Batı Nil Virüsü BNV ve Türkiye'de Batı Nil Virüsü'nün Güncel Durumu

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 73 Sayı: 3, 279 - 292, 01.09.2016

Yavuz Uyar Esra Bakır

Öz

Batı Nil virüsü BNV ilk kez 1937 yılında Uganda’da tanımlanmıştır. O günden bu yana dünyada yayılmaktadır. BNV, sivrisinek-kaynaklı çoğunlukla Culex bir insan patojeni olup Flaviviridae ailesinden Flavivirus cinsine aittir. BNV virüsü, tek zincirli bir RNA virüsüdür. BNV, doğal konakları olan vahşi kuşlardan sivrisinekler yoluyla bulaşmaktadır. Göçmen kuşlar BNV’nin coğrafik olarak yayılmasında rol oynamaktadır. Enzootik bulaşta, BNV birincil olarak sivrisinekler ve kuşlar arasında sirküle olmaktadır. BNV ile enfekte bir sivrisinek tarafından ısırılan insanlar, atlar ve diğer hayvanlar kör konaktır. İnsanlarda, 2-14 gün süren bir kuluçka dönemini klinik belirtiler izlemektedir. Hastalığın %80’i asemptomatik olarak seyretmektedir. %1’den daha az vakada, BNV ensefaliti ve ya menenjiti görülebilir. BNV 2 genetik soya ayrılabilir. Genetik soy 1- BNV lineage WNV 1 , Afrika, Avustralya, Asya ve Akdeniz havzasında endemik olarak bulunmaktadır. Genetik soy 2- BNV lineage WNV 2 , Sahra altı Afrika’da endemiktir. Avrupa’da BNV enfeksiyonları 1950’den beri tanımlanmaktadır. Dünyada son 20 yıldır, artmış oranda salgınlar gözlenmektedir. Refik Saydam Hıfzısıhha Merkezi Başkanlığı tarafından, Türkiye’de 2011 Ağustos ayının ikinci ve üçüncü haftalarında konfirme edilen üç vaka bildirilmiştir. Türkiye’den ilk kez 2010 yılında, 47 BNV olgusu bildirilmiştir. Ne yazık ki, BNV enfeksiyonunun özgül bir tedavisi bulunmamaktadır. Günümüzde, insanlara yönelik aşısı da mevcut değildir ve hastalıktan korunma sivrisinek ile mücadeleye bağlıdır. Bu derlemede, Türkiye’den BNV ile ilgili bildirilerin ve çalışmaların bir araya getirilmesi ve BNV literatürünün güncel durumunun gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

batı nil virüsü, sivrisinek, culex, batı nil ateşi, Türkiye, epidemiyoloji

West Nile Virus WNV and Current Status of West Nile Virus in Turkey

Öz

West Nile virus WNV was first identified in Uganda in 1937. Since then, it has spread around the world. WNV is mosquito-borne mainly of the genus Culex human pathogen and belonging to family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. The WNV is a single-stranded RNA virus. WNV is transmitted by mosquitoes with wild birds as its natural hosts. Migratory birds play a role in the geographic dispersion of WNV. During enzootic transmission, WNV circulates primarily between mosquitoes and birds. Mosquitoes with WNV bite and infect people, horses, and other animals, all of whom are “dead end” host. In humans, an incubation period of 2- 14 days precedes symptoms. Eighty percent of diseases are asymptomatic. In clinical cases, WNV is associated with febrile illness. In less than 1% of cases, WNV causes encephalitis or meningitis. The WNV can be classified into two lineages. Lineage 1 WNV strains have long been endemic in Africa, Australia, Asia and Mediterranean Basin. Lineage 2 WNV strains have been endemic in sub-Saharan Africa. Human WNV infection has been described in Europe since 1950. An increased number of outbreaks have been observed over the last twenty years on the world. Three cases were confirmed by Refik Saydam National Public Health Agency, all of them were identified during the 2nd and 3rd week of August 2011 in Turkey. In 2010, 47 West Nile fever cases were reported for the first time in Turkey. Unfortunately, there is no specific treatment for WNV infection. Currently, there is no human vaccine against WNV and prevention of the diseases in humans is based on mosquito control. In this study, it was aimed to collect about WNV reports and studies from Turkey and reviewed to current status of WNV in the literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

west nile virus, mosquito, culex, west nile fever, Turkey, epidemiology

Kaynakça

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