Probiyotiklerin Tümör Baskılayıcı Etkileri

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 75 Sayı: 4, 421 - 442, 01.12.2018

Münevver Kahraman Aynur Gül Karahan

Öz

Hipokrat’ın “Tüm hastalıklar bağırsakta başlar.” yaklaşımından sonra günümüzde de bağırsaklar “ikinci beyin” olarak adlandırılmakta ve bağırsaktaki mikrobiyal denge-sağlık ilişkisi yoğun araştırmaların konusu olmaktadır. Bağırsaklarda çeşitli nedenlerle bozulan mikrobiyal dengenin yeniden oluşturulmasında ise probiyotiklerden yararlanılmaktadır. Özellikle son 20 yılda probiyotiklerin sağlık üzerine etkilerine yönelik pek çok bilimsel bulgu elde edilmiştir. Bunlar arasında modern çağın vebası olarak da kabul edilen kanser üzerine probiyotiklerin etkisini incelemeye yönelik çalışmalar son derece ilginçtir ve bu konu aydınlatılması gereken pek çok bilinmeyeni içermektedir. Probiyotiklerin kanseri önleme ve tedavi etmesinde çeşitli mekanizmalar geçerlidir. Örneğin kanser öncül maddelerini üreten patojenleri inhibe ederek bağırsak mikroflorasının düzenlenmesinde ve böylece bu zararlı bileşiklerin oluşumunun önlenmesinde etkili olmaktadır. Probiyotiklerin, antimikrobiyal ürünlerin üretimi yoluyla patojen bakterileri engelleyici ve immunomodülatör hücreleri uyarıcı özellikleri gibi kanser oluşumunu önleyici olumlu etkilerine ait de birçok bulgu elde edilmiştir. Kanseri tetikleyen etkenler oldukça karmaşık olmakla birlikte, beslenme yoluyla alındığında probiyotiklerinmutasyona ve tümör oluşumuna yol açan bileşiklerin neden olduğu DNA hasarını önlediği gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca probiyotikler kısa zincirli yağ asitleri gibi kanserden korunmada yararlı olan metabolitleri üretmektedir. Probiyotiklerin kanseri önleyici etkilerini, tümör oluşumunu engelleme, tekrar etme olasılığını azaltma ve oluşmuş kanser hücrelerini ve dokularını yıkıma uğratma şeklinde gerçekleştirebildiklerini gösteren çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Probiyotiklerin yerleşim alanı olan kalın bağırsak dışında, mesane, meme ve karaciğer gibi yerleşim alanı olmayan organ ve dokularda da tümör oluşumu ve gelişimini engelleyici etkisi olduğu gösterilmiştir. Probiyotiklerin sağlık üzerine etkilerinin toplum tarafından anlaşılması ticari preparatların kullanımını dünyada ve ülkemizde yaygınlaştırmıştır. Ancak probiyotiklerin kanserin önlenmesi ve tedavisinde kullanılabilmesi için etki mekanizmalarını somut şekilde açıklayan ve olumlu sonuçları klinik denemelerle ispatlanmış birçok çalışmanın yapılması gerekmektedir. Bu derlemede, probiyotiklerin farklı kanser tiplerine etkilerini ispatlamak amacıyla in vitro ve in vivo koşullarda yapılmış öncü niteliğinde çeşitli çalışmalar bu alana ilgi duyan araştırıcılar için irdelenmiş ve tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

probiyotikler, kanser, tümör, laktik asit bakterileri

Tumor Suppressor Effects of Probiotics

Öz

After the approach of Hippocrates, “All diseases start in the intestine”, now the intestines are called “second brain” and microbial balance-health relation intestines is the subject of intensive researches. Probiotics are used for the reconstitution of microbial balance which is destroyed by various reasons in the intestines. Especially in the last 20 years, many scientific findings have been obtained about the health effects of probiotics. It is interesting to study the effects of probiotics on cancer, which is also accepted as a modern age plague, and this subject contains many unknowns that need to be elucidated. There are various mechanisms in the effects of probiotics in cancer prevention and treatment. For example, they inhibit pathogens that produce cancer precursors, thereby regulating intestinal microflora and thus inhibiting the formation of these deleterious compounds. There are also many findings of the positive effects of inhibiting cancer formation, such as the ability of pathogens to inhibit pathogenic bacteria and stimulate immunomodulatory cells through the production of antimicrobial products. While the cancer-causing agents are quite complex, it has been observed that probiotics prevent DNA damage caused by compounds that reason mutation and tumor formation when intake via nutrition. In addition, probiotics produce metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, that are useful for cancer protection. There are studies showing that probiotics can inhibit cancer, effects by inhibiting tumor formation, reducing the chance of recurrence, and destroying cancer cells and tissues. It has been shown to inhibit tumor growth and development in organs and tissues other than the colon where the probiotics are located such as bladder, breast, and liver. The public understanding of the health effects of probiotics has made the use of commercial preparations widespread in the world and in our country. However, in order to use probiotics in prevention and treatment of cancer, clinical studies which will demonstrate the mechanisms of action probiotics, must be conducted. In this review, several pioneering studies on in vitro and in vivo to elucidate the effects of probiotics on different cancer types have been emphasized and discussed for researchers interested in this field.

Anahtar Kelimeler

probiotics, cancer, tumor, lactic acid bacteria

Kaynakça

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