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Mikolojik klinik tanıda moleküler teknikler

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 72 Sayı: 3, 263 - 272, 01.09.2015

Öz

Mantar hastalıklarının tanımı, özellikle bağışıklığı baskılanmış hastalarda bir sorun olmaya devam etmektedir. klinik yönleri genellikle özgül değidir, başka mikroorganizmalar tarafından da oluşturulabilir ve kolonizasyonu invaziv hastalıktan ayırt etmek güçtür. Mevcut tanım yöntemleri ekseri duyarlılıktan yoksundur. Böylece, sistemik mantar enfeksiyonlarının erken tanımı için çeşitli tanım yöntemlerinin birlikte kullanılması gerekmektedir. Mikroskop incelemesi, kültüre dayalı yöntemler, antijen aranması ve moleküler teknikler tanımı kolaylaştırabilir ve hızlandırabilir. Klinik örnekte bulunan mantarın belirlenmesi ve tanımlanması için nükleik asit amplifikasyon teknolojisi, özgül problar ve nükleik asit sekanslama moleküler teknikleri çok hızla gelişmektedir. Ancak hangisinin en uygun olduğunu belirlemek için henüz karşılaştırmalı çalışmalar bulunmamaktadır ve bugüne kadar testlerin standartlaştılması geliştirilememiştir. Dolayısıyla, moleküler testlerin rutin laboratuvarlarda kullanılabilmesi için önce geçerli kılınmalarına ve standartlaştırılmalarına gereksinim bulunmaktadır

Kaynakça

  • 1. Khot PD, Ko DL, Fredricks DN. Sequencing and analysis of fungal rRNA operons for development of broad-range fungal PCR analysis. Appl Envir Microbiol, 2009; 75(6): 1559-65.
  • 2. Yeo SF, Wong B. Current status of nonculture methods for diagnosis of invasive fungal infections. Clin Microbiol Rev, 2002; 15(3): 465-84.
  • 3. Balajee SA, Sigler L, Brandt ME. DNA and the classical way: identification of medically important molds in the 21st century. Med Mycol, 2007; 45(6): 475-90.
  • 4. Stevens DA. Diagnosis of fungal infections: current status. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2002; 49 (Suppl S1): 11-9.
  • 5. Roberts GD, Goodman NL. Laboratory diagnosis. In: Merz WG, Hay RJ. (Eds) Medical Mycology, ASM Press, London, 10th ed, 2005, pp. 82-96.
  • 6. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA. Molecular diagnosis. In: Medical Microbiology, Elsevier, Philadelphia, 7th ed, 2013, pp. 25-8.
  • 7. Gil-Lamaignere C, Roillides E, Hacker J, Müller FMC. Molecular typing for fungi- a critical review of the possibilities and limitations of currently and future methods. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2003; 9(3): 172-85.
  • 8. Stone NR, Gorton RL, Barker K, Ramnarain P, Kibbler CC. Evaluation of PNA-FISH yeast traffic light for rapid identification of yeast directly from positive blood cultures and assessment of clinical impact. J Clin Microbiol, 2013, 51(4): 1301-2.
  • 9. Hayden RT, Qian X, Roberts GD, Lloyd RV. In situ hybridization for the identification of yeastlike organisms in tissue section. Diagn Mol Pathol, 2001; 10(1): 15-23.
  • 10. Hayden RT, Qian X, Procop GV, Roberts GD, Lloyd RV. In situ hybridization for the identification of filamentous fungi in tissue section. Diagn Mol Pathol, 2002; 11(2): 119-26.
  • 11. Hayden RT, Isolato PA, Parret T, Walk DM, Qian X, Procop GV, et al. In situ hybridization for the detection of Aspergillus, Fusarium and Pseudallescheria species in tissue section. Diagn Mol Pathol, 2003; 12(1): 21-6.
  • 12. Shinozaki M, Okubo Y, Sasai D, et al. Identification of Fusarium species in formalin-fixed and paraffinembeded sections by in situ hybridization using peptide nucleic acid probes. J Clin Microbiol, 2011; 49(3): 808-13.
  • 13. Montone KT. Differentiation Fusarium from Aspergillus species by colorimetric in situ hybridization in formaline-fixed, paraffinembeded tissue sections using dual fluorogeniclabeled LNA probes. Am J Clin Pathol, 2009; 132(6): 866-70.
  • 14. Perez-Jaffe LA, Lanza DC, Loevner LA, Kennedy DV, Montone KT. In situ hybridization for Aspergillus and Penicillium in allergic fungal sinusitis: a rapid means of speciating fungal pathogens in tissues. Laryngoscope, 1997; 107(2): 233-40.
  • 15. Chen SCA, Catriona LH, Meyer W. A review of nucleic acid-based diagnostic tests for systemic mycoses with an emphasis on polymerase chain reaction-based assays. Med Mycol, 2002; 40(4): 333-57.
  • 16. Walther G, Pawlowska J, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, et al. DNA barcoding in Mucorales: an inventory in biodiversity. Persoonia, 2013; 30: 11-47.
  • 17. Atkins SD, Clark IM. Fungal molecular diagnostics: a mini review. J Appl Gen, 2007; 7(1): 3-5.
  • 18. Hay RJ, Jones RM. New molecular tools in the diagnosis of superficial fungal infections. Clin Dermatol, 2010; 28(2): 190-6.
  • 19. Kline BC, Sandhu GS, Roberts GD. Mycology with molecular probes. Rev Iberoam Mycol, 1997; 14(1): 4-5.
  • 20. Campa D, Tavanti A, Gemignani F, et al. DNA microarray based on arrayed-primer extension technique for identification of pathogenic fungi responsible for invasive and superficial mycoses. J Clin Microbiol, 2008; 46(3): 909-15.
  • 21. Miller MB, Tang Yi-Wei. Basic concepts of microarrays and potential applications in clinical microbiology. Clin Microbiol Rev, 2009; 22(4): 611-33.
  • 22. Rickerts V, Khot PD, Myerson D, Ko DL, Lambrecht E, Fredricks DN. Comparison of quantitative real time PCR with sequencing and ribosomal RNA-FISH fort he identification of fungi in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue specimens. BMC Infect Dis, 2011; 11: 202-13.
  • 23. Huang A, Li J-W, Shen Z-Q, Wang X-W, Jin M. High-throughput identification of clinical pathogenic fungi by hybridization to an oligonucleotide microarray. J Clin Microbiol, 2006; 44(9): 3299-305.
  • 24. Hays C, Duhamel C, Cattoir V, Bonhomme J. Rapid and accurate identification of species belonging to the Candida parapsilosis complex by real-time PCR and melting curve analysis. J Med Microbiol, 2011; 60(4): 477-80.
  • 25. Mirhendi H, Bruun B, Schonheyder HC, et al. Molecular screening for Candida ortophysilosis and Candida metapsilosis among Danish Candida parapsilosis group blood culture isolates: proposal of a new RFLP profile for differentiation. J Med Microbiol, 2010; 59(4): 414-20.
  • 26. Loeffler J, Henke N, Hebart H, et al. Quantification of fungal DNA by using fluorescense resonance energy transfer and the light cycler system. J Clin Microbiol, 2000; 38(2): 86-90.
  • 27. Lass-Flörl C, Rath P, Niederwieser D, et al. Aspergillus terreus infections in haematological malignancies: molecular epidemiology suggests association with in-hospital plants. J Hosp Infect, 2000; 46(1): 31-5.
  • 28. Ferns RB, Fletcher H, Bradley S, Mackinnon S, Hunt C, Tedder RS. The prospective evaluation of a nested polymerase chain reaction assay fort he early detection of Aspergillus infection in patients with leukemia or undergoing allograft treatment. Br J Haematol, 2002; 119(3): 720-5.
  • 29. Hue FX, Huerre M, Rouffault MA, de Bievre C. Specific detection of Fusarium species in blood and tissues by a PCR technique. J Clin Microbiol, 1999; 37(8): 2434-8.
  • 30. Hendolin PH, Paulin L, Koilula-Kahköla P, et al. Panfungal PCR and multiplex liquid hybridizatiom for detection of fungi in tissue specimens. J Clin Microbiol, 2000; 38(11): 4186-92.
  • 31. Bialek R, Feucht A, Aepinus C, et al. Evaluation of two nested PCR assays for detection of Histoplasma capsulatum DNA in human tissue. J Clin Microbiol, 2002; 40(5): 1644-7.
  • 32. Bialek R, Cirera AC, Herrmann T, Aepinus C, Schearn-Bocsler VI, Legendre AM. Nested PCR assays for detection of Blastomyces dermatitidis DNA in paraffin embedded canine tissue. J Clin Microbiol, 2003; 41(1): 205-8.
  • 33. Sandhu GS, Kline BC, Stockman L, Roberts, G.D. Molecular probes for diagnosis of fungal infections. J Clin Microbiol, 1995; 33(11): 2913-9.
  • 34. Bernal-Martinez L, Buitrago MJ, Castelli MV, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Cuenca-Estrella M. Development of a single tube multiplex realtime PCR to detect the most clinically relevant Mucormycetes species. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2013; 19(1): 1-7.
  • 35. Gomes GM, Cisalpino CS, Taborda CP, de Camargo ZP. PCR for diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis. J Clin Microbiol, 2000; 38(9): 3478-80.
  • 36. Vanittanakom N, Vanittanakom P, et al. Rapid identification of Penicillium marneffei by PCR based detection of specific sequences on the rRNA gene. J Clin Microbiol, 2002; 40(5): 1739-42.
  • 37. Gutzmer R, Mommert S, Küttler U, Werfel T, Kapp A. Rapid identification and differentiation of fungal DNA in dermatological specimens by LightCycler PCR. J Med Microbiol, 2004; 53(12): 1207-14.
  • 38. Martagon-Villamil J, Sherestha N, Sholtis M, et al. Identification of Histoplasma capsulatum from culture extacts by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol, 2003; 41(3): 1295-8.
  • 39. Kurtzman CP. Recognition of yeast species from gene sequence comparisons. Open Appl Inform J, 2011; 5(Suppl1-M4): 20-9.
  • 40. Kiraz N, Akgün Y. Typing methods for Candida albicans strains. Turkish J Infect, 2000; 2: 297-306.
  • 41. McCullough MJ, Clemons KV, Stevens DA. Molecular and phenotypic characterization of genotypic Candida albicans subgroups and comparison with Candida dubliniensis and Candida stellatoidea. J Clin Microbiol, 1999; 37(2): 417-21.
  • 42. Anderson MJ, Gull K, Denning DW. Molecular typing by random amplification of polymorphic DNA and M13 southern hybridization of related paired isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus. J Clin Microbiol, 1996; 34(1): 87-93.
  • 43. Cogliati M, Allaria M, Tortorano AM, Viviani, MA. Genotyping Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans with specific primers designed from PCR-fingerprinting bands sequenced using a modified PCR-based strategy. Med Mycol, 2000; 38(2): 97-103.
  • 44. Anaissie EJ, Kuchar RT, Rex JH, et al. Fusariosis associated with pathogenic fusarium species colonization of a hospital water system: a new paradigm fort he epidemiology of opportunistic mold infections. Clin Infect Dis, 2001; 33(11): 1871-8.
  • 45. Mondon P, Brenier MP, Symoens F, et al. Molecular typing of Aspergillus fumigatus strains by sequence- specific DNA primer (SSDP) analysis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 1997; 17(2): 95-107.
  • 46. Botterel F, Desterke C, Costa C, Bretagne S. Analysis of microsatellite markers of Candida albicans used for rapid typing. J Clin Microbiol, 2001; 39(11): 4076-81.
  • 47. Kurella M, Hsiao LL, Yoshida T, et al. DNA microarray analysis of complex biologic processes. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2001; 12(5): 1072-8.
  • 48. Maiden MC, Bygraves JA, Feil E, et al. Multilocus sequence typing: a portable approach to the identification of clones within populations of pathogenic microorganisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1998; 95(6): 3140-5.
  • 49. Feavers IM, Gray SJ, Urwin R, et al. Multilocus sequnce typing and antigene gene sequencing in the investigations of a meningococcal disease outbreak. J Clin Microbiol, 1999; 37(12): 3883-7.

Molecular techniques for clinical diagnostic mycology

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 72 Sayı: 3, 263 - 272, 01.09.2015

Öz

Diagnosing fungal infections remains a problem, particularly in the immunocompromised patient. The clinical manifestations of invasive fungal infections are usually not specific and can be produced by other organisms and colonization is difficult to distinguish from invasive disease. Existing diagnostic tools often lack sensitivity. Thus, the combination of various diagnostic tools is mandatory to allow earlier diagnosis of systemic fungal infections. Microscopy, culture based methods, antigen detection, and molecular techniques may help to facilitate and accelerate the diagnosis. Molecular methods are being developed for the detection and identification of fungi present in clinical samples at a very fast rate, whether it is done by nucleic acid amplification technology or by specific probes or nucleic acid sequencing. However, no comparative studies have been done to determine which are optimal and no standards for testing have been developped to date. Therefore, extensive validation and standardization is needed, before molecular assays can be used in a routine laboratory

Kaynakça

  • 1. Khot PD, Ko DL, Fredricks DN. Sequencing and analysis of fungal rRNA operons for development of broad-range fungal PCR analysis. Appl Envir Microbiol, 2009; 75(6): 1559-65.
  • 2. Yeo SF, Wong B. Current status of nonculture methods for diagnosis of invasive fungal infections. Clin Microbiol Rev, 2002; 15(3): 465-84.
  • 3. Balajee SA, Sigler L, Brandt ME. DNA and the classical way: identification of medically important molds in the 21st century. Med Mycol, 2007; 45(6): 475-90.
  • 4. Stevens DA. Diagnosis of fungal infections: current status. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2002; 49 (Suppl S1): 11-9.
  • 5. Roberts GD, Goodman NL. Laboratory diagnosis. In: Merz WG, Hay RJ. (Eds) Medical Mycology, ASM Press, London, 10th ed, 2005, pp. 82-96.
  • 6. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA. Molecular diagnosis. In: Medical Microbiology, Elsevier, Philadelphia, 7th ed, 2013, pp. 25-8.
  • 7. Gil-Lamaignere C, Roillides E, Hacker J, Müller FMC. Molecular typing for fungi- a critical review of the possibilities and limitations of currently and future methods. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2003; 9(3): 172-85.
  • 8. Stone NR, Gorton RL, Barker K, Ramnarain P, Kibbler CC. Evaluation of PNA-FISH yeast traffic light for rapid identification of yeast directly from positive blood cultures and assessment of clinical impact. J Clin Microbiol, 2013, 51(4): 1301-2.
  • 9. Hayden RT, Qian X, Roberts GD, Lloyd RV. In situ hybridization for the identification of yeastlike organisms in tissue section. Diagn Mol Pathol, 2001; 10(1): 15-23.
  • 10. Hayden RT, Qian X, Procop GV, Roberts GD, Lloyd RV. In situ hybridization for the identification of filamentous fungi in tissue section. Diagn Mol Pathol, 2002; 11(2): 119-26.
  • 11. Hayden RT, Isolato PA, Parret T, Walk DM, Qian X, Procop GV, et al. In situ hybridization for the detection of Aspergillus, Fusarium and Pseudallescheria species in tissue section. Diagn Mol Pathol, 2003; 12(1): 21-6.
  • 12. Shinozaki M, Okubo Y, Sasai D, et al. Identification of Fusarium species in formalin-fixed and paraffinembeded sections by in situ hybridization using peptide nucleic acid probes. J Clin Microbiol, 2011; 49(3): 808-13.
  • 13. Montone KT. Differentiation Fusarium from Aspergillus species by colorimetric in situ hybridization in formaline-fixed, paraffinembeded tissue sections using dual fluorogeniclabeled LNA probes. Am J Clin Pathol, 2009; 132(6): 866-70.
  • 14. Perez-Jaffe LA, Lanza DC, Loevner LA, Kennedy DV, Montone KT. In situ hybridization for Aspergillus and Penicillium in allergic fungal sinusitis: a rapid means of speciating fungal pathogens in tissues. Laryngoscope, 1997; 107(2): 233-40.
  • 15. Chen SCA, Catriona LH, Meyer W. A review of nucleic acid-based diagnostic tests for systemic mycoses with an emphasis on polymerase chain reaction-based assays. Med Mycol, 2002; 40(4): 333-57.
  • 16. Walther G, Pawlowska J, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, et al. DNA barcoding in Mucorales: an inventory in biodiversity. Persoonia, 2013; 30: 11-47.
  • 17. Atkins SD, Clark IM. Fungal molecular diagnostics: a mini review. J Appl Gen, 2007; 7(1): 3-5.
  • 18. Hay RJ, Jones RM. New molecular tools in the diagnosis of superficial fungal infections. Clin Dermatol, 2010; 28(2): 190-6.
  • 19. Kline BC, Sandhu GS, Roberts GD. Mycology with molecular probes. Rev Iberoam Mycol, 1997; 14(1): 4-5.
  • 20. Campa D, Tavanti A, Gemignani F, et al. DNA microarray based on arrayed-primer extension technique for identification of pathogenic fungi responsible for invasive and superficial mycoses. J Clin Microbiol, 2008; 46(3): 909-15.
  • 21. Miller MB, Tang Yi-Wei. Basic concepts of microarrays and potential applications in clinical microbiology. Clin Microbiol Rev, 2009; 22(4): 611-33.
  • 22. Rickerts V, Khot PD, Myerson D, Ko DL, Lambrecht E, Fredricks DN. Comparison of quantitative real time PCR with sequencing and ribosomal RNA-FISH fort he identification of fungi in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue specimens. BMC Infect Dis, 2011; 11: 202-13.
  • 23. Huang A, Li J-W, Shen Z-Q, Wang X-W, Jin M. High-throughput identification of clinical pathogenic fungi by hybridization to an oligonucleotide microarray. J Clin Microbiol, 2006; 44(9): 3299-305.
  • 24. Hays C, Duhamel C, Cattoir V, Bonhomme J. Rapid and accurate identification of species belonging to the Candida parapsilosis complex by real-time PCR and melting curve analysis. J Med Microbiol, 2011; 60(4): 477-80.
  • 25. Mirhendi H, Bruun B, Schonheyder HC, et al. Molecular screening for Candida ortophysilosis and Candida metapsilosis among Danish Candida parapsilosis group blood culture isolates: proposal of a new RFLP profile for differentiation. J Med Microbiol, 2010; 59(4): 414-20.
  • 26. Loeffler J, Henke N, Hebart H, et al. Quantification of fungal DNA by using fluorescense resonance energy transfer and the light cycler system. J Clin Microbiol, 2000; 38(2): 86-90.
  • 27. Lass-Flörl C, Rath P, Niederwieser D, et al. Aspergillus terreus infections in haematological malignancies: molecular epidemiology suggests association with in-hospital plants. J Hosp Infect, 2000; 46(1): 31-5.
  • 28. Ferns RB, Fletcher H, Bradley S, Mackinnon S, Hunt C, Tedder RS. The prospective evaluation of a nested polymerase chain reaction assay fort he early detection of Aspergillus infection in patients with leukemia or undergoing allograft treatment. Br J Haematol, 2002; 119(3): 720-5.
  • 29. Hue FX, Huerre M, Rouffault MA, de Bievre C. Specific detection of Fusarium species in blood and tissues by a PCR technique. J Clin Microbiol, 1999; 37(8): 2434-8.
  • 30. Hendolin PH, Paulin L, Koilula-Kahköla P, et al. Panfungal PCR and multiplex liquid hybridizatiom for detection of fungi in tissue specimens. J Clin Microbiol, 2000; 38(11): 4186-92.
  • 31. Bialek R, Feucht A, Aepinus C, et al. Evaluation of two nested PCR assays for detection of Histoplasma capsulatum DNA in human tissue. J Clin Microbiol, 2002; 40(5): 1644-7.
  • 32. Bialek R, Cirera AC, Herrmann T, Aepinus C, Schearn-Bocsler VI, Legendre AM. Nested PCR assays for detection of Blastomyces dermatitidis DNA in paraffin embedded canine tissue. J Clin Microbiol, 2003; 41(1): 205-8.
  • 33. Sandhu GS, Kline BC, Stockman L, Roberts, G.D. Molecular probes for diagnosis of fungal infections. J Clin Microbiol, 1995; 33(11): 2913-9.
  • 34. Bernal-Martinez L, Buitrago MJ, Castelli MV, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Cuenca-Estrella M. Development of a single tube multiplex realtime PCR to detect the most clinically relevant Mucormycetes species. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2013; 19(1): 1-7.
  • 35. Gomes GM, Cisalpino CS, Taborda CP, de Camargo ZP. PCR for diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis. J Clin Microbiol, 2000; 38(9): 3478-80.
  • 36. Vanittanakom N, Vanittanakom P, et al. Rapid identification of Penicillium marneffei by PCR based detection of specific sequences on the rRNA gene. J Clin Microbiol, 2002; 40(5): 1739-42.
  • 37. Gutzmer R, Mommert S, Küttler U, Werfel T, Kapp A. Rapid identification and differentiation of fungal DNA in dermatological specimens by LightCycler PCR. J Med Microbiol, 2004; 53(12): 1207-14.
  • 38. Martagon-Villamil J, Sherestha N, Sholtis M, et al. Identification of Histoplasma capsulatum from culture extacts by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol, 2003; 41(3): 1295-8.
  • 39. Kurtzman CP. Recognition of yeast species from gene sequence comparisons. Open Appl Inform J, 2011; 5(Suppl1-M4): 20-9.
  • 40. Kiraz N, Akgün Y. Typing methods for Candida albicans strains. Turkish J Infect, 2000; 2: 297-306.
  • 41. McCullough MJ, Clemons KV, Stevens DA. Molecular and phenotypic characterization of genotypic Candida albicans subgroups and comparison with Candida dubliniensis and Candida stellatoidea. J Clin Microbiol, 1999; 37(2): 417-21.
  • 42. Anderson MJ, Gull K, Denning DW. Molecular typing by random amplification of polymorphic DNA and M13 southern hybridization of related paired isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus. J Clin Microbiol, 1996; 34(1): 87-93.
  • 43. Cogliati M, Allaria M, Tortorano AM, Viviani, MA. Genotyping Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans with specific primers designed from PCR-fingerprinting bands sequenced using a modified PCR-based strategy. Med Mycol, 2000; 38(2): 97-103.
  • 44. Anaissie EJ, Kuchar RT, Rex JH, et al. Fusariosis associated with pathogenic fusarium species colonization of a hospital water system: a new paradigm fort he epidemiology of opportunistic mold infections. Clin Infect Dis, 2001; 33(11): 1871-8.
  • 45. Mondon P, Brenier MP, Symoens F, et al. Molecular typing of Aspergillus fumigatus strains by sequence- specific DNA primer (SSDP) analysis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 1997; 17(2): 95-107.
  • 46. Botterel F, Desterke C, Costa C, Bretagne S. Analysis of microsatellite markers of Candida albicans used for rapid typing. J Clin Microbiol, 2001; 39(11): 4076-81.
  • 47. Kurella M, Hsiao LL, Yoshida T, et al. DNA microarray analysis of complex biologic processes. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2001; 12(5): 1072-8.
  • 48. Maiden MC, Bygraves JA, Feil E, et al. Multilocus sequence typing: a portable approach to the identification of clones within populations of pathogenic microorganisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1998; 95(6): 3140-5.
  • 49. Feavers IM, Gray SJ, Urwin R, et al. Multilocus sequnce typing and antigene gene sequencing in the investigations of a meningococcal disease outbreak. J Clin Microbiol, 1999; 37(12): 3883-7.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Nuri Kiraz Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Eylül 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 72 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Kiraz, N. (2015). Molecular techniques for clinical diagnostic mycology. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 72(3), 263-272.
AMA Kiraz N. Molecular techniques for clinical diagnostic mycology. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. Eylül 2015;72(3):263-272.
Chicago Kiraz, Nuri. “Molecular Techniques for Clinical Diagnostic Mycology”. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 72, sy. 3 (Eylül 2015): 263-72.
EndNote Kiraz N (01 Eylül 2015) Molecular techniques for clinical diagnostic mycology. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 72 3 263–272.
IEEE N. Kiraz, “Molecular techniques for clinical diagnostic mycology”, Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg, c. 72, sy. 3, ss. 263–272, 2015.
ISNAD Kiraz, Nuri. “Molecular Techniques for Clinical Diagnostic Mycology”. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 72/3 (Eylül 2015), 263-272.
JAMA Kiraz N. Molecular techniques for clinical diagnostic mycology. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2015;72:263–272.
MLA Kiraz, Nuri. “Molecular Techniques for Clinical Diagnostic Mycology”. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, c. 72, sy. 3, 2015, ss. 263-72.
Vancouver Kiraz N. Molecular techniques for clinical diagnostic mycology. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2015;72(3):263-72.