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Kuzey Kıbrıs’daki bir üniversite hastanesinden izole edilen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii ve Klebsiella pneumoniae bakterilerinin antibiyotik direnç oranları

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 73 Sayı: 4, 333 - 344, 01.12.2016

Öz

Amaç: Antimikrobiyallere dirençli Gram-negatif bakterilere bağlı gelişen enfeksiyonlar gittikçe artan oranlarda görülmektedir. Bu nedenle direnç paternlerinin rutin olarak taranması tedavide uygun antibiyotik verilmesi için önemlidir. Ancak, Kuzey Kıbrıs’taki antibiyotik direnç profiline ilişkin yeterli veri mevcut değildir. Bu çalışma Kuzey Kıbrıs’taki Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi YDÜ Hastanesi’nde izole edilen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii ve Klebsiella pneumoniae bakterilerindeki direnç oranlarının araştırılması amacıyla yapılmıştır.Yöntem: YDÜ Hastanesi Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Laboratuvarı’nda 01.08.2010 ve 31.12.2014 tarihleri arasında izole edilen P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii ve K. pneumoniae bakterileri bu çalışmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Tanımlama ve duyarlılık testleri BD Phoenix 100 sistemi 6.01A yazılım programı kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Antimikrobiyal duyarlılık test sonuçları Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute CLSI kılavuzuna göre belirlenmiş ve bakteri izolatlarının antibiyotiklere direnç oranları retrospektif olarak incelenmiştir. Bulgular: YDÜ Hastanesi’nde Ağustos 2010 ve Aralık 2014 tarihleri arasında izole edilen 186 P. aeruginosa, 61 A. baumannii, ve 204 K. pneumoniae suşunun antibiyotik direnç oranları değerlendirilmiştir. P. aeruginosa izolatlarında en yüksek direnç oranları aztreonam %42,9 , seftazidim %19,5 , levofloksasin %20,2 ve siprofloksasin %18,8 antibiyotiklerinde görülmüştür. İmipenem ve meropenem için ise daha düşük direnç oranları sırasıyla %11,8 ve %6,5 saptanmıştır. A. baumannii izolatlarının, test edilen antibiyotiklerin çoğuna karşı yüksek seviyede dirençli %32,8-%92,7 olduğu görülmüş; bu izolatlar arasındaki kolistin direnci ise %5,1 olarak belirlenmiştir. K. pneumoniae izolatlarında en yüksek direnç oranları ampisilinsulbaktam %39,9 , sefazolin %35,3 , sefuroksim %34,2 ve tetrasiklin %30,8 antibiyotiklerinde; en düşük oranlar ise ertapenem %4,6 , imipenem %0,0 , meropenem %1,0 ve amikasin %0,0 antibiyotiklerinde saptanmıştır. Ayrıca, K. pneumoniae izolatları arasında %16,7 oranında genişlemiş spektrumlu beta-laktamaz GSBL pozitifliği görülmüştür. Sonuç: Bu çalışma, araştırmalarımıza göre Kuzey Kıbrıs’taki bir merkezde P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii ve K. pneumoniae izolatlarının antibiyotiklere karşı direnç oranlarını değerlendiren ilk çalışmadır. Çalışmamızda, test edilen antibiyotikler arasında özellikle P. aeruginosa ve K. pneumoniae suşlarında karbapenem direnci; A. baumannii’de ise kolistin direnci, yüksek direnç oranlarının bildirildiği diğer çalışmalara göre daha düşük oranlarda bulunmuştur. Ancak, bu çalışmanın bulguları hastanemizde antibiyotik direncinin gözardı edilmemesi ve test sonuçlarının rutin olarak taranması gerektiğine işaret etmektedir. Çok merkezli çalışmalar yürütülerek Kuzey Kıbrıs’taki antimikrobiyal direnç paternleri ve altta yatan genetik mekanizmalar ile ilgili daha geniş kapsamlı verilerin elde edilmesi gerekmektedir

Kaynakça

  • 1. Kaye K, Pogue J. Infections caused by resistant Gram-negative bacteria: Epidemiology and Management. Pharmacotherapy, 2015; 35(10): 949–62.
  • 2. Livermore DM. Current epidemiology and growing resistance of Gram-negative pathogens. Korean J Intern Med, 2012; 27(2): 128–42.
  • 3. Morita Y, Tomida J, Kawamura Y. Responses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to antimicrobials. Front Microbiol, 2014; 4: 422.
  • 4. Lin SP, Liu MF, Lin CF, Shi ZY. Phenotypic detection and polymerase chain reaction screening of extended-spectrum β-lactamases produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. J Microbiol Immunol Infect, 2012; 45: 200–7.
  • 5. Vitkauskiene A, Skrodeniene E, Dambrauskiene A, Bakšyte G, Macas A, Sakalauskas R. Characteristics of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care units. Medicina (Kaunas), 2011; 47(12): 652–6.
  • 6. Opazo A, Domínguez M, Bello H, Amyes SGB, González-Rocha G. OXA-type carbapenemases in Acinetobacter baumannii in South America. J Infect Dev Ctries, 2012; 6(4): 311–6.
  • 7. Zarrilli R, Pournaras S, Giannouli M, Tsakris A. Global evolution of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clonal lineages. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2013; 41: 11–9.
  • 8. Poirel L, Nordmann P. Carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii: Mechanisms and epidemiology. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2006; 12(9): 826–36.
  • 9. Nordmann P, Dortet L, Poirel L. Carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae: Here is the storm! Trends Mol Med, 2012; 18(5): 263–72.
  • 10. Eftekhar F, Naseh Z. Extended-spectrum b -lactamase and carbapenemase production among burn and non-burn clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Iran J Microbiol, 2015; 7(3): 144–9.
  • 11. CLSI. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-Fourth Informational Supplement - M100-S24. 2014.
  • 12. Tang SS, Apisarnthanarak A, Hsu LY. Mechanisms of β-lactam antimicrobial resistance and epidemiology of major community- and healthcare-associated multidrug-resistant bacteria. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2014; 78: 3–13.
  • 13. Nowak P, Paluchowska P, Budak A. Distribution of blaOXA genes among carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii nosocomial strains in Poland. New Microbiol, 2012; 35(3): 317–25.
  • 14. Gavazzi G, Krause K-H. Ageing and infection. Lancet Infect Dis, 2002; 2(11): 659–66.
  • 15. Hakemi Vala M, Hallajzadeh M, Hashemi A, Goudarzi H, Tarhani M, Sattarzadeh Tabrizi M, et al. Detection of Ambler class A, B and D ß-lactamases among Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates from burn patients. Ann Burns Fire Disasters, 2014; 27(1): 8–13.
  • 16. Abdalhamid B, Hassan H, Itbaileh A, Shorman M. Characterization of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates in a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia. New Microbiol, 2014; 37(1): 65–73.
  • 17. Martin D, Fougnot S, Grobost F, Thibaut-Jovelin S, Ballereau F, Gueudet T, et al. Prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in community-onset urinary tract infections in France in 2013. J Infect, 2016; 72(2): 201–6.
  • 18. Obritsch MD, Fish DN, MacLaren R, Jung R. National surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates obtained from intensive care unit patients from 1993 to 2002. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2004; 48(12): 4606– 10.
  • 19. Gutiérrez O, Juan C, Cercenado E, Navarro F, Bouza E, Coll P, et al. Molecular epidemiology and mechanisms of carbapenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Spanish hospitals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2007; 51(12): 4329–35.
  • 20. Santoro DO, Romao CM, Clementino MM. Decreased aztreonam susceptibility among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from hospital effluent treatment system and clinical samples. Int J Environ Health Res, 2012; 22(6): 560–70.
  • 21. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2010. Annual Report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net). 2011. Stockholm: ECDC.
  • 22. Aykan ŞB, Çiftci İH. Changes in antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates over the past 11 years in Turkey: a meta-analysis. Mikrobiyol Bul, 2015; 49(3): 352–65.
  • 23. Samonis G, Maraki S, Vouloumanou EK, Georgantzi GG, Kofteridis DP, Falagas ME. Antimicrobial susceptibility of non-fermenting Gram-negative isolates to isepamicin in a region with high antibiotic resistance. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2012; 31(11): 3191–8.
  • 24. Agodi A, Zarrilli R, Barchitta M, Anzaldi A, Di Popolo A, Mattaliano A, et al. Alert surveillance of intensive care unit-acquired Acinetobacter infections in a Sicilian hospital. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2006; 12(3): 241–7.
  • 25. Japoni S, Farshad S, Abdi Ali A, Japoni A. Antibacterial Susceptibility Patterns and CrossResistance of Acinetobacter, Isolated from Hospitalized Patients, Southern Iran. Iran Red Crescent Med J, 2011; 13(11): 832–6.
  • 26. Perez F, Hujer AM, Hujer KM, Decker BK, Rather PN, Bonomo RA. Global challenge of multidrugresistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2007; 51: 3471–84.
  • 27. Güven T, Yilmaz G, Güner HR, Kaya Kalem A, Eser F, Taşyaran MA. Increasing resistance of nosocomial Acinetobacter baumannii: Are we going to be defeated Turkish J Med Sci, 2014; 44(1): 73–8.
  • 28. Chen Z, Chen Y, Fang Y, Wang X, Chen Y, Qi Q, et al. Meta-analysis of colistin for the treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Sci Rep, 2015; 5(1): 17091.
  • 29. Cai Y, Chai D, Wang R, Liang B, Bai N. Colistin resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii: Clinical reports, mechanisms and antimicrobial strategies. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2012; 67(7): 1607–15.
  • 30. Betrosian AP, Frantzeskaki F, Xanthaki A, Georgiadis G. High-dose ampicillin-sulbactam as an alternative treatment of late-onset VAP from multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Scand J Infect Dis, 2007; 39: 38–43.
  • 31. Souli M, Galani I, Giamarellou H. Emergence of extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in Europe. Euro Surveill, 2008; 13(47): pii=19045.
  • 32. Kumar M, Dutta R, Saxena S, Singhal S. Risk Factor Analysis in Clinical Isolates of ESBL and MBL (Including NDM-1) Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Species in a Tertiary Care Hospital. J Clin Diagn Res, 2015; 9(11): DC08-13.
  • 33. Eser OK, Altun Uludağ H, Ergin A, Boral B, Şener B, Hasçelik G. Carbapenem resistance in ESBL positive Enterobacteriaceae isolates causing invasive infections. Mikrobiyol Bul, 2014; 48(1): 59–69.
  • 34. Falagas ME, Lourida P, Poulikakos P, Rafailidis PI, Tansarli GS. Antibiotic treatment of infections due to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: systematic evaluation of the available evidence. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2014; 58(2): 654–63.
  • 35. Fisher MA, Stamper PD, Hujer KM, Love Z, Croft A, Cohen S, et al. Performance of the Phoenix bacterial identification system compared with disc diffusion methods for identifying extendedspectrum beta-lactamase, AmpC and KPC producers. J Med Microbiol, 2009; 58(6): 774–8.
  • 36. Akyar I. Antibiotic resistance rates of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. strains isolated from urinary tract infections in a private hospital. Mikrobiyol Bul, 2008; 42: 713–5.
  • 37. Turnidge JD. Cefazolin and Enterobacteriaceae: Rationale for revised susceptibility testing breakpoints. Clin Infect Dis, 2011; 52(7): 917–24.
  • 38. Sanchez GV, Master RN, Clark RB, Fyyaz M, Duvvuri P, Ekta G, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae antimicrobial drug resistance, United States, 1998- 2010. Emerg Infect Dis, 2013; 19(1): 133–6.

Antibiotic resistance rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from a university-affiliated hospital in North Cyprus

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 73 Sayı: 4, 333 - 344, 01.12.2016

Öz

Objective: Infections caused by resistant gramnegative bacteria to antimicrobials occur at increasing rates. Therefore, routine screening of resistance patterns is crucial for treatment approaches using proper antibiotics. Nevertheless, there is not enough data with respect to antibiotic resistance profiles in North Cyprus. This study was conducted in order to investigate the resistance rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae which were isolated from the Near East University NEU Hospital, North Cyprus.Method: It was included in this study P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae which were isolated in the NEU Hospital Clinical Microbiology Laboratory between 01 August 2010 and 31 December 2014. Identification and susceptibility tests were performed by using the BD Phoenix 100 system software version 6.01A . The antimicrobial susceptibility test results were determined according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute CLSI guidelines, and the resistance rates of bacterial isolates to antibiotics were examined retrospectively.Results: It was evaluated that the antibiotic resistance rates of 186 P. aeruginosa, 61 A. baumannii, and 204 K. pneumoniae strains which were isolated

Kaynakça

  • 1. Kaye K, Pogue J. Infections caused by resistant Gram-negative bacteria: Epidemiology and Management. Pharmacotherapy, 2015; 35(10): 949–62.
  • 2. Livermore DM. Current epidemiology and growing resistance of Gram-negative pathogens. Korean J Intern Med, 2012; 27(2): 128–42.
  • 3. Morita Y, Tomida J, Kawamura Y. Responses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to antimicrobials. Front Microbiol, 2014; 4: 422.
  • 4. Lin SP, Liu MF, Lin CF, Shi ZY. Phenotypic detection and polymerase chain reaction screening of extended-spectrum β-lactamases produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. J Microbiol Immunol Infect, 2012; 45: 200–7.
  • 5. Vitkauskiene A, Skrodeniene E, Dambrauskiene A, Bakšyte G, Macas A, Sakalauskas R. Characteristics of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care units. Medicina (Kaunas), 2011; 47(12): 652–6.
  • 6. Opazo A, Domínguez M, Bello H, Amyes SGB, González-Rocha G. OXA-type carbapenemases in Acinetobacter baumannii in South America. J Infect Dev Ctries, 2012; 6(4): 311–6.
  • 7. Zarrilli R, Pournaras S, Giannouli M, Tsakris A. Global evolution of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clonal lineages. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2013; 41: 11–9.
  • 8. Poirel L, Nordmann P. Carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii: Mechanisms and epidemiology. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2006; 12(9): 826–36.
  • 9. Nordmann P, Dortet L, Poirel L. Carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae: Here is the storm! Trends Mol Med, 2012; 18(5): 263–72.
  • 10. Eftekhar F, Naseh Z. Extended-spectrum b -lactamase and carbapenemase production among burn and non-burn clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Iran J Microbiol, 2015; 7(3): 144–9.
  • 11. CLSI. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-Fourth Informational Supplement - M100-S24. 2014.
  • 12. Tang SS, Apisarnthanarak A, Hsu LY. Mechanisms of β-lactam antimicrobial resistance and epidemiology of major community- and healthcare-associated multidrug-resistant bacteria. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2014; 78: 3–13.
  • 13. Nowak P, Paluchowska P, Budak A. Distribution of blaOXA genes among carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii nosocomial strains in Poland. New Microbiol, 2012; 35(3): 317–25.
  • 14. Gavazzi G, Krause K-H. Ageing and infection. Lancet Infect Dis, 2002; 2(11): 659–66.
  • 15. Hakemi Vala M, Hallajzadeh M, Hashemi A, Goudarzi H, Tarhani M, Sattarzadeh Tabrizi M, et al. Detection of Ambler class A, B and D ß-lactamases among Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates from burn patients. Ann Burns Fire Disasters, 2014; 27(1): 8–13.
  • 16. Abdalhamid B, Hassan H, Itbaileh A, Shorman M. Characterization of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates in a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia. New Microbiol, 2014; 37(1): 65–73.
  • 17. Martin D, Fougnot S, Grobost F, Thibaut-Jovelin S, Ballereau F, Gueudet T, et al. Prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in community-onset urinary tract infections in France in 2013. J Infect, 2016; 72(2): 201–6.
  • 18. Obritsch MD, Fish DN, MacLaren R, Jung R. National surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates obtained from intensive care unit patients from 1993 to 2002. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2004; 48(12): 4606– 10.
  • 19. Gutiérrez O, Juan C, Cercenado E, Navarro F, Bouza E, Coll P, et al. Molecular epidemiology and mechanisms of carbapenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Spanish hospitals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2007; 51(12): 4329–35.
  • 20. Santoro DO, Romao CM, Clementino MM. Decreased aztreonam susceptibility among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from hospital effluent treatment system and clinical samples. Int J Environ Health Res, 2012; 22(6): 560–70.
  • 21. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2010. Annual Report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net). 2011. Stockholm: ECDC.
  • 22. Aykan ŞB, Çiftci İH. Changes in antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates over the past 11 years in Turkey: a meta-analysis. Mikrobiyol Bul, 2015; 49(3): 352–65.
  • 23. Samonis G, Maraki S, Vouloumanou EK, Georgantzi GG, Kofteridis DP, Falagas ME. Antimicrobial susceptibility of non-fermenting Gram-negative isolates to isepamicin in a region with high antibiotic resistance. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2012; 31(11): 3191–8.
  • 24. Agodi A, Zarrilli R, Barchitta M, Anzaldi A, Di Popolo A, Mattaliano A, et al. Alert surveillance of intensive care unit-acquired Acinetobacter infections in a Sicilian hospital. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2006; 12(3): 241–7.
  • 25. Japoni S, Farshad S, Abdi Ali A, Japoni A. Antibacterial Susceptibility Patterns and CrossResistance of Acinetobacter, Isolated from Hospitalized Patients, Southern Iran. Iran Red Crescent Med J, 2011; 13(11): 832–6.
  • 26. Perez F, Hujer AM, Hujer KM, Decker BK, Rather PN, Bonomo RA. Global challenge of multidrugresistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2007; 51: 3471–84.
  • 27. Güven T, Yilmaz G, Güner HR, Kaya Kalem A, Eser F, Taşyaran MA. Increasing resistance of nosocomial Acinetobacter baumannii: Are we going to be defeated Turkish J Med Sci, 2014; 44(1): 73–8.
  • 28. Chen Z, Chen Y, Fang Y, Wang X, Chen Y, Qi Q, et al. Meta-analysis of colistin for the treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Sci Rep, 2015; 5(1): 17091.
  • 29. Cai Y, Chai D, Wang R, Liang B, Bai N. Colistin resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii: Clinical reports, mechanisms and antimicrobial strategies. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2012; 67(7): 1607–15.
  • 30. Betrosian AP, Frantzeskaki F, Xanthaki A, Georgiadis G. High-dose ampicillin-sulbactam as an alternative treatment of late-onset VAP from multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Scand J Infect Dis, 2007; 39: 38–43.
  • 31. Souli M, Galani I, Giamarellou H. Emergence of extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in Europe. Euro Surveill, 2008; 13(47): pii=19045.
  • 32. Kumar M, Dutta R, Saxena S, Singhal S. Risk Factor Analysis in Clinical Isolates of ESBL and MBL (Including NDM-1) Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Species in a Tertiary Care Hospital. J Clin Diagn Res, 2015; 9(11): DC08-13.
  • 33. Eser OK, Altun Uludağ H, Ergin A, Boral B, Şener B, Hasçelik G. Carbapenem resistance in ESBL positive Enterobacteriaceae isolates causing invasive infections. Mikrobiyol Bul, 2014; 48(1): 59–69.
  • 34. Falagas ME, Lourida P, Poulikakos P, Rafailidis PI, Tansarli GS. Antibiotic treatment of infections due to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: systematic evaluation of the available evidence. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2014; 58(2): 654–63.
  • 35. Fisher MA, Stamper PD, Hujer KM, Love Z, Croft A, Cohen S, et al. Performance of the Phoenix bacterial identification system compared with disc diffusion methods for identifying extendedspectrum beta-lactamase, AmpC and KPC producers. J Med Microbiol, 2009; 58(6): 774–8.
  • 36. Akyar I. Antibiotic resistance rates of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. strains isolated from urinary tract infections in a private hospital. Mikrobiyol Bul, 2008; 42: 713–5.
  • 37. Turnidge JD. Cefazolin and Enterobacteriaceae: Rationale for revised susceptibility testing breakpoints. Clin Infect Dis, 2011; 52(7): 917–24.
  • 38. Sanchez GV, Master RN, Clark RB, Fyyaz M, Duvvuri P, Ekta G, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae antimicrobial drug resistance, United States, 1998- 2010. Emerg Infect Dis, 2013; 19(1): 133–6.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Emrah Ruh Bu kişi benim

Umut Gazi Bu kişi benim

Meryem Güvenir Bu kişi benim

Kaya Süer Bu kişi benim

Nedim Çakır Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 73 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Ruh, E., Gazi, U., Güvenir, M., Süer, K., vd. (2016). Antibiotic resistance rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from a university-affiliated hospital in North Cyprus. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 73(4), 333-344.
AMA Ruh E, Gazi U, Güvenir M, Süer K, Çakır N. Antibiotic resistance rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from a university-affiliated hospital in North Cyprus. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. Aralık 2016;73(4):333-344.
Chicago Ruh, Emrah, Umut Gazi, Meryem Güvenir, Kaya Süer, ve Nedim Çakır. “Antibiotic Resistance Rates of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Acinetobacter Baumannii and Klebsiella Pneumoniae Isolated from a University-Affiliated Hospital in North Cyprus”. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 73, sy. 4 (Aralık 2016): 333-44.
EndNote Ruh E, Gazi U, Güvenir M, Süer K, Çakır N (01 Aralık 2016) Antibiotic resistance rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from a university-affiliated hospital in North Cyprus. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 73 4 333–344.
IEEE E. Ruh, U. Gazi, M. Güvenir, K. Süer, ve N. Çakır, “Antibiotic resistance rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from a university-affiliated hospital in North Cyprus”, Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg, c. 73, sy. 4, ss. 333–344, 2016.
ISNAD Ruh, Emrah vd. “Antibiotic Resistance Rates of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Acinetobacter Baumannii and Klebsiella Pneumoniae Isolated from a University-Affiliated Hospital in North Cyprus”. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 73/4 (Aralık 2016), 333-344.
JAMA Ruh E, Gazi U, Güvenir M, Süer K, Çakır N. Antibiotic resistance rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from a university-affiliated hospital in North Cyprus. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2016;73:333–344.
MLA Ruh, Emrah vd. “Antibiotic Resistance Rates of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Acinetobacter Baumannii and Klebsiella Pneumoniae Isolated from a University-Affiliated Hospital in North Cyprus”. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, c. 73, sy. 4, 2016, ss. 333-44.
Vancouver Ruh E, Gazi U, Güvenir M, Süer K, Çakır N. Antibiotic resistance rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from a university-affiliated hospital in North Cyprus. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2016;73(4):333-44.