bilgiye sahip olabiliriz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nanomateryaller, metal nanopartiküller, krom-kobalt alaşımı, genotoksisite

From nanotechnology to nanogenotoxicology: genotoxic effect of cobalt-chromium nanoparticles

Öz

Nanotechnology is a multi-disciplinary technology that processes the materials that can be measured at nanometer-level and combines many research fields and disciplines. Nanomaterials NMs are widely used in the fields of science, technology, communication, electronics, industry, pharmacy, medicine, environment, consumer products and the military. Until recently little has been known about whether or not nanomaterials have a toxic or hazardous effects on human health and the environment. However, several studies have indicated that exposure to some nanomaterials, e.g. nanoparticles, can cause some adverse effects in humans and animals. Over the last years the number of publications focusing on nanotoxicology has gained momentum, but, there is still a gap about the genotoxicity of nanomaterials. Metal nanoparticles and their alloys with excellent mechanical properties are the materials which can be easily adapted to the mechanical conditions of the musculoskeletal system. Cobalt-chromium alloys are widely used in orthopedic applications as joint prosthesis and bone regeneration material, fillings and dental implants in jaw surgery, and in cardiovascular surgery, especially stent applications. Studies about cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of metal nanoparticles on human indicate that some metal nanoparticles have cytotoxic and genotoxic effects and they may be hazardous for humans. However, a few studies have been reported concerning the genotoxic effects of cobalt-chromium nanoparticles. The data from these studies indicate that cobalt-chromium nanoparticles have cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. It has been stated that the wear debris from implants cause DNA and chromosome damage in patients with cobalt-chromium replacements. It was also found that the risk of urinary cancers such as bladder, ureter, kidney and prostate in patients after hip replacement was higher than among the wider population. Because there are few biocompatibility and toxicity tests on the long-term effects of nanoparticles and limited amount of research focused on nanogenotoxicity, the effect mechanisms of nanoparticles on cells, especially genetic material, are not yet elucidated in detail. For this reason the well designed experiments including cell-cycle and DNA repair are required to understand the epigenetic effects of nanoparticles and mechanisms of nanoparticle-induced genotoxic events. Thus we may have information that will allow making informed designs, ensuring biocompatibility of nanomaterials and minimising their adverse effects for health in the future.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nanomaterials, metal nanoparticles, cobalt-chromium alloy, genotoxicity

Kaynakça

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