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Türkiye'de COVID-19'a yönelik toplum yaklaşımı: ilk vaka görüldükten bir ay sonra

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 77 Sayı: 4, 381 - 398, 01.12.2020

Öz

Amaç: Yeni koronavirüs hastalığı için koruyucu önlemler hakkında toplumun bilgi tutum ve davranışlarını değerlendirmek, salgın kontrolü için uygulanan müdahalelerin etkinlik ve uygulanabilirlik düzeyini saptamakta fayda sağlayacaktır. Ayrıca, bu konudaki çalışmalar salgın sürecini yönetebilme ve yeni yapılacak müdahalelere ışık tutması açısından gereklidir. Bu nedenle çalışmamızın amacı Türkiye’de yaşayan bireylerin Yeni Koronavirüs Hastalığı hakkında bilgi, tutum ve davranışlarını saptamaktır.Yöntem: Bu kesitsel çalışma 11-21 Nisan 2020 tarihleri arasında bir çevrimiçi anketi 10 kullanılarak uygulanmıştır. Anket çevrimiçi olarak uygulandı ve dâhil edilme kriterlerini karşılayan en yüksek sayıda kişiye örneğin, 18 yaş ve üstü ulaşmak için sosyal medya platformları kullanıldı. Anket formu sosyodemografik, sağlık özgeçmiş ve bilgi, tutum ve davranış sorularını içeren üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmanın tanımlayıcı sonuçları verilmiştir. Katılımcıların sosyodemografik özeliklerine göre bilgi, tutum ve davranışlarının analizinde ki-kare testi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmada toplam 8505 kişi katılmıştır. Katılımcıların %59,3’ü 5045 kadın ve %77,7’si 6808 üniversite veya üstü seviyede eğitim düzeyine sahipti. Katılımcıların %90’ından fazlası hastalığın bulaşma yolu, belirtileri, risk grupları, izolasyon ve tedavisi ile ilgili soruları doğru yanıtlamıştır. Katılımcıların %55,2’si hastalığın Türkiye’de ve %38,6’sı ise dünyada başarıyla kontrol altına alınacağını düşünmektedir. Katılımcıların %55,6’sı Yeni Koronavirüs enfeksiyonunun hava ısınınca sona ermeyeceğini ve %35,1’i hastalanmanın kaderi olduğunu düşünmektedir. Korunmaya yönelik davranışlardan en çok uygulananları el hijyeni, evde kalma, dışarıda maske takmadır. Katılımcıların %98,8’i hastalıktan korunmak için ellerini yıkıyormuş. Sonuç: Çalışmamız kapsamındaki kişilerin bilgi tutumu ve davranışları yüksek olarak değerlendirilmiş olsa da, çalışma popülasyonunda daha sonraki toplum müdahalelerinde dikkate alınması gereken bazı bilgi ve davranış boşlukları belirlenmiştir. Gelecekte olabilecek salgın kontrolü müdahalelerinde, insanların eğitim seviyesi, istihdam durumu ve dini inançları gibi sosyal belirleyicilerde dikkate alınmalıdır

Kaynakça

  • 1. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med, 2020;382(13):1199–207.
  • 2. Chan JFW, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KKW, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating personto-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet, 2020;395(10223):514–23.
  • 3. Kang M, Wu J, Ma W, He J, Lu J, Liu T, et al. Humanto-human transmission of 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). medRxiv, 2020; published online Jan1. DOI:2020.02.03.20019141.
  • 4. Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: implications for IPC precaution recommendations. https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/ detail/modes-of-transmission-of-virus-causingcovid-19-implications-for-ipc-precautionrecommendations (accessed May 6,2020).
  • 5. World Health Organization (WHO). Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Situation report. https:// www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/ situation-reports/20200207-sitrep-18-ncov. pdf?sfvrsn=fa644293_2 (accessed May 6,2020).
  • 6. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA, 2020;323(11):1061–9.
  • 7. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 2020;395(10223):497–506.
  • 8. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet, 2020;395(10223):507–13.
  • 9. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet, 2020;395(10229):1054–62.
  • 10. Bai Y, Yao L, Wei T, Tian F, Jin D-Y, Chen L, et al. Presumed Asymptomatic Carrier Transmission of COVID-19. JAMA, 2020;323(14):1406–7.
  • 11. Lai CC, Liu YH, Wang CY, Wang YH, Hsueh SC, Yen MY, et al. Asymptomatic carrier state, acute respiratory disease, and pneumonia due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2): Facts and myths. J Microbiol Immunol Infect, 2020; published online Mar 4. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.012.
  • 12. Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, Bretzel G, Froeschl G, Wallrauch C, et al. Transmission of 2019- NCOV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany. N Engl J Med, 2020;382(10):970–1.
  • 13. CDC. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), How to Protect Yourself &Others. 2020. https://www.cdc. gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/ prevention.html (accessed May 7,2020).
  • 14. Turkish Ministry of Health. COVID-19 (SARS-Cov-2 Infection) Guide, Scientific Committee. 2020. https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/ COVID-19_Rehberi.pdf (accessed May 5, 2020).
  • 15. Turkish Ministry of Health. 14 Rules to Counter the Novel Coronavirus Risk, 2020. https://covid19bilgi. saglik.gov.tr/depo/afisler/Halk/COVID-19_14_ KURAL_AFIS_50X70.pdf (accessed May 6, 2020).
  • 16. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. İstatistiklerle Kadın, 2019. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri. do?id=33732 (accessed May 2,2020).
  • 17. The Tobacco Atlas, Turkey, 2015. https:// tobaccoatlas.org/country/turkey/ (accessed May 2,2020).
  • 18. Bults M, Beaujean DJMA, de Zwart O, Kok G, van Empelen P, van Steenbergen JE, et al. Perceived risk, anxiety, and behavioural responses of the general public during the early phase of the Influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in the Netherlands: results of three consecutive online surveys. BMC Public Health, 2011;11(1):2.
  • 19. Clements JM. Knowledge and behaviors toward COVID-19 among U.S. residents during the early days of the pandemic. medRxiv, 2020; published online April 2. https://doi. org/10.1101/2020.03.31.20048967 (preprint).
  • 20. Zhong B-L, Luo W, Li H-M, Zhang Q-Q, Liu X-G, Li W-T, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey. Int J Biol Sci, 2020;16(10):1745–52.
  • 21. Abdelhafiz AS, Mohammed Z, Ibrahim ME, Ziady HH, Alorabi M, Ayyad M, et al. Knowledge, Perceptions, and Attitude of Egyptians Towards the Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). J Community Health, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900- 020-00827-7 .
  • 22. ALdowyan N, Abdallah AS, El-Gharabawy R. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) Study about Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) among Population in Saudi Arabia. Int Arch Med, 2017;10 (254):1–12.
  • 23. Ramírez AS. Fatalism and Cancer Risk Knowledge Among a Sample of Highly Acculturated Latinas. J Cancer Educ, 2014;29(1):50–5.
  • 24. Haynie DL, Soller B, Williams K. Anticipating early fatality: friends’, schoolmates’ and individual perceptions of fatality on adolescent risk behaviors. J Youth Adolesc, 2013;43(2):175–92.
  • 25. Kaya A, Bozkur B. Kadercilik Eğilimi İle Özyeterlik İnancı ve Savunma Mekanizmaları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Ege Eğitim Derg, 2017;18(1):124–45
  • 26. Euronews. Covid-19 salgını sıcak kıta Afrika’da 46 ülkeye yayıldı, virüs Avrupa’dan geldi, 2020. https://tr.euronews.com/2020/03/30/covid-19- salg-n-s-cak-k-ta-afrika-da-46-ulkeye-yay-ld-virusavrupa-dan-geldi (accessed May 5, 2020).
  • 27. Chan EYY, Cheng CKY, Tam G, Huang Z, Lee P. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Hong Kong population towards human A/H7N9 influenza pandemic preparedness, China, 2014. BMC Public Health, 2015;15(1):943.
  • 28. Giao H, Le An P, Thi Ngoc Han N, Van Khanh T, Kim Ngan V, Van Tam V. Knowledge and attitude toward COVID-19 among healthcare workers at District 2 Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City. Asian Pac J Trop Med, 2020;13(March):6–11
  • 29. Turkish Ministry of Health. Survey on Hand Washing in Turkey, Ankara, 2012. https://sbu.saglik.gov.tr/ Ekutuphane/kitaplar/elyika_tr.pdf (accessed May 3, 2020).
  • 30. Critically Important Antimicrobials For Human Medicine. Geneva: World Health Organization. 6th ed. 2018. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/ha ndle/10665/312266/9789241515528-eng.pdf, Date Accessed: 07.06.2017
  • 31. HASUDER Yeni Koronavirüs (COVID-19) Haber Postası (06.04.2020) - Yeni Koronavirüs Hastalığı 2019. https://korona.hasuder.org.tr/hasuder-yenikoronavirus-covid-19-haber-postasi-06-04-2020/ (accessed May 4, 2020)
  • 32. CDC. Recommendation Regarding the Use of Cloth Face Coverings, Especially in Areas of Significant Community-Based Transmission, 2020. https:// www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/preventgetting-sick/cloth-face-cover.html (accessed May 4,2020).
  • 33. Turkish Ministry of Interior. Şehir Giriş/Çıkış Tebirleri ve Yaş Sınırlaması, 2020. https://www. icisleri.gov.tr/sehir-giriscikis-tebirleri-ve-yassinirlamasi (accessed May 3,2020).
  • 34. Quah SR, Hin-Peng L. Crisis prevention and management during SARS outbreak, Singapore. Emerg Infect Dis, 2004;10(2):364–8.
  • 35. Lau JTF, Yang X, Tsui H, Kim JH. Monitoring community responses to the SARS epidemic in Hong Kong: From day 10 to day 62. J Epidemiol Community Health, 2003;57(11):864–70.
  • 36. Rugarabamu S, Byanaku A, Ibrahim M. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) towards COVID-19: A quick online cross-sectional survey among Tanzanian residents. medRxiv, 2020; published online May 1. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.2 6.20080820.
  • 37. Tyas SL, Pederson LL. Psychosocial factors related to adolescent smoking: A critical review of the literature. Tob Control, 1998;7(4):409–20.
  • 38. Maunder R, Hunter J, Vincent L, Bennett J, Peladeau N, Leszcz M, et al. The immediate psychological and occupational impact of the 2003 SARS outbreak in a teaching hospital. Cmaj, 2003;168(10):1245–51.

Community approach towards COVID-19 in Turkey: one month after the first confirmed case

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 77 Sayı: 4, 381 - 398, 01.12.2020

Öz

Objective: During this time when the COVID-19 is rising in Turkey, assessing the knowledge, attitude and practices of the public about the COVID-19 will be useful in finding out whether the interventions to control the outbreak are effective and viable. Furthermore, such studies are needed to properly manage the outbreak process and cast light on future interventions. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of people in Turkey about the COVID-19.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was implemented between 11 and 21 April 2020 using an online questionnaire. The survey was applied online, and social media platforms were used to reach out to the highest number of people who met the inclusion criteria i.n., people aged 18 or older . The questionnaire consists of three parts socio-demographic 40 questions, medical history, and knowledge, attitude, and practice section . Descriptive statistics and a comparison of participants’ knowledge degrees about COVID-19 is tested using the Chi square test.Results: A total number of 8505 participant were Katılımcıların %59,3’ü 5045 kadın ve %77,7’si 6808 üniversite veya üstü seviyede eğitim düzeyine sahipti. Katılımcıların %90’ından fazlası hastalığın bulaşma yolu, belirtileri, risk grupları, izolasyon ve tedavisi ile ilgili soruları doğru yanıtlamıştır. Katılımcıların %55,2’si hastalığın Türkiye’de ve %38,6’sı ise dünyada başarıyla kontrol altına alınacağını düşünmektedir. Katılımcıların %55,6’sı Yeni Koronavirüs enfeksiyonunun hava ısınınca sona ermeyeceğini ve %35,1’i hastalanmanın kaderi olduğunu düşünmektedir. Korunmaya yönelik davranışlardan en çok uygulananları el hijyeni, evde kalma, dışarıda maske takmadır. Katılımcıların %98,8’i hastalıktan korunmak için ellerini yıkıyormuş. Sonuç: Çalışmamız kapsamındaki kişilerin bilgi tutumu ve davranışları yüksek olarak değerlendirilmiş olsa da, çalışma popülasyonunda daha sonraki toplum müdahalelerinde dikkate alınması gereken bazı bilgi ve davranış boşlukları belirlenmiştir. Gelecekte olabilecek salgın kontrolü müdahalelerinde, insanların eğitim seviyesi, istihdam durumu ve dini inançları gibi sosyal belirleyicilerde dikkate alınmalıdır.accepted for the study. 59.3% 5045 of respondents were women and 77.7% 6808 had a university degree or higher. 85.6% 7277 of the participants had a good level of knowledge about COVID-19. Over 90% of participants have answered the questions about the mode of transmission of the COVID-19, symptoms, risk groups, isolation, and treatment correctly. 55.2% 4696 of respondents thought that the disease would be successfully taken under control in Turkey and 38.6% 3282 in the world eventually. 55.6% 4731 believed that the COVID-19 will not go away when the weather gets warmer. 35.1% 2983 believed that getting the disease is preordained by fate. The most frequently practiced protective behaviors included hand hygiene, staying at home and wearing mask outside. 98.8% reported that they use their hands in order to protect theirselves from COVID-19. Conclusion: Though, the knowledge attitude and practice of participants in our study was evaluated high, there were some knowledge and practice gaps in study population that should be considered in further community interventions. The future interventions for the epidemic control need to consider social determinants such as the level of education, employment status and religious beliefs of people

Kaynakça

  • 1. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med, 2020;382(13):1199–207.
  • 2. Chan JFW, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KKW, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating personto-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet, 2020;395(10223):514–23.
  • 3. Kang M, Wu J, Ma W, He J, Lu J, Liu T, et al. Humanto-human transmission of 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). medRxiv, 2020; published online Jan1. DOI:2020.02.03.20019141.
  • 4. Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: implications for IPC precaution recommendations. https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/ detail/modes-of-transmission-of-virus-causingcovid-19-implications-for-ipc-precautionrecommendations (accessed May 6,2020).
  • 5. World Health Organization (WHO). Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Situation report. https:// www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/ situation-reports/20200207-sitrep-18-ncov. pdf?sfvrsn=fa644293_2 (accessed May 6,2020).
  • 6. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA, 2020;323(11):1061–9.
  • 7. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 2020;395(10223):497–506.
  • 8. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet, 2020;395(10223):507–13.
  • 9. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet, 2020;395(10229):1054–62.
  • 10. Bai Y, Yao L, Wei T, Tian F, Jin D-Y, Chen L, et al. Presumed Asymptomatic Carrier Transmission of COVID-19. JAMA, 2020;323(14):1406–7.
  • 11. Lai CC, Liu YH, Wang CY, Wang YH, Hsueh SC, Yen MY, et al. Asymptomatic carrier state, acute respiratory disease, and pneumonia due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2): Facts and myths. J Microbiol Immunol Infect, 2020; published online Mar 4. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.012.
  • 12. Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, Bretzel G, Froeschl G, Wallrauch C, et al. Transmission of 2019- NCOV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany. N Engl J Med, 2020;382(10):970–1.
  • 13. CDC. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), How to Protect Yourself &Others. 2020. https://www.cdc. gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/ prevention.html (accessed May 7,2020).
  • 14. Turkish Ministry of Health. COVID-19 (SARS-Cov-2 Infection) Guide, Scientific Committee. 2020. https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/ COVID-19_Rehberi.pdf (accessed May 5, 2020).
  • 15. Turkish Ministry of Health. 14 Rules to Counter the Novel Coronavirus Risk, 2020. https://covid19bilgi. saglik.gov.tr/depo/afisler/Halk/COVID-19_14_ KURAL_AFIS_50X70.pdf (accessed May 6, 2020).
  • 16. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. İstatistiklerle Kadın, 2019. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri. do?id=33732 (accessed May 2,2020).
  • 17. The Tobacco Atlas, Turkey, 2015. https:// tobaccoatlas.org/country/turkey/ (accessed May 2,2020).
  • 18. Bults M, Beaujean DJMA, de Zwart O, Kok G, van Empelen P, van Steenbergen JE, et al. Perceived risk, anxiety, and behavioural responses of the general public during the early phase of the Influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in the Netherlands: results of three consecutive online surveys. BMC Public Health, 2011;11(1):2.
  • 19. Clements JM. Knowledge and behaviors toward COVID-19 among U.S. residents during the early days of the pandemic. medRxiv, 2020; published online April 2. https://doi. org/10.1101/2020.03.31.20048967 (preprint).
  • 20. Zhong B-L, Luo W, Li H-M, Zhang Q-Q, Liu X-G, Li W-T, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey. Int J Biol Sci, 2020;16(10):1745–52.
  • 21. Abdelhafiz AS, Mohammed Z, Ibrahim ME, Ziady HH, Alorabi M, Ayyad M, et al. Knowledge, Perceptions, and Attitude of Egyptians Towards the Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). J Community Health, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900- 020-00827-7 .
  • 22. ALdowyan N, Abdallah AS, El-Gharabawy R. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) Study about Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) among Population in Saudi Arabia. Int Arch Med, 2017;10 (254):1–12.
  • 23. Ramírez AS. Fatalism and Cancer Risk Knowledge Among a Sample of Highly Acculturated Latinas. J Cancer Educ, 2014;29(1):50–5.
  • 24. Haynie DL, Soller B, Williams K. Anticipating early fatality: friends’, schoolmates’ and individual perceptions of fatality on adolescent risk behaviors. J Youth Adolesc, 2013;43(2):175–92.
  • 25. Kaya A, Bozkur B. Kadercilik Eğilimi İle Özyeterlik İnancı ve Savunma Mekanizmaları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Ege Eğitim Derg, 2017;18(1):124–45
  • 26. Euronews. Covid-19 salgını sıcak kıta Afrika’da 46 ülkeye yayıldı, virüs Avrupa’dan geldi, 2020. https://tr.euronews.com/2020/03/30/covid-19- salg-n-s-cak-k-ta-afrika-da-46-ulkeye-yay-ld-virusavrupa-dan-geldi (accessed May 5, 2020).
  • 27. Chan EYY, Cheng CKY, Tam G, Huang Z, Lee P. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Hong Kong population towards human A/H7N9 influenza pandemic preparedness, China, 2014. BMC Public Health, 2015;15(1):943.
  • 28. Giao H, Le An P, Thi Ngoc Han N, Van Khanh T, Kim Ngan V, Van Tam V. Knowledge and attitude toward COVID-19 among healthcare workers at District 2 Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City. Asian Pac J Trop Med, 2020;13(March):6–11
  • 29. Turkish Ministry of Health. Survey on Hand Washing in Turkey, Ankara, 2012. https://sbu.saglik.gov.tr/ Ekutuphane/kitaplar/elyika_tr.pdf (accessed May 3, 2020).
  • 30. Critically Important Antimicrobials For Human Medicine. Geneva: World Health Organization. 6th ed. 2018. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/ha ndle/10665/312266/9789241515528-eng.pdf, Date Accessed: 07.06.2017
  • 31. HASUDER Yeni Koronavirüs (COVID-19) Haber Postası (06.04.2020) - Yeni Koronavirüs Hastalığı 2019. https://korona.hasuder.org.tr/hasuder-yenikoronavirus-covid-19-haber-postasi-06-04-2020/ (accessed May 4, 2020)
  • 32. CDC. Recommendation Regarding the Use of Cloth Face Coverings, Especially in Areas of Significant Community-Based Transmission, 2020. https:// www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/preventgetting-sick/cloth-face-cover.html (accessed May 4,2020).
  • 33. Turkish Ministry of Interior. Şehir Giriş/Çıkış Tebirleri ve Yaş Sınırlaması, 2020. https://www. icisleri.gov.tr/sehir-giriscikis-tebirleri-ve-yassinirlamasi (accessed May 3,2020).
  • 34. Quah SR, Hin-Peng L. Crisis prevention and management during SARS outbreak, Singapore. Emerg Infect Dis, 2004;10(2):364–8.
  • 35. Lau JTF, Yang X, Tsui H, Kim JH. Monitoring community responses to the SARS epidemic in Hong Kong: From day 10 to day 62. J Epidemiol Community Health, 2003;57(11):864–70.
  • 36. Rugarabamu S, Byanaku A, Ibrahim M. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) towards COVID-19: A quick online cross-sectional survey among Tanzanian residents. medRxiv, 2020; published online May 1. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.2 6.20080820.
  • 37. Tyas SL, Pederson LL. Psychosocial factors related to adolescent smoking: A critical review of the literature. Tob Control, 1998;7(4):409–20.
  • 38. Maunder R, Hunter J, Vincent L, Bennett J, Peladeau N, Leszcz M, et al. The immediate psychological and occupational impact of the 2003 SARS outbreak in a teaching hospital. Cmaj, 2003;168(10):1245–51.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Hülya Şirin Bu kişi benim

Gamze Ketrez Bu kişi benim

Ahmad Abed Ahmadi Bu kişi benim

Ahmet Arslan Bu kişi benim

Emre Altunel Bu kişi benim

İbrahim Sefa Güneş Bu kişi benim

Ebru Seçilmiş Bu kişi benim

Seçil Özkan Bu kişi benim

Metin Hasde Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 77 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Şirin, H., Ketrez, G., Ahmadi, A. A., Arslan, A., vd. (2020). Community approach towards COVID-19 in Turkey: one month after the first confirmed case. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 77(4), 381-398.
AMA Şirin H, Ketrez G, Ahmadi AA, Arslan A, Altunel E, Güneş İS, Seçilmiş E, Özkan S, Hasde M. Community approach towards COVID-19 in Turkey: one month after the first confirmed case. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. Aralık 2020;77(4):381-398.
Chicago Şirin, Hülya, Gamze Ketrez, Ahmad Abed Ahmadi, Ahmet Arslan, Emre Altunel, İbrahim Sefa Güneş, Ebru Seçilmiş, Seçil Özkan, ve Metin Hasde. “Community Approach towards COVID-19 in Turkey: One Month After the First Confirmed Case”. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 77, sy. 4 (Aralık 2020): 381-98.
EndNote Şirin H, Ketrez G, Ahmadi AA, Arslan A, Altunel E, Güneş İS, Seçilmiş E, Özkan S, Hasde M (01 Aralık 2020) Community approach towards COVID-19 in Turkey: one month after the first confirmed case. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 77 4 381–398.
IEEE H. Şirin, G. Ketrez, A. A. Ahmadi, A. Arslan, E. Altunel, İ. S. Güneş, E. Seçilmiş, S. Özkan, ve M. Hasde, “Community approach towards COVID-19 in Turkey: one month after the first confirmed case”, Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg, c. 77, sy. 4, ss. 381–398, 2020.
ISNAD Şirin, Hülya vd. “Community Approach towards COVID-19 in Turkey: One Month After the First Confirmed Case”. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 77/4 (Aralık 2020), 381-398.
JAMA Şirin H, Ketrez G, Ahmadi AA, Arslan A, Altunel E, Güneş İS, Seçilmiş E, Özkan S, Hasde M. Community approach towards COVID-19 in Turkey: one month after the first confirmed case. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2020;77:381–398.
MLA Şirin, Hülya vd. “Community Approach towards COVID-19 in Turkey: One Month After the First Confirmed Case”. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, c. 77, sy. 4, 2020, ss. 381-98.
Vancouver Şirin H, Ketrez G, Ahmadi AA, Arslan A, Altunel E, Güneş İS, Seçilmiş E, Özkan S, Hasde M. Community approach towards COVID-19 in Turkey: one month after the first confirmed case. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2020;77(4):381-98.