İnsan Ve Hayvan Sağlığı Açısından Risk Oluşturan Enterokokal Biyofilm Yapısının Doğası

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 73 Sayı: 1, 71 - 80, 01.03.2016

Maryam Dıanı Mohammad Nima Arıafar Nefise Akçelik

Öz

Enterokoklar, genellikle komensali olarak değerlendirilseler de aynı zamanda fırsatçı patojendirler ve sığır mastitisinin yanı sıra nozokomiyal kan dolaşımı, ameliyat bölgesi ve üriner sistem enfeksiyonu etkenleri arasında yer alan ilk üç bakteriden biridir. Enterokok türleri içerisinde Enterococcus faecalis insan ve hayvanlardaki enterokokal enfeksiyonların %80-90’ından sorumludur. Geriye kalan Enterococcus spp. enfeksiyonlardan sorumlu olan tür ise Enterococcus faecium’dur. Biyofilm yapısı; bir ya da daha fazla mikroorganizma türünün karbonhidrat bir matriks ile bir arada tutulduğu, besinlerin taşınması ve atıkların uzaklaştırılması amacı ile su kanalları ihtiva eden yüksek organizasyonlu yapılardır. Biyofilm yapısı, ekzopolisakkarit ve protein film tabakası ile içerisinde bulunan mikroorganizmalar için bir kalkan görevi görür ve bu yapıdaki bakterileri öldürmek, planktonik formdaki bakterilere kıyasla çok daha zordur. Biyofilm yapısındaki bakterilerin fagositoz, antikor ve antibiyotiklere karşı 1000 kata kadar daha dirençli oldukları bilinmektedir. Enterokoklar; jelatinaz, agregasyon maddeleri, kapsül yapısı ve enterokokal yüzey proteini gibi biyofilm yapısına katılan çeşitli virülans faktörler sayesinde insanları ve evcil hayvanları enfekte ederler. Ayrıca, tedavide kullanılan vankomisin gibi antimikrobiyal maddelere karşı daha dirençli olduklarından eradikasyonları oldukça zordur. Enterokok türlerinin çoğu en az bir antibiyotiğe karşı dirençlidir ve biyofilm yapısının bu dirence katkıda bulunduğu düşünülmüktedir. Tüm dünyada oldukça önemli düzeyde enfeksiyona neden olan bu organizmanın eradikasyonunda daha etkin başarının eldesi için, biyofilm yapısının aşamalarının ve moleküler mekanizmalarının anlaşılması ve bu yapı esas alınarak yeni ilaç dozlarının ve tedavi yollarının belirlenmesi gerekmektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Enterococcus, biyofilm, risk, virülans, antibiyotik

The Nature Of Enterococcal Biofilm Structure, A Risk Factor For Human And Animal Health

Öz

Enterococci, generally considered as normal bowel commensals, are also recognized as opportunistic pathogens and one of the top three bacterias which are the causes of bowine mastitis, nosocomial bloodstream, surgical site, and urinary tract infections as well. Enterococcus faecalis is the most common enterococci species, and it is responsible for 80–90% of human and animal enterococcal infections. Enterococcus faecium accounts for the remainder of infections caused by Enterococcus spp. Biofilms are highly organized structures formed by one or more microorganism species bound together by a carbonhydrate matrix that contain water channels to deliver nutrients and removes wastes. Biofilm structure works as a shield with its exopolysaccharide and protein film layer and often harder to kill them than their planktonic counterparts. Biofilm bacteria are up to 1000 times more resistant to phagocytosis, antibodies and antibiotics. Enterococci can infect humans and domestic animals because of their many virulence factors associated with biofilm formation including gelatinase, aggregation substance, capsule formation, enterococcal surface protein. Furthermore, since they are also resistant against antibiotics such as vancomycin that used at treatment, it is really difficult to eradicate. Many strains of enterococci are resistant to one or more antibiotics and biofilms are thought to Enterokok türlerinin çoğu en az bir antibiyotiğe karşı dirençlidir ve biyofilm yapısının bu dirence katkıda bulunduğu düşünülmüktedir. Tüm dünyada oldukça önemli düzeyde enfeksiyona neden olan bu organizmanın eradikasyonunda daha etkin başarının eldesi için, biyofilm yapısının aşamalarının ve moleküler mekanizmalarının anlaşılması ve bu yapı esas alınarak

Anahtar Kelimeler

Enterococcus, biofilm, risk, virulance, antibiotic

Kaynakça

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